Porcine pigs animals suckling. Medical search. Frequent questions

Older animals do not shed as much virus in their feces as piglets. (wikipedia.org)
The delayed growth of LBW piglets is mainly due to a slower development of skeletal muscle as the myogenic activity is usually impaired in these animals during the fetal and early postnatal period 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
Therefore, we complemented our investigations into the cellular development of the skeletal muscle of neonatal piglets with in vitro studies using a primary porcine myogenic cell culture model with Gln supplementation. (nature.com)
PMWS is usually observed in weaners and less frequently in suckling piglets. (laboklin.com)
These two bacteria have been well studied mainly in suckling piglets. (veterinariadigital.com)
The affected population is usually suckling piglets which become infected through the feces of sick animals. (veterinariadigital.com)
In addition, they often persist in litter used for suckling piglets. (veterinariadigital.com)
Colostrum from sows with immunity to enteric Clostridiosis can partially provide a defense to suckling piglets. (veterinariadigital.com)
There were 4 experimental groups (n = 24), and in the control group (n = 6), the piglets were suckled from the sow. (malque.pub)
Two groups of newborn pigs from 18 multiparous sows were randomly designated as non-supplemented (control: n = 114 piglets) and L. salivarius supplemented groups (treatment: n = 87 piglets). (animbiosci.org)
This viral disease of pigs may result in lowered farrowing (birth) rates, increase in abortions, stillborn, mummified as well as weak live born piglets and deaths. (europa.eu)
Gilts (female pigs that have not yet had piglets) and sows (female pigs that have had piglets) are given a single injection before introduction into the sow herd, about 4 weeks before breeding, and a booster injection every 6 months. (europa.eu)
The high mortality of pre-weanling piglets is a dominant challenge which severely restricts the development of pig industry. (biomedcentral.com)
It is found that the piglets with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) failed to suckle enough amount of colostrum and had lower temperatures at birth than piglets with normal body weight, which may lead to the high mortality of IUGR piglets [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Specialist feed manufacturer, BEWITAL agri, was promoting its new dietary supplement for suckling piglets at EuroTier in Hanover. (feednavigator.com)
To improve the reproductive efficiency of sows, weaning of piglets in commercial pig farms is usually advanced within three to four weeks after birth and involves a sudden dietary transition from maternal milk to solid food [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Hidden Dangers For Mini Pigs: Snakes & Spiders, Top Reasons For Poison Help Line Calls Each Year, Important Information To Consider About Mini Pigs, Mini Pig Alternative/Natural Healing Methods, What Your Mini Pigs Waste Products Say About Your Pigs Health, The Importance Of Microchipping Mini Pigs, Underaged Piglets- The Dangers & Amount Of Care Involved, Mini Pigs and Dogs- Predator Versus Prey- A Risky Combination. (orielladigitaljournalism.com)
PRRS vaccination in suckling piglets: could it be interfered by maternal-derived antibodies? (prrscontrol.com)
When suckling piglets are vaccinated with PRRS MLV, could it be interfered by maternal-derived antibodies? (prrscontrol.com)

Although unusual, mortality can be high in pigs born to naïve gilts or sows, or if PCMV is complicated by other diseases. (iastate.edu)
A total of 36.0% (n = 72) of the sampled fattening pigs, 25.0% (n = 15) of the sows, and 4.37% (n = 8) of the boars tested M. parvum positive. (bvsalud.org)
Family oral fluids (FOF) sampling has been described as a sampling technique where a rope is exposed to sows and respective suckling litters and thereafter wrung to obtain fluids. (biomedcentral.com)
Reducing age at weaning has the potential of improving production efficiency insofar as the farrowing interval of sows is reduced (increasing pigs/sow/year) and disease transfer from sow to piglet may be reduced. (cupdf.com)
The protective immunity of the modified live virus vaccine was evaluated in pigs born from seropositive sows, vaccinated at 1 day of age, upon inoculation with a PRRSV-1 isolate. (biomedcentral.com)
The disease is characterized by reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory disorders in pigs. (biomedcentral.com)

