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Viral Structural ProteinsViral ProteinsPolyproteinsVirionRNA, ViralAlphavirusMolecular Sequence DataCapsidVirus AssemblyAmino Acid SequenceSindbis VirusCell LineVirus ReplicationGenome, ViralCapsid ProteinsGene Products, revBase SequenceGene Products, gagGenes, ViralSemliki forest virusrev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency VirusOpen Reading FramesDNA, ViralProtein BiosynthesisViral Envelope ProteinsViral Nonstructural ProteinsMolecular WeightCercopithecus aethiopsRetroviridaeGene Expression Regulation, ViralSARS VirusCricetinaeProtein PrecursorsAntigens, ViralHIV-1Protein Processing, Post-TranslationalAntibodies, ViralCloning, MolecularPlasmidsElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelCentrifugation, Density GradientHeLa CellsMutationRNA, MessengerTritiumTranscription, GeneticChick EmbryoViral Core ProteinsEndopeptidasesFusion Proteins, gag-polCysteine EndopeptidasesTransfectionCells, CulturedRubella virusGene Products, polHepatovirusgag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency VirusNucleocapsidRNA HelicasesNepovirusHepacivirusPicornaviridaeArteritis Virus, EquineRNA VirusesAfrican Swine Fever VirusHIV ProteaseVero CellsRNA ReplicaseGenes, gagAphthovirusPeptide HydrolasesRecombinant Fusion ProteinsSerine EndopeptidasesRetroviridae ProteinsSpodopteraPlant VirusesNucleocapsid ProteinsBaculoviridaeYellow fever virusDefective VirusesRecombinant ProteinsFlavivirusPoliovirusGlycoproteinsMicroscopy, ElectronMyoviridaeSequence AlignmentRepliconSequence Homology, Amino AcidInfectious bursal disease virusVaccinia virusMutagenesis, Site-DirectedCardiovirusCaliciviridaeMyristic AcidsViral Matrix ProteinsMason-Pfizer monkey virusPeptidesBinding SitesMurine hepatitis virus
EncodesProteaseInfectionNucleocapsidNonstructural proteinsMembraneCoronavirusPp1aVirionReplicase polyproteinORF1aGlycoproteinForm the viralAminoEncodeAntibodiesEnvelopeBindsCellularCoronavirusesProteases to generateVirionsCleavesPolypeptideMaturationFunctionalAntiviralPolymeraseSpikeSynthesisRibosomalACE2Replication complexParticleMajor structuralTransmembraneEnvelopProteolyticEssential for viral replicationSARS-CoVVirusesMutationSequenceHostPost-translationalGenomicOrf6TranscriptionEpitopesGenome containsInhibiting viral replicationMRNASubsequentlyCleavage sitesVirusNS5AAccessory
Encodes16
  • In HIV-1, the gag ORF that encodes the 55 kDa Gag protein, the major viral structural protein, is located at the 5' end of the full-length viral mRNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pol ORF is located 3' to the gag ORF and encodes the Pol polyprotein, which is eventually cleaved into the viral enzymatic proteins (protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase). (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene encodes a protein that binds RAN, a small GTP binding protein belonging to the RASsuperfamily that is essential for the translocation of RNA and proteins through the nuclear porecomplex. (woofahs.com)
  • The SARS-CoV-2 viral genome encodes 28 confirmed proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and env encodes the large transmembrane envelope protein responsible for cell binding and entry. (mhmedical.com)
  • The RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 is one of the largest RNA genomes among RNA viruses [1], comprised of a replicase gene which encodes non-structural proteins (nsps), structural proteins, and accessory proteins. (insidecorona.net)
  • RNA encodes a poly-protein precursor of approximately 3400 amino acid. (ommegaonline.org)
  • Host cell signalases and viral encodes proteases would accomplish the processing of poly-protein and give rise to three structural proteins that includes core (C), preMembrane (prM) and envelop (E) and seven non-structural proteins NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5 which are responsible for the replication, viral transcription and also involves in alteration of host immune responses [3,4] . (ommegaonline.org)
  • The viral non-structural protein 3, which encodes a mono-ADP-ribosylhydrolase, antagonizes cellular mono-ADP-ribosylation and reactivates the protease. (fsu.edu)
  • The virus has a genome of about 11000 bases that encodes a single large polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved into several structural and non-structural mature peptides. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • The viral RNA also encodes the structural components of the virus, i.e. spike, nucleocapsid, membrane and envelope proteins. (tocris.com)
  • The coronaviral genome encodes four major structural proteins: the spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, membrane (M) protein, and the envelope (E) protein and many non-structural proteins. (biotechexpressmag.com)
