GattiiCapsuleCandidaSerotypeSpeciesCryptococcosisInfectionFungiVirulenceCapsular materialPathogenic fungusAntigenMeningitisPeptidePathogenesisCapsulesVitroDetectionBiomassBuddingInhalationStainSpreadsUtilizesMannanMacrophagesMolecularOrganismAntifungalAgarSerumBlood-brain bUrineContrastChitinMeningoencephalitisSoilCellsInvasiveSensitivitySequenceCell wallsHost immune
Gattii15
- gattii) bound approximately half as many molecules of both complement components as serotypes A and D (C. neoformans var. (johnshopkins.edu)
- We conclude that the relatively high degree of side chain substitution of capsular polysaccharide from C. neoformans variety gattii contributes to inefficient surface assembly of the alternative pathway C3 convertase. (johnshopkins.edu)
- Approximately 95% of cryptococcal infections are caused by C neoformans (serotype A) strains, and 4-5% are caused by C neoformans (serotype D) or C gattii (serotypes B/C strains). (medscape.com)
- We report a patient in Japan infected with Cryptococcus gattii genotype VGIIa who had no recent history of travel to disease-endemic areas. (cdc.gov)
- C . gattii was previously classified as C. neoformans var. (cdc.gov)
- Based on the polysaccharide wall serology, use of nutrients, and DNA sequence, it is subclassified into C neoformans neoformans and C neoformans gattii . (medscape.com)
- Most HIV-associated cryptococcal infections are caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, serotype A (found worldwide), but occasionally Cryptococcus gattii is the cause (found in Australia, subtropical regions, and the Pacific Northwest). (medscape.com)
- Cryptococcus gattii is known to be an etiologic agent of human cryptococcosis, particularly in immunocompetent persons. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cryptococcosis is one of the more common systemic fungal infections caused by two main species, Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii . (biomedcentral.com)
- C. neoformans was categorized into serotypes A and D whereas C. gattii was classified into the serotypes B and C. Inhalation of spores is a primary route of infection that mainly affects immunocompromised persons, such as HIV-infected patients, organ transplant recipients, and patients receiving corticosteroid or immunosuppressive agents. (biomedcentral.com)
- Haint ffwngaidd ymledol yw cryptococcosis a achosir gan gymhlethdod rhywogaethau Cryptococcus (Cryptococcus neoformans a Cryptococcus gattii).Unigolion â nam ar eu heimiwnedd cell-gyfryngol sydd fwyaf mewn perygl o gael eu heintio.Cryptococcosis yw un o'r heintiau manteisgar mwyaf cyffredin ymhlith cleifion AIDS.Mae canfod antigen cryptococol (CrAg) mewn serwm dynol a CSF wedi'i ddefnyddio'n helaeth gyda sensitifrwydd a phenodoldeb uchel iawn. (genobio-pharm.com)
- Cryptococcosis is a pulmonary or disseminated infection acquired by inhalation of soil contaminated with the encapsulated yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans or C. gattii . (msdmanuals.com)
- Distribution of C. neoformans and C. gattii is worldwide. (msdmanuals.com)
- Unlike C. neoformans , C. gattii is not associated with birds and is more likely to cause disease in immunocompetent hosts. (msdmanuals.com)
- Risk factors for Cryptococcus gattii infection, British Columbia, Canada. (msdmanuals.com)
Capsule13
- Cryptococcus neoformans is a round or oval yeast, 4-6 mm in diameter, surrounded by a 30-mm-thick capsule. (medscape.com)
- Cryptococcus neoformans is a yeast with a prominent polysaccharide capsule. (microbeonline.com)
- Cryptococcus neoformans is the only pathogenic yeast known to have a polysaccharide capsule. (microbeonline.com)
- Polysaccharide capsule contains compounds that are not recognized by phagocytes. (microbeonline.com)
- The polysaccharide capsule of C. neoformans is negatively charged [13], and has a potential role in maintaining its virulence [14, 15]. (ukdiss.com)
- Based on the differences in capsule polysaccharides, Cryptococcus is traditionally subdivided into 5 serotypes - A, B, C, D and AD. (doe.gov)
- The polysaccharide capsule protects the fungus from the host's immune system and is considered a key factor in determining the virulence of cryptococcal infections and disease. (doe.gov)
- Mucin stains, like Mayer's mucicarmine, Southgate's mucicarmine and Alcian blue, stain the mucopolysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans . (drfungus.org)
- Furthermore, we show that inositol induces the expression of fungal cell surface factors involved in virulence, including the polysaccharide capsule, a major fungal virulence factor, and hyaluronic acid (HA), a ligand important for fungal binding to the BBB. (hhs.gov)