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has been detected sporadically in Italy since the 1990s. (cdc.gov)
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) (family Coronaviridae, genus Alphacoronavirus ) are enveloped viruses that contain a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of ≈28 kb. (cdc.gov)
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PED virus or PEDV) is a coronavirus that infects the cells lining the small intestine of a pig, causing porcine epidemic diarrhoea, a condition of severe diarrhea and dehydration. (wikipedia.org)
Jang J, Yoon SH, Lee W, Yu J, Yoon J, Shim S, Kim H (2018) Time-calibrated phylogenomics of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: genome-wide insights into the spatio-temporal dynamics. (wikipedia.org)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. (wikipedia.org)
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an acute and highly contagious enteric disease of pigs, which leads to high morbidity and mortality in the suckling piglets, thereby bringing huge economic losses to the global pig industry. (cabi.org)

the pigs came from swine farms in northern Italy (Po Valley), which contains the regions of Piemonte, Lombardia, Emilia Romagna, and Veneto ( Technical Appendix Figure 1). (cdc.gov)
European workers introduced the term "porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome" (PRRS), but because of its taxonomic classification the agent is also sometimes identified as "swine arterivirus. (extension.org)
At present, PRRS is the most economically important viral disease of swine in North America, with production costs to pig producers in the United States estimated at $560 million annually. (extension.org)
A variety of factors, including swine genetics, the specific PRRS virus variants in the herd, health status of the herd, ages of the animals involved, and pregnancy status, may influence the clinical signs. (extension.org)
Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), also known as inclusion body rhinitis (IBR) occurs in all age groups of previously uninfected swine, including developing fetuses. (iastate.edu)
Therefor we encourage swine producers and nutritionists to work together to provide a cost-effective trace mineral source most capable of consistently meeting the needs of the animal. (trouwnutrition.com)
A "Solution" for Post-Weaning Morbidity and Mortality 1 Jack Odle and Robert Harrell Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Defining the problem of piglet morbidity and mortality Despite concerted research efforts, piglet morbidity and mortality remain as significant problems for the swine industry. (cupdf.com)
This is well illustrated in statistics reported by the most recent National Swine Surveys conducted by the USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS, 1997, 2000). (cupdf.com)

Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), a mutant of TGEV, appeared in pigs in the 1980s ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Affected animals show a progredient loss of weight as well as respiratory disorders with coughing, which are often complicated by secondary bacterial infections. (laboklin.com)
In 1987, a new reproductive and respiratory disease of pigs was recognized in the United States. (extension.org)
In suckling pigs, especially pigs less than three weeks old, signs include mucopurulent rhinitis accompanied by violent sneezing, respiratory distress, conjunctivitis, shivering, perhaps mouth breathing, and a variable death loss. (iastate.edu)
Suvaxyn PRRS MLV is a veterinary vaccine used to protect pigs against porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS). (europa.eu)
Highly pathogenic PRRS (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome) is characterized by unusual, very high. (prrscontrol.com)
Weaner and grower pigs show mainly varying degrees of respiratory distress, and up to 20% of pigs may die. (biomedcentral.com)

Intestinal clostridioses in pigs are caused by bacteria of the species C. perfringens type C and Clostridium difficile . (veterinariadigital.com)
Gut health improvements were monitored with respect to growth performance, diarrhea incidence, fecal bacterial population and intestinal morphology of suckling pigs orally supplemented with live Lactobacillus salivarius ( L. salivarius ) oral suspensions and challenged with F4 + enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). (animbiosci.org)
Numbers of total bacteria in intestinal contents of control pigs were also increased, but not Coliform and Lactobacillus populations. (animbiosci.org)
Oral supplementation of live L. salivarius during the first 10 days of suckling pig promoted growth performance and gut health, reduced diarrhea incidence, increased fecal Lactobacillus populations and improved intestinal morphology. (animbiosci.org)
Fermentation of lactose by intestinal microbiota yields lactic acid and volatile fatty acids, which may positively regulate the intestinal environment and microbiome, resulting in improved gastrointestinal health of weanling pigs. (trouwnutrition.com)

Infection with these viruses causes watery diarrhea, dehydration, and a high mortality rate among suckling pigs. (cdc.gov)
In older animals and the farm in general, mortality can be 60% in animals without immunity. (veterinariadigital.com)
Clostridiosis in pigs causes diarrhea with high mortality. (veterinariadigital.com)
In the modern pig industry, the mortality of piglet during suckling, weanling and nursery period accounts for a major portion until slaughter, of which the mortality reaches up to 16-20% from the phase of birth to weaning mainly due to stillbirth, crushing, hypothermia and starvation. (biomedcentral.com)