  • 2003). The 12.5 kb CSFV genome contains a single open reading frame that encodes a 3898-amino acid polyprotein and ultimately yields 11 to 12 final cleavage products (NH2-N^pro-C-E^rns-E1-E2-p7-NS2-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B-COOH) through co- and post-translational processing of the polyprotein by cellular and viral proteases (Rice, 1996). (usda.gov)
  • The 5' cap open reading frame encodes a variety of non-structural proteins. (medsci.org)
  • The remaining 3′ third of the genome encodes four structural proteins, spike (S), envelope (E), matrix (M) and nucleocapsid (N), and non-structural proteins, along with a set of accessory proteins. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • In addition to the structural proteins and polyprotein-derived proteins, the SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes 9 accessory factors from a set of sub-genomic open reading frames (ORFs 3, 3a, 6, 7a, 7b, 8, 9b, 9c and 10) within the 3′ region of the genome. (guidetopharmacology.org)
Protease28
  • Protease inhibitors such as lopinavir/ritonavir are thought to prevent polyprotein proteolysis. (woofahs.com)
  • HIV-1 Protease is a viral aspartic protease that responsible for maturation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) . (proteopedia.org)
  • HIV-1 protease cleaves an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) precursor proteins, such as cleaving the env protein , glycoprotein (GP) 160 , into gp41 and gp120 . (proteopedia.org)
  • In other words, HIV-1 protease is responsible for maturation of the virion by cleaving proteins into their mature form. (proteopedia.org)
  • Because the cleave step results in infectious viral particles, Drugs called protease inhibitors can interfere with this step of the viral life cycle and further prevent HIV infection progressing. (proteopedia.org)
  • The new viral particles cannot enter the host cell without maturation which require HIV-encoded protease. (proteopedia.org)
  • Pol gene on the other hand codes for three essential enzymes which are Reverse Transcriptase (RT), Integrase (IN) and Protease (PR), among other proteins. (proteopedia.org)
  • HIV-1 Protease acts as 'chemical scissors' to cleave the polyproteins into functional constituent proteins. (proteopedia.org)
  • The virally encoded non-structural serine protease (NS3) is required to process the HCV polyprotein and release the individual proteins that form the viral RNA replication machinery. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • We highlight the early studies that reported the crystal structure of the NS3 protease, its role in the processing of the HCV polyprotein, and the structural requirements critical for substrate cleavage. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • 2 The non-structural 3 (NS3) serine protease cleaves the viral polyprotein to release the non-structural proteins, which then form the viral RNA replication machinery. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • The NS3 protease is pivotal in the processing of the viral polyprotein, and is therefore critical for HCV replication. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • Once translated, these polyproteins are cleaved by one of the two encoded proteases (3C-like protease (nsp5) or papain-like-protease (nsp3)) to yield between 15 and 16 non-structural proteins, which assemble into a large membrane-bound replicase complex (RTC). (insidecorona.net)
  • The glycoproteins gp120 and gp41, which are encoded from the env gene, are called Env proteins and translate to a full-length gp160 polyprotein, followed by trimerization and cleavage by a furin-like protease inside a Golgi compartment. (ecolowood.com)
  • Replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) requires proteolytic processing of the replicase polyprotein by two viral cysteine proteases, a chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) and a papain-like protease (PLpro). (novoprolabs.com)
  • PLpro is a cysteine protease located within the non-structural protein 3 (NS3) section of the viral polypeptide. (novoprolabs.com)
  • NS3 is a protease and a helicase, whereas NS5 is the RNA polymerase in charge of viral RNA replication. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • Host cell entry is effected by the binding of receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein on the nucleocapsid to ACE2, a protease on the host cell surface. (tocris.com)
  • The binding of the S protein to ACE2 is facilitated by another host cell protease, TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease, serine 2). (tocris.com)
