Frequent infestations - Economically threatening infestations of soybean aphid have occurred more frequently in portions of Minnesota and neighboring states than in other parts of the soybean aphid's range, resulting in a long history of selection pressure for development of resistance. (no-tillfarmer.com)
Glycines2
The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) is an insect pest of soybean (Glycine max) that is exotic to North America. (wikipedia.org)
Soybean aphids, Aphis glycines, are the most significant insect pest of soybean in Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota and South Dakota. (no-tillfarmer.com)
Populations4
Failures of certain pyrethroid insecticides for management of some soybean aphid populations have been observed in commercial fields, and resistance to bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin has been documented through small-plot research and laboratory bioassays. (no-tillfarmer.com)
Because of the mobility of winged soybean aphids, the challenges posed by insecticide-resistant populations of the pest could spread to soybean fields in other parts of the region. (no-tillfarmer.com)
Insecticide seed treatments are not a viable answer to managing insecticide resistant aphid populations. (no-tillfarmer.com)
Small aphid populations may be relatively harmless, but heavily infested plants usually have wrinkled leaves, stunted growth and deformed capsules. (infonet-biovision.org)
Aphid's1
Venette and Ragsdale (2004) suggested that Japan probably served as the point of origin for the soybean aphid's North American invasion. (wikipedia.org)
Insect1
The soybean aphid possesses a heteroecious holocyclic life cycle, which means the insect alternates hosts and undergoes sexual reproduction for at least part of its life cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Pest3
It has been described as a common pest of soybeans in China and as an occasional pest of soybeans in Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. (wikipedia.org)
Development of insecticide resistance in this pest creates new challenges for effective soybean pest management and profitable soybean production. (no-tillfarmer.com)
Aphids are a major pest, causing leaves to curl and attacked capsules become unattractive to customers. (infonet-biovision.org)
Exposure3
The optimal temperature for soybean aphid development occurs between 25 and 30 °C, and exposure to prolonged temperatures of 35 °C (95 °F) decrease survival rates and fecundity of soybean aphids. (wikipedia.org)
Yield losses as high as 50 to 70% have been documented as a result of prolonged exposure to high densities of soybean aphids. (wikipedia.org)
Treat fields only when needed to reduce insecticide exposure to soybean aphids. (no-tillfarmer.com)
Females1
Soybean aphids go through approximately 15 generations on soybean, all of which are primarily composed of apterous females produced through viviparous parthenogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
Plant5
As the infested plant ages, soybean aphids remain on leaves near the top of the plant. (wikipedia.org)
Damage to a soybean plant during this initial stage is a result of stylet-feeding and can include curling and stunting of leaves and twigs, physiological delays, and underdevelopment of root tissue. (wikipedia.org)
As colonies expand and temperatures increase, soybean aphids move toward lower portions of the soybean plant. (wikipedia.org)
Use the economic threshold (250 aphids per plant, with greater than 80% of plants infested) to determine when to apply insecticides. (no-tillfarmer.com)
During this stage, small colonies of soybean aphids appear patchy, occurring on single plants scattered throughout a field. (wikipedia.org)
Heavy1
Plants, in particular young plants, may dry out and die under heavy aphid attack. (infonet-biovision.org)
Leaves2
Eggs begin to hatch into fundatrices when temperatures in the spring reach 10 °C (50 °F).[citation needed] Colonization of buckthorn by soybean aphids in the spring can lead to curling of leaves and twigs. (wikipedia.org)
In these early colonies, soybean aphids are typically grouped on tender, young leaves of soybean plants. (wikipedia.org)
Migrate to soybean2
The first stage occurs when alatae migrate to soybean in late May and early June. (wikipedia.org)
Once two to three generations are produced on buckthorn, winged females are produced that migrate to soybean. (unl.edu)
North America3
The soybean aphid was first documented in North America in Wisconsin in July 2000. (wikipedia.org)
2004) noted that the soybean aphid probably arrived in North America earlier than 2000, but remained undetected for a period of time. (wikipedia.org)
The soybean aphid is the only aphid currently known to colonize on soybean in the North America. (unl.edu)
Wingless1
Once on soybeans, multiple generations of wingless female aphids are produced until late summer and early fall. (unl.edu)