In conjunction with PMWS, co-infections of PCV-2 with porcine parvovirus or PRRSV are being discussed. (laboklin.com)
PCR-based testing of FOF reveals presence of PRRS virus RNA only at the litter level, as opposed to conventional individual-animal-based sampling methods that demonstrate PRRSV RNA at the piglet level. (biomedcentral.com)
It also provides a framework to estimate the likely proportion of viremic pigs, given the PRRSV RT-rtPCR positivity rate of FOF samples submitted from a farrowing room. (biomedcentral.com)
Although serum is the sample of choice, it requires more skill, more manpower, is less animal welfare friendly, and is often impractical for frequent PRRSV surveillance in large herds [ 12 ] compared to population-based sampling options. (biomedcentral.com)
The efficacy of the attenuated PRRSV-1 vaccine in 1-day-old pigs seropositive to PRRSV prior to a PRRSV-1 challenge was demonstrated by improvement of clinical, virological and immunological variables. (biomedcentral.com)
With the current experimental design, maternal immunity did not interfere with the development of a protective immune response against a PRRSV-1 challenge, after vaccination of 1 day-old pigs. (biomedcentral.com)
PRRSV usually becomes endemic in infected herds and clinical disease is then observed in highly susceptible groups like weaned pigs in which passive immunity has waned, or naïve pigs introduced into the herd such as gilts and young boars [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Clostridium diarrhea in pigs: What are its characteristics? (veterinariadigital.com)
Diarrhea in pigs can be caused by species of Clostridium bacteria which produce toxins that cause enteric lesions. (veterinariadigital.com)
Results revealed that pigs in treatment group had a statistically significant increase in average daily gain, body weight and weight gain, and tended to lower diarrhea throughout the study. (animbiosci.org)
Severity of diarrhea can be up to 50% in suckling pigs [ 2 ]. (animbiosci.org)
Research progress of porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccine for pigs. (cabi.org)
enhancing immunity of pig, preventing and curing diarrhea, tail-biting, anorexia etc stress symptom during the weaning, transforming, and transfer to group. (patsnap.com)

Animals show clinical signs of lethargy, loss of appetite as well as vomiting and/or diarrhoea. (laboklin.com)
For example, in January 2022, new EU regulations came into effect banning pharmaceutical levels of zinc, which were used in nursery pigs to reduce post-weaning diarrhoea and improve performance. (trouwnutrition.com)

The described strains of Clostridium bacteria can cause a wide range of clinical pictures in domestic animals. (veterinariadigital.com)

When a pig is given the vaccine, the pig's immune system recognises the virus as 'foreign' and makes antibodies against it. (europa.eu)

Suvaxyn PRRS MLV is given as a single injection from 1 day of age to pigs for fattening. (europa.eu)
The most common side effects with Suvaxyn PRRS MLV are a short lived increase in body temperature (0.5-0.8 °C on average), which may affect more than 1 in 10 pigs within 4 days of vaccination, and local reactions in the form of swellings which resolve without treatment in 5 to 9 days. (europa.eu)
The withdrawal period for meat from pigs treated with Suvaxyn PRRS MLV is 'zero' days, which means there is no mandatory waiting time. (europa.eu)

In January 2014, a new variant strain of PEDV with three deletions, one insertion, and several mutations in S (spike) 1 region was identified in Ohio by the Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab of Ohio Department of Agriculture. (wikipedia.org)

Two studies were conducted in female pigs, one which showed that single vaccination of female pigs 10 to 11 weeks before mating protected them against disease when exposed to the virus 26 weeks after vaccination. (europa.eu)
Vaccination in suckling animals are always challenging because of maternally derived antibodies which interferes specific immune response in vaccinated animals. (prrscontrol.com)
The animals were challenged when the levels of MDAs detected by seroneutralization test (SNT) in the non-vaccinated control group became undetectable (10 weeks after vaccination). (biomedcentral.com)
Vaccination had a positive impact on rectal temperatures since the percentage of pigs that had fever at least once after challenge was reduced to 31% in vaccinated animals, and control pigs had significantly higher rectal temperatures than vaccinated pigs 3 days post-challenge. (biomedcentral.com)
In the vaccinated group, 9/16 pigs (56%) experienced an increase in ELISA S/P ratio from the day of vaccination to 67 days post-vaccination. (biomedcentral.com)
All vaccinated pigs were seropositive before challenge, indicating the development of an antibody response following vaccination even in the face of MDAs. (biomedcentral.com)