  • These proteins contain within their sequence, papain-like protease (PLpro) and the coronavirus main protease (Mpro, also known as 3CLpro), which cleave the polyproteins into a variety of other functional proteins. (tocris.com)
  • One attractive target, within viral cell entry, is the binding of the viral spike protein to the surface receptor ACE2 , a host cell membrane protease . (tocris.com)
  • Its papain-like protease (PLpro) is one of the protein targets utilized in designing new drugs that would aid vaccines in the fight against the virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Therefore, the present study proposes the three‑dimensional structure of the helicase/protease enzyme of SPONV through homology modeling, using the crystal structure of the Dengue virus‑4 helicase/protease of the same viral family as a template. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Nonstructural protein 5 (Nsp5) is the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 that cleaves viral polyproteins into individual polypeptides necessary for viral replication. (elifesciences.org)
  • The maturation step to release the individual Nsp polypeptides is executed by two viral-encoded proteases: Nsp5 (also known as Main Protease, M Pro /3C-like protease) and Nsp3 (also known as Papain-Like Protease, PL Pro ) ( Narayanan et al , 2022 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • These agents interfere with HCV replication by inhibiting a key viral enzyme, NS3/4A serine protease. (medscape.com)
  • Simeprevir inhibits HCV NS3/4A protease needed for proteolytic cleavage of the HCV-encoded polyprotein into mature forms. (medscape.com)
Infection21
  • genic models are inadequate for number of activated CD8-positive T LMP1 was strongly expressed in the understanding the cancer etiology in cells increased considerably in the lymphoma tissues but was hardly the context of natural viral infection. (who.int)
  • The limited viral genome compels the virus to enlist host systems for its cellular infection, translation, replication and spread. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Replication is constant following infection, and although some infected cells may harbor nonreplicating virus for years, in the absence of treatment there generally is no true period of viral latency following infection. (mhmedical.com)
  • Virus infection is initiated by the interaction between S protein and host cell surface receptors. (newvita.com)
  • Viral nsps induce the formation of ER-bound double membrane vesicles (DMV) in host cells post infection. (reactome.org)
  • It is known that non-structural proteins (nsp) in SARS-CoV viruses induce the formation of ER-bound double membrane vesicles (DMV) in host cells post infection. (reactome.org)
  • To be able to present knowledge to assist reply this query, we, subsequently, investigated the consequences of endurance coaching on the degrees of host proteins concerned in SARS-CoV-2 an infection in mice. (aidstar-one.com)
  • The presence of ACE-2 in varied tissues might allow viral an infection. (aidstar-one.com)
  • Chronic infection with viral hepatitis affects half a billion individuals worldwide and can lead to cirrhosis, cancer, and liver failure. (wjgnet.com)
  • Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of brain caused by either host immune response or viral infection. (ommegaonline.org)
  • Innate immune response against viral infection depends on rapid recognition of viral antigens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) which are a conserved structures present on viral pathogens. (ommegaonline.org)
  • The COVID-19 pandemic is a harsh reminder of the fact that, whether in a single human host or a wave of infection across continents, viral dynamics is often a story about the numbers. (elifesciences.org)
  • Based on recent studies, endosomal dependence can compensate for S protein priming to mediate SARS-CoV-2 infection of CMs, damage the contractile function of CMs, trigger electrical dysfunction, and tip the balance of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to exert a myocardial injury effect. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We will also discuss the role of the spike glycoprotein in viral infection and its implications for vaccine development and treatment. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Soon after infection, the single stranded positive RNA that constitutes the viral genome is efficiently translated using a cap-independent mechanism driven by the internal ribosome entry site element (IRES). (bionity.com)
  • The arteriviruses are highly species specific, but share many biological and molecular properties, including virion morphology, a unique set of structural proteins, genome organization and replication strategy, and the ability to establish prolonged or true persistent infection in their natural hosts. (bionity.com)