- Finally, we find that growth on inositol promotes the production of capsule structures involved in immune evasion and that, conversely, C. neoformans mutants defective in inositol uptake elicit enhanced protective immunity during brain infection. (hhs.gov)
- Visualization of cryptococcal polysaccharide capsules capsular material of cryptococci displaces the colloidal carbon particles of the ink so that the capsule appears as a clear halo around the microorganisms against a black background. (jit4you.com)
- polysaccharide capsule which makes the organism withstand phagocytosis and host immune system, melanin production, ability to thrive at mammalian body temperatures, urease production and phospholipase production. (wikidoc.org)
- Polysaccharide capsule which makes the organism withstand phagocytosis and host immune system . (wikidoc.org)
Candida2
- This review will highlight the roles of monocytes in the immune response to some of the major fungi that cause invasive human disease, including Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Candida, Histoplasma, Blastomyces , and Coccidioides , and discuss potential strategies to manipulate monocyte responses in order to enhance anti-fungal immunity in susceptible hosts. (frontiersin.org)
- Invasive infections are commonly caused by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides , and Histoplasma ( Table 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Serotype1
- The genome of Cryptococcus neoformans JEC21 (serotype D) was not sequenced by the JGI, but by TIGR. (doe.gov)
Species4
- CD4 T-cells are important for long-term control and clearance of several fungal infections in humans, particularly those caused by Cryptococcus species. (bvsalud.org)
- Cryptococcal disease is acquired via inhalation of haploid yeast or basidiospores from the environment.Genus Filobasidiella contains approximately 38 Cryptococcus species. (doe.gov)
- A few are pathogenic and constitute the pathogenic Cryptococcus species cluster. (doe.gov)
- Two of the species, Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus bacillisporus , are the casual agents of the majority of human and animal cryptococcosis . (doe.gov)
Cryptococcosis1
- Cryptococcosis is a type of systemic mycosis, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans [9]. (ukdiss.com)
Infection8
- While the protocol here uses a TCR transgenic model reactive to peptide deriving from Cryptococcus neoformans, this method could be adapted to other fungal infection experimental settings. (bvsalud.org)
- Cryptococcus neoformans is a common organism found in the soil and the most common fungal infection of the central nervous system. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
- There are three predominant forms of pathology of cryptococcus infection in the brain: meningitis, parenchymal cryptococcoma, and gelatinous pseudocysts associated with the perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
- The cryptococcal antigen test is a qualitative/semi-quantitative rapid test to detect the polysaccharide antigen associated with Cryptococcus neoformans infection. (beaumontlaboratory.com)
- The overarching goal of this proposal is to obtain a detailed understanding of the mechanism by which C. neoformans acquires and utilizes host inositol to establish human brain infection. (hhs.gov)
- However, the cellular constituents of the innate immune response that promote clearance versus progression of infection upon respiratory acquisition of C. neoformans remain poorly defined. (listlabs.com)
- In this study, we found that during acute C. neoformans infection, CCR2+ Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes (IM) rapidly infiltrate the lungs and mediate fungal trafficking to lung-draining lymph nodes. (listlabs.com)
- Overall, our findings indicate that C. neoformans can subvert the fungicidal potential of IM to enable the progression of infection through a mechanism that is not dependent on lymphocyte priming, eosinophil recruitment, or downstream M2 macrophage polarization pathways. (listlabs.com)
Fungi1
- Eumelanins produced by pathogenic Cryptococcus neoformans fungi are virulence factors that render the fungal cells resistant to host defenses and certain antifungal drugs. (johnshopkins.edu)
Virulence1
- In particular, we find that growth of C. neoformans under inositol-rich conditions enhances fungal virulence and that fungal mutants defective in inositol uptake exhibit reduced virulence, reduced capacity to transmigrate from the blood into the brain, and reduced ability to traverse a model BBB in vitro. (hhs.gov)
Capsular material1
- The cells shown in Image G are regular in size, have a spherical bud attached by a connector wider than seen in C. neoformans , and no surrounding capsular material. (labce.com)
Pathogenic fungus2