Collins, Cherie L, John R, Rebecca SM, Trevor NM, Robert JS, David JH, Ingunn S, Frank RD (2017) Post-Weaning and Whole-of-Life Performance of Pigs Is Determined by Live Weight at Weaning and the Complexity of the Diet Fed after Weaning. (malque.pub)

The grunts made by pigs vary depending on the pig's personality and can convey important information about the welfare of this highly social species, new research has found. (vetscite.org)
Scientists specialising in animal behaviour and welfare devised an experiment to investigate the relationship between personality and the rate of grunting in pigs. (vetscite.org)
The findings also suggest personality needs to be kept in mind when using vocalisation as a measure of the animals' welfare status. (vetscite.org)
Understanding how the vocalisations of pigs' relate to their personality will also help animal behaviourists and welfare experts have a clearer picture of the impact those personalities have on communication, and thus its role in the evolution of social behaviour and group dynamics in social species. (vetscite.org)
Assessment of the implementation of biosecurity measures and animal welfare, assessment of the implementation of immunoprophylactic measures, analysis of the epizootiological surveillance of the health status of animals, and the production of monthly reports on performed laboratory tests according to the Program for Measures of Animal Health Protection. (ac.rs)
It also contributes to poor public perception of food animal production in terms of animal welfare, food safety, and antimicrobial resistance. (genomealberta.ca)

In 1961 the disease was identified as a transplacental infection of fetal pigs. (iastate.edu)
article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "authorname:smuskopf" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/2/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FAncillary_Materials%2FWorksheets%2FBook%253A_The_Biology_Corner_(Worksheets)%2FAnatomy_Worksheets%2FFetal_Pig_Dissection, Fetal Pig - Dissection of the Lower Arteries, Determine the sex of your pig by looking for the. (orielladigitaljournalism.com)
Place your fetal pig in the dissecting pan ventral side up. (orielladigitaljournalism.com)
Biology Fetal Pig Diagrams. (orielladigitaljournalism.com)

On day 24 (2 weeks post supplementation), one pig per replicate of both groups was orally administered with 10 8 CFU/mL F4 + ETEC, then they were euthanized on day 29 of experiment. (animbiosci.org)
Similarly, pigs given oral vitamin D3 at weaning had higher blood levels of vitamin D 28 days after supplementation. (ontariopork.on.ca)
Recently, University of Guelph researchers questioned whether current iron supplementation practices are sufficient for the requirements of the modern pig. (ontariopork.on.ca)

Bernau, M., S. Schwanitz, L.S. Kreuzer, A.M. Scholz (2021): Detection of local tissue reactions after anit-GnRF injection in male pigs assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. (hfwu.de)
Bernau, M., J. Schrott, L. Kreuzer, S. Schwanitz, A.M. Scholz (2020): "Sex" and body region effects on bone mineralization in male pigs. (hfwu.de)
The study also found that male pigs (but not females) kept in the lower-quality conditions made fewer grunts compared with those housed in the enriched environment, suggesting greater susceptibility among male pigs to environmental factors. (vetscite.org)

Numbers of Lactobacillus population in feces of treatment pigs were higher than control pigs, especially on day 10 of study. (animbiosci.org)
However, the challenge virus was able to develop fever in 61% of the control pigs. (biomedcentral.com)

Diagnosis of PED is confirmed using PCR from feces or intestines of affected animals, or by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed tissue. (wikipedia.org)

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is associated with the so-called post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). (laboklin.com)

This study aimed to establish a M. parvum specific real-time PCR for its detection and quantification in porcine blood and the application of this assay to obtain insights into the occurrence of M. parvum in German pigs. (bvsalud.org)

In: animals 2023, 13, 3477, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223477 , 15 Seiten. (hfwu.de)