  • Cell macromolecular synthesis may be controlled after CoV infection by locating some virus proteins in the host cell nucleus. (bionity.com)
  • The S protein is also important for induction of protective humoral and cellular immunity during infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The neutralization antibody test (NT) for serum using live SARS-CoV-2 is a method in which inhibition of the serum upon viral infection is observed in the presence of neutralizing antibodies against proteins involved in viral binding and penetration in the serum. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Crystallisation and 3D structures of ACE2, Mpro (3CL, nsp5) and S proteins are being generated to provide insight into some of the essential protein-protein interactions and/or protein functions that are required for SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Vaccines, therefore, provide alternate preventative techniques for the spread of viral infection. (ijpsr.com)
Nucleocapsid8
Nonstructural proteins3
  • The viral nonstructural proteins use a negative-sense intermediate to replicate the positive-sense RNA genome, which then associates with capsid protein and is packaged into individual virions. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • In this study, we screened all the nonstructural proteins of HCV and found that HCV NS2 could suppress RNAi induced either by small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in mammalian cells. (virosin.org)
  • Some of the structural and nonstructural proteins function as suppressors of the plant RNA silencing defense machinery. (ictv.global)
Membrane16
  • The replication complex is formed on double membrane vesicles, creating both genome-length RNA as well as subgenomic RNAs that encode structure genes S, E, M, and N as well as accessory ORFs that probably play roles in modulating the host response. (woofahs.com)
  • All three proteins showed membrane localization in COS-7 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In short, from a total of 437 high-confidence interacting proteins that bind to one or more SARS-CoV-2 genes, the researchers have identified several gene products, M protein, NSP6, ORF3a, ORF6 and ORF7b that interacted with host cell membrane proteins and complexes. (news-medical.net)
  • Lipid envelope which is studded with structural protein including the membrane (M) glycoprotein, the envelope (E) protein, and the spike (S) glycoprotein [ 11 ]. (newvita.com)
  • The S protein would be cleaved by the cellular serine proteases TMPRSS2 into S1 and S2 subunits, which are responsible for receptor recognition and membrane fusion [ 12 , 13 ]. (newvita.com)
  • The viral envelope consists of a lipid bilayer derived from the plasma membrane of infected cells, with glycoprotein spikes anchored in it. (ecolowood.com)
  • Three structural genes are involved in antigenicity because they are expressed on the virus and involved in the development of capsids: core (C), pre membrane (prM), and envelope (E). The E gene is the most significant and extensively researched of the three. (microbiologynote.com)
  • There are 180 identical copies of the envelope (E) protein attached to the surface of the viral membrane by a short transmembrane segment. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • The structural proteins are the capsid (C) protein, the envelope (E) glycoprotein and the membrane (M) protein, itself derived by furine-mediated cleavage from a prM precursor. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • Gag, the primary structural protein of HIV-1, is recruited to the plasma membrane for virus assembly by its matrix (MA) domain. (rcsb.org)
  • Our data suggest that proteolytic maturation of HIV-1 not only assembles the viral capsid surrounding the genome but also repurposes the membrane-bound MA lattice for an entry or postentry function and results in the partial removal of up to 2500 lipids from the viral membrane. (rcsb.org)
  • SARS-CoV-2 invades cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a membrane protein that counterbalances the adverse effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) by converting angiotensin II (Ang II) to Ang-(1-7). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The fusion peptide inserts into the host cell membrane, while the HR1 and HR2 regions form a six-helix bundle that brings the viral and host membranes closer together, facilitating membrane fusion. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Upon binding to the ACE2 receptor, the S protein undergoes a conformational change that exposes the RBD and activates the S2 subunit for membrane fusion. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Coronavirus (CoV) genome replication takes place in the cytoplasm in a membrane-protected microenvironment, and starts with the translation of the genome to produce the viral replicase. (bionity.com)