Natural Enemies1
Watch the video: Soybean Aphid Natural Enemies! (unl.edu)
Buckthorn4
Soybean aphids overwinter as eggs on their primary hosts, buckthorn (Rhamnus spp. (wikipedia.org)
Eggs begin to hatch into fundatrices when temperatures in the spring reach 10 °C (50 °F).[citation needed] Colonization of buckthorn by soybean aphids in the spring can lead to curling of leaves and twigs. (wikipedia.org)
For the life cycle to be completed, it requires two plant host species, common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) and soybeans. (unl.edu)
Common buckthorn serves as an overwintering host plant for the aphid. (unl.edu)
Colonies4
During this stage, small colonies of soybean aphids appear patchy, occurring on single plants scattered throughout a field. (wikipedia.org)
In these early colonies, soybean aphids are typically grouped on tender, young leaves of soybean plants. (wikipedia.org)
As colonies expand and temperatures increase, soybean aphids move toward lower portions of the soybean plant. (wikipedia.org)
Colonies of green to blackish aphids are found on tender shoots, mainly on the lower leaf surface, where they suck sap. (infonet-biovision.org)
Diseases1
Aphids, in particular winged aphids, transmit virus diseases (e.g. cucumber mosaic virus) when moving from plant to plant. (infonet-biovision.org)
Varieties5
certain soybean varieties have genetic qualities that prevent them from being heavily damaged by the soybean aphid. (unl.edu)
There are also some varieties that reduce soybean aphid reproduction and creates an overall unhealthy aphid. (unl.edu)
Soybean varieties grown at each location were Grobogan varieties. (ijeab.com)
The low yield of soybean varieties of Grobogan in dryland was caused due to drought factor when forming and filling pods. (ijeab.com)
The status of Grobogan varieties soybean vigor may change from large seed to medium seed if the water requirement is not optimum during the growing season. (ijeab.com)
Generations2
Soybean aphids go through approximately 15 generations on soybean, all of which are primarily composed of apterous females produced through viviparous parthenogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
The soybean aphid life cycle is complex with up to 18 generations a year. (unl.edu)
Typically1
When checking the plants, concentrate on checking the upper portion where aphids typically first colonize. (unl.edu)
Leaf1
Studies have demonstrated a positive correlation exists between upper leaf nitrogen content of soybean and the occurrence of soybean aphids. (wikipedia.org)
Eggs1
In two studies, the quantity of overwintering eggs had a strong positive correlation with the severity of soybean aphid outbreaks in the following spring. (wikipedia.org)
Temperatures1
The optimal temperature for soybean aphid development occurs between 25 and 30 °C, and exposure to prolonged temperatures of 35 °C (95 °F) decrease survival rates and fecundity of soybean aphids. (wikipedia.org)
Severe1
With severe infections later in the growing season, aphids can be found feeding on all plant parts. (unl.edu)
Yield2
However, the relatively low densities of soybean aphids during this stage have been found to have minimal impacts on soybean yield. (wikipedia.org)
Yield losses as high as 50 to 70% have been documented as a result of prolonged exposure to high densities of soybean aphids. (wikipedia.org)
Common1
The black legume aphid ( Aphis craccivora ) is the most common. (infonet-biovision.org)
Decrease1
This can be seen from the decrease of weight of 100 grains of soybean seed in dryland up to 51.82% than in paddy field. (ijeab.com)
Lower1
The results showed that soybean productivity in dryland was 64.25% lower than productivity in paddy fields. (ijeab.com)
Black1
In Kenya, foliar sprays with neem products such as Neemroc(R) (1-3%) and Neemros(R) water extract (50g/l) controlled the black bean aphid on vegetables (Maundu, 1997). (infonet-biovision.org)
Plants3
Reduction in photosynthetic capacity of soybean may occur before plants begin to display symptoms of injury. (wikipedia.org)
Conventional Method - Check 20 to 30 randomly selected plants for the presence of aphids in four to five areas in the field. (unl.edu)
Plants, in particular young plants, may dry out and die under heavy aphid attack. (infonet-biovision.org)
Stage2
The second stage, or pre-peak stage, can begin as early as late June and is characterized by dramatic increases in densities of soybean aphids. (wikipedia.org)
The final stage of infestation by soybean aphids on soybean, or peak stage, begins in mid- to late July and is characterized by very high densities of soybean aphids. (wikipedia.org)
Growth2
Aphids excrete honeydew, which leads to growth of sooty mould, and may attract fruit flies. (infonet-biovision.org)
This study aims to see the growth and productivity of soybeans in different agroecosystems. (ijeab.com)