Streptococcus suis is a reemergent pathogen, and outbreaks of its inducing disease represent significant economic losses for the pig industry worldwide. (pvb.org.br)

PCMV occurs only in pigs although similar infections with related viruses occur in many other species, including people. (iastate.edu)
Host disease-resistance is particularly important because there are many pigs of the same species that could all be susceptible to the same disease challenges. (ukdiss.com)

Present in a variety of tissues, macrophages are specialized immune cells that play a key role in the pigs' defense against infectious agents. (extension.org)

The toxins involved in these enteric pictures of pigs are A, B and C, being Beta toxin the most pathogenic. (veterinariadigital.com)

Rabies is a viral disease that can affect all warm-blooded animals. (researchsquare.com)

During this acute stage, abortions may occur in 1 to 3% of pregnant animals, with abortion most common in females infected during the last trimester of pregnancy. (extension.org)

As a farmyard pig who has just had a litter, Gunda has a tag through her ear and a hungry, needy little mouth clamped to every teat. (latimes.com)
Azain MJ, Tomkins T, Sowinski JS, Arentson RA, Jewell DE (1996) Effect of Supplemental Pig Milk Replacer on Litter Performance: Seasonal Variation in Response. (malque.pub)

These bacteria have been studied for decades in pigs because of the disease patterns they can generate. (veterinariadigital.com)
The disease usually is observed in one to five week old pigs. (iastate.edu)
There may also be disease of the airways which can lead to high death rates in suckling and weaned pigs. (europa.eu)
This will help protect the pig against the disease. (europa.eu)
Disease-causing bacteria are increasingly able to resist antibiotics used for treatment creating an unprecedented and growing global threat to human and animal health. (genomealberta.ca)
FMD was the first animal disease shown to be caused by a filterable agent ( Loeffler and Frosch 1898 ). (wikisource.org)
It is estimated that 30% to 50% of pigs are carriers and stress can predispose the appearance of clinical disease. (pvb.org.br)
It is also good fortune for public health that many of the medically important parasites-those that infect and cause disease in humans or animals-are rare in the natural world. (food-safety.com)

In contrast to ELISA results, only 2/16 vaccinated pigs developed neutralizing antibodies detectable by a SNT that used a subtype 1 MA-104 adapted strain. (biomedcentral.com)
Even in the absence of SN antibodies, vaccinated pigs were protected from challenge with a heterologous strain. (biomedcentral.com)

Infection is common but often is inapparent when herd immunity is present or in pigs over six weeks old. (iastate.edu)
Animals -1 cattle herd in Hampshire County, WV, in 2008 and 1 cattle herd in Guernsey County, Ohio, in 2010. (avma.org)
Estimated prevalence at the individual pig level is one of the key variables used in calculating sample size to demonstrate the presence of a pathogen in a herd [ 9 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
With a very small herd, it is sooner than later possible to move away from large domesticated pigs that I currently have - a mix of typical industry breeds such as duroc, largewhite, landrace and pietrain - and transition to the much smaller and robust Philippine native pig. (duckduckbro.com)

Post-mortem findings in suckling animals include empty stomach contents with little milk curd. (wikipedia.org)
Wu and Knabe 9 reported that free Gln in porcine milk increased from 0.1 to 4 mM between day 1 and 28 of lactation indicating the potential importance of Gln for pig development in the early postnatal phase. (nature.com)
Lactose plays a crucial role in the growth performance of pigs at weaning because it is a palatable and easily digestible energy source that eases the transition from milk to solid feed. (trouwnutrition.com)
However, information is lacking regarding the application prospect of LAB fermented milk in the animal industry. (biomedcentral.com)

This is why pigs infected with PRRS virus often have severe secondary infections with any of a variety of bacterial or viral pathogens including, Mycoplasma hyopneumonia, Salmonella choleraesuis, Haemophilus parasuis, Streptococcus suis, Pasteurella multocida, influenza virus, and others. (extension.org)

Continual genetic mutation and recombination, a requirement for replication in macrophages, and persistent infection (carrier animals) despite an active immune response are characteristics shared by viruses in this family. (extension.org)
Many recovered animals have virus sequestered as a latent infection and can then become shedders if severely stressed. (iastate.edu)