  • The translated polyprotein consists of three structural [capsid (C), membrane (M) and envelope (E)] and seven non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5). (spandidos-publications.com)
Coronavirus8
  • Initial, ACE2 not merely works as mediator of coronavirus admittance in to the cells, but also plays a part in diffuse alveolar harm through imbalances in the reninCangiotensin program because of its down-regulation, turned on from the S proteins. (woofahs.com)
  • Subsequently, some coronavirus protein are solid inducers of apoptosis of cell lines produced GSK1904529A from different organs, the lungs primarily. (woofahs.com)
  • By conducting a state-of-the-art interactome study between the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and host cells, researchers from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston identified 437 human proteins as the high-confidence interacting proteins - with substantial implications for understanding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathology and potential treatments. (news-medical.net)
  • The replicase polyprotein 1a of the human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is post-translationally cleaved by virally encoded proteases to generate non-structural proteins (nsps). (reactome.org)
  • The blockage of interplay between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and S protein is taken into account an important goal for anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) medication. (aidstar-one.com)
  • Following reproduction of all the viral components, coronavirus is assembled and released via vesicular exocytosis. (tocris.com)
  • Complete genomic sequences of 12 different coronavirus strains demonstrated that the viral structure, with small irrelevant mutations, was stable in the transmission chains and showed remarkable traits of infectious traceability. (ersjournals.com)
  • CoV N protein is required for coronavirus RNA synthesis, and has RNA chaperone activity that may be involved in template switch. (bionity.com)
Pp1a5
  • Polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab are processed into the viral polymerase (RdRp) and other non-structural proteins involved in RNA synthesis. (expasy.org)
  • This generates two polyproteins PP1A and PP1AB. (tocris.com)
  • The 5′ two-thirds of the genome contains two large, overlapping open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF1b) that encode two long polyprotein precursors, pp1a and pp1ab respectively. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Once delivered into the host cell, the incoming positive-strand viral RNA genome is first translated by host ribosomes into two overlapping polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab. (elifesciences.org)
  • Nsp3 is contained within pp1a and releases itself from the polyprotein through self-cleavage. (elifesciences.org)
Virion8
  • The virion RNA is infectious and serves as both genome and viral messenger RNA. (expasy.org)
  • Several small genes encode regulatory proteins that enhance virion production or combat host defenses. (mhmedical.com)
  • Gag alone is sufficient to produce buddingvirus-like particles (VLP's) due to multimerization of roughly 2000 Gag molecules per virion.The Gag proteins take part throughout the viral life-cycle, including the assembly and release of viral particles, theirsubsequent maturation into infectious virions, and during the events occurring between therelease of capsids into newly infected cells and the integration of proviral DNA. (prospecbio.com)
  • Each viral spike is definitely a trimeric heterodimer comprising the external glycoprotein gp120 and the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41, with about 70C79 trimers within the virion surface [5]. (ecolowood.com)
  • Gag is subsequently cleaved into its component domains, causing structural maturation to repurpose the virion for cell entry. (rcsb.org)
  • The viral genome is located inside the capsid of the virion, having a positive-sense polarity and a long open reading frame, which is flanked by untranslated regions at the 5' and 3' ends. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The CPm is required for the assembly of the 5′-extremity of the virion, and the 60 kDa protein is required for incorporation of both HSP70h and CPm into virions, which also incorporate a 20 kDa protein that may form the tip segment of the virion head. (ictv.global)
  • It binds to the N-terminus within domain 1 of NS5A, which may cause structural distortions that interfere with NS5A functions, and thereby inhibits both viral RNA replication and virion assembly. (medscape.com)