- C. neoformans is a pathogenic fungus responsible for deadly mycotic infections in AIDS patients, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa [10, 11]. (ukdiss.com)
- Filobasidiella neoformans ) is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus found world-wide. (doe.gov)
Antigen3
- These were: direct microscopy of india ink preparations, acridine orange staining followed by fluorescence microscopy and detection of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen by latex agglutination. (bmj.com)
- Trichosporon beigelli has been shown to produce a cross reactive polysaccharide antigen. (beaumontlaboratory.com)
- Some persons with AIDS retain the CPS (cryptococcal polysaccharide) antigen for long periods of time. (beaumontlaboratory.com)
Meningitis2
- Cryptococcus neoformans is a deadly fungal pathogen that exhibits pronounced neurotropism: it is the most common cause of fungal meningitis, particularly in immunocompromised patients, resulting in over 620,000 deaths annually. (hhs.gov)
- Based on these results, we hypothesize that C. neoformans senses and utilizes host inositol to modify the fungal cell surface in a way that promotes penetration of the BBB and development of cryptococcal meningitis. (hhs.gov)
Peptide3
- The three-dimensional structure of 2H1, a protective monoclonal antibody to Cryptococcus neoformans, has been solved at 2.4 Å resolution, in both its unbound form and in complex with the 12 amino acid residue peptide PA1 (GLQYTPSWMLVG). (elsevierpure.com)
- PA1 was previously identified as a potential mimotope of the cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide by screening of a phage display peptide library. (elsevierpure.com)
- Poor steric complementarity between PA1 and the antibody heavy chain along with the fact that the majority of the interactions between 2H1 and PA1 involve van der Waals interactions with the light chain may explain why this peptide acts as only a partial mimotope of the capsular polysaccharide epitope. (elsevierpure.com)
Pathogenesis1
- Confirmation of the fact that C. neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen could provide new insights into several poorly understood areas of cryptococcal pathogenesis, including mechanisms for latency and persistence and the lack of efficacy of humoral immunity. (elsevierpure.com)
Capsules1
- The yeast cells of Cryptococcus neoformans tend to be spherical, irregular in size, produce a single bud attached by a hair like connector and are surrounded by polysaccharide capsules, as illustrated in Image E. (labce.com)
Vitro4
- Recent in vivo studies have demonstrated that C. neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen, as was previously suggested by in vitro studies. (elsevierpure.com)
- The finding that C. neoformans replicates inside macrophages in vitro in a manner similar to that observed in vivo provides an excellent system to dissect the molecular mechanisms responsible for this unique pathogenic strategy. (elsevierpure.com)
- Followed by synthesis, in vitro assay of these compounds was performed against Cryptococcus neoformans . (ukdiss.com)
- We also find that C. neoformans compromises tight-junction integrity in vitro, promoting inositol leakage through the brain microvascular endothelial monolayer. (hhs.gov)
Detection1
- One such biomarker is detection of galactomannan (GM), a polysaccharide that is attached to hyphal cell walls and secreted during growth of the organism. (onacademic.com)
Biomass1
- These polysaccharides, which comprise 20-35% of terrestrial biomass, present major challenges for the efficient microbial bioconversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to fuels and other value-added products. (biomedcentral.com)
Budding1
- Cryptococcus neoformans appear as a spherical, single or multiple budding, thick-walled yeast that is 2-15 μm (wide variation in size) in diameter. (microbeonline.com)
Inhalation1
- After inhalation, Cryptococcus may disseminate, frequently to the brain and meninges, typically manifesting as microscopic multifocal intracerebral lesions. (msdmanuals.com)
Stain1
- It is encapsulated with a hydrophilic polysaccharide that takes up India Ink stain. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
Spreads2
- C neoformans spreads from the lung and intrathoracic lymph nodes to circulate in the blood, especially if the host is immunocompromised. (medscape.com)
- Cryptococcus neoformans spreads hematogenously to the CNS from pulmonary foci, which may be subclinical. (medscape.com)
Utilizes1
- For survival in macrophages, C. neoformans utilizes a novel strategy for intracellular parasitism that includes the accumulation of intracellular polysaccharide in cytoplasmic vesicles. (elsevierpure.com)
Mannan1