Could you please tell me if Whey is derived from animal? (muftisays.com)

Hence this increased stress to pigs raises the potential for proliferation of pathogens in the farm (Martinez et al. (ukdiss.com)

Vertebrate and invertebrate animal and new in vitro models for studying Neisseria biology. (cabi.org)

Newly emerging CoVs pose a potential threat to human and animal health because multiple human CoV infections have been derived from animal hosts. (cdc.gov)

US $66.75 million in breeding herds and US$93.57 million in growing-pig populations (link 1). (ukdiss.com)

Archive Animal Breeding 63:103-111. (hfwu.de)
Archives Animal Breeding 49: 363-69. (malque.pub)

Consequently, many pigs are vaccinated while still having maternal immunity in place. (biomedcentral.com)

Certainly Gunda's days, though they're mostly spent suckling, snoozing or snuffling, seem full to bursting with the business of getting on with things, punctuated with periods of lazy contentment or high comedy. (latimes.com)
In addition to the clinically manifest form especially in young pigeons, there is also a high number of subclinically or persistently infected animals. (laboklin.com)
The continued high cost of feed demonstrates the need to develop cost-effective feeding strategies for growing-finishing pigs to ensure the long-term. (ontariopork.on.ca)

ETEC, especially fimbriae type 4 (F4) harboring strain is the most important bacterial pathogen during the first week of a pigs life. (animbiosci.org)

Animal agriculture is also facing world-wide pressure to reduce its use of antibiotics in food animals. (genomealberta.ca)

The HPSC notes that this parasite can be transmitted by contact with infected farm animals, contaminated water, food, and dairy products, or as a result of poor hand hygiene. (food-safety.com)

Types of Clostridiosis affecting production animals. (veterinariadigital.com)
Salmonella ultimately affects not only animal health but also has human health ramifications - so it is important to start to control it as early as possible in the production chain. (trouwnutrition.com)
Reduction of the pig production through novel feeding strategies is currently an active research topic. (ontariopork.on.ca)
Feed cost is by far the greatest cost of pig production (65-70%) and growing-finishing pigs account for about 80% of feed consumed. (ontariopork.on.ca)
These are huge pigs more intended for intensive rather than pasture production. (duckduckbro.com)

Older pigs generally recover in 7-10 days. (wikipedia.org)
Treatment pigs were orally administered with 2 mL of 10 9 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL L. salivarius on days 1 to 3, then they were orally administered with 5 mL of 10 9 CFU/mL L. salivarius on days 4 to 10, while those in control group received an equal amount of phosphate buffered saline solution. (animbiosci.org)
Losses take the form of poor feed conversion efficiency, higher medication costs and increased variation in days-to-market weight which can result in significant penalties imposed by packers for light-weight animals (eg. (cupdf.com)
The downward trend reflects (in part) the advent and implementation of segregated early weaning (SEW) strategies wherein some pigs may be weaned as early as 10 days of age. (cupdf.com)
Conceptually, when SEW practices are combined with all-in-all-out management of farrowing facilities (Figure 1A) some pigs may be weaned as early as 7-10 days of age and morbidity can be greatly exacerbated. (cupdf.com)

There are a variety of factors responsible for the immune response to a given antigen in pigs. (prrscontrol.com)
When pigs experience immunosuppression by any factor and/or factors, normal immune response can't be elicited due to the lack of inflammatory cells. (prrscontrol.com)

Anatomy11

Organisms13

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs12

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes27

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Health Care2

Piglets19

Sows6

Epidemic diarrhea virus6

Swine8

Respiratory7

Intestinal5

Mortality4

PRRSV7

Diarrhea6

Diarrhoea2

Strains1

Vaccine1

PRRS MLV3

PEDV1

Vaccination6

20171

Welfare6

Fetal4

Supplementation3

Male pigs3

Control pigs2

Feces1

Syndrome1

Occurrence1

20231

Economic losses1

Species2

Defense1

Enteric1

Viral disease1

Acute1

Litter2

Disease8

Antibodies2

Herd4

Milk4

Severe1

Infection2

Whey1

Pathogens1

Vitro1

Infections1

Populations1

Breeding2

Immunity1

High3

Bacterial1

Antibiotics1

Dairy1

Production5

Days5

Immune response2