- In contrast, removal of xylosyl and glucuronyl side chains from the mannan main chain of capsular polysaccharide by the Smith degradation procedure resulted in binding of similar quantities of C3 to each of the four serotypes. (johnshopkins.edu)
Macrophages1
- We ascertained that IM in the lungs upregulated transcripts associated with alternatively activated (M2) macrophages in response to C. neoformans, consistent with the model that IM assume a cellular phenotype that is permissive for fungal growth. (listlabs.com)
Molecular2
- Because of their insoluble and amorphous characteristics, neither the pigment bonding framework nor the cellular interactions underlying melanization of C. neoformans have yielded to comprehensive molecular-scale investigation. (johnshopkins.edu)
- A molecular typing study of 498 Cryptococcus spp. (biomedcentral.com)
Organism1
- By contrast, CSF is a good growth medium for the organism in culture, possibly because of trophic properties of dopamine and other neurotransmitters in the CSF and the absence of cryptococcus-toxic proteins. (medscape.com)
Antifungal2
- The susceptibilities of C. neoformans cells of the biofilm and planktonic phenotypes to four antifungal agents were examined. (who.int)
- A spot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and light and confocal microscopy were used to investigate how antifungal drugs affected C. neoformans biofilm formation. (who.int)
Agar2
- Sabouraud's dextrose agar ) at room temperature or 37 °C. Cryptococcus neoformans are sensitive to cycloheximide so media containing cycloheximide should be avoided. (microbeonline.com)
- Agar-Agar - It is often called as Agar, is a complex polysaccharide, a carbohydrate consisting of 3, 6-Anhydro-L-galactose and D-galactopyranose, free of nitrogen, produced from various red-purple algae … The color of prepared Nutrient Agar will be light amber, very slightly to slightly opalescent. (pilloriassociates.com)
Serum1
- Binding of complement component C3 and Factor B to Cryptococcus neoformans serotypes A through D via the alternative complement pathway was measured in a system containing fresh nonimmune human serum. (johnshopkins.edu)
Blood-brain b1
- How C. neoformans cells traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to infect the central nervous system (CNS) remains poorly understood. (hhs.gov)
Urine1
- Cryptococcus neoformans is often cultured from the urine of patients with disseminated infections. (beaumontlaboratory.com)
Contrast1
- In contrast, both C. neoformans cells and preformed biofilms were susceptible to amphotericin B and caspofungin. (who.int)
Chitin1
- We demonstrated that the aliphatic moieties of solid C. neoformans melanin ghosts include cell-wall components derived from polysaccharides and/or chitin that are associated proximally with lipid membrane constituents. (johnshopkins.edu)
Meningoencephalitis1
- Cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated fungal pathogen, causes meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients. (elsevierpure.com)
Soil1
- C. neoformans is present in soil contaminated with bird droppings, particularly those of pigeons. (msdmanuals.com)
Cells3
- The exposure of C. neoformans cells or preformed cryptococcal biofilms to fluconazole or voriconazole did not result in yeast growth inhibition and did not affect the metabolic activities of the biofilms, respectively. (who.int)
- However, C. neoformans biofilms were significantly more resistant to amphotericin B and caspofungin than planktonic cells, and their susceptibilities to these drugs were further reduced if cryptococcal cells contained melanin. (who.int)
- This study used the C. neoformans requirement of exogenous obligatory catecholamine precursors for melanization to produce isotopically enriched pigment "ghosts" and applied 2D 13 C- 13 C correlation solid-state NMR to reveal the carbon-based architecture of intact natural eumelanin assemblies in fungal cells. (johnshopkins.edu)
Invasive1
- Cryptococcus neoformans is a leading cause of invasive fungal infections among immunocompromised patients. (listlabs.com)
Sensitivity1
- Comparison of the sensitivity of three methods for the rapid identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. (bmj.com)
Sequence1
- Biofilm development by C. neoformans followed a standard sequence of events: fungal surface attachment, microcolony formation, and matrix production. (who.int)
Cell walls1
- Xylans are the most abundant noncellulosic polysaccharides in lignified secondary cell walls of woody dicots and in both primary and secondary cell walls of grasses. (biomedcentral.com)
Host immune1
- These results give us new insight into the plasticity of IM function during fungal infections and the level of control that C. neoformans can exert on host immune responses. (listlabs.com)