Replicase polyprotein2
  • RPOTF_PRRSL Replicase polyprotein 1TF (ORF1ab polyprotein) [Cleaved into: Nsp1 (EC 3.4.22. (expasy.org)
  • Figure 2 shows the sets of proteins that are generated from the two replicase polyprotein chains that arise from overlapping ORFs at the 5' region of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA. (guidetopharmacology.org)
ORF1a4
Glycoprotein2
  • In addition to the E glycoprotein, only one other viral protein, NS1, has been associated with a role in protective immunity. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • S protein is a glycoprotein, which is responsible for binding and penetration of target cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Form the viral1
Amino7
  • Genomic analysis revealed several unique amino acid substitutions among the polyprotein gene. (cdc.gov)
  • The transmembrane domain prediction also indicated that these viral gene products contain at least one transmembrane domain in their protein sequences - with the exception of ORF6, which is actually a short protein with only 61 amino acids. (news-medical.net)
  • It has a genome length of approximately 9.6 kb, which is translated into a polyprotein of 3010-3033 amino acid residues. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • One of these non-structural proteins is nsp15, a 346 amino acid nidoviral RNA uridylate‐specific and Mn 2+ -dependent [3] endoribonuclease (NendoU). (insidecorona.net)
  • specifically, PLPro cleaves a site at the amino-terminus of the viral replicase region. (novoprolabs.com)
  • A single open reading frame (ORF) in the genomic RNA codes for a 3400 amino acid polyprotein. (microbiologynote.com)
  • 13 , 14 However, the amino acid perfectly maintains the stability of the mutual structural conformation of the virus S-protein and the ACE2 receptor in a holistic manner. (medsci.org)
Encode1
  • Numerous viruses have been shown to encode viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs) to antagonize antiviral RNAi. (virosin.org)
Antibodies4
  • The presence of RA associated antibodies (ACCP or RF) and/or the SE genes are indicative for any poorer radiological end result and higher grade of activity. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • The present study is usually a cross-sectional analysis aimed to evaluate the significance of the presence of SE genes, defined as em DRB1*01 /em or em DRB1*04 /em , in relation to anti-CCP antibodies, antikeratin antibody (AKA) and RF in individuals who developed RA. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Therefore, establishing diagnostics, such as the detection of target viral genes and antibodies, is also required. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The S protein is the main target with which the neutralizing antibodies react. (biomedcentral.com)
Envelope5
  • The positive samples were further subjected to PCRs for the amplification of a partial segment of USUV envelope and nonstructural (NS) 5 gene. (cdc.gov)
  • In the infectious form of the virus, the envelope protein lays flat on the surface of the virus, forming a smooth coat with icosahedral symmetry. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • The subsequently formed immature virions are assembled by budding of newly formed nucleocapsids into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), thereby acquiring a lipid bilayer envelope with the structural proteins prM and E. The virions mature during transport through the acidic trans-Golgi network, where the prM proteins stabilize the E proteins to prevent conformational changes. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Directed evolution of retrovirus envelope protein cytoplasmic tails guided by functional incorporation into lentivirus particles. (ucdenver.edu)
Binds3
  • Aqil M, Naqvi AR, Bano AS, Jameel S (2013) The HIV-1 Nef protein binds argonaute-2 and functions as a viral suppressor of RNA interference. (virosin.org)
  • It recognizes and binds to the ACE2 receptor via the spike (S) protein [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At least 2 cellular receptors for EV have been identified: a subunit of the integrin molecule VLA-2 that binds types 1 and 8, and a complement regulatory protein (ie, a decay accelerating factor) that binds types 6, 7, 12, and 21. (medscape.com)
Cellular11
  • However, because eRF1 is known to complex with at least 32 cellular binding partners, it remains unclear if eRF1 acts independently to modulate PRF in HIV-1 or if it is part of a larger regulatory protein complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • We set out to identify the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenic proteins that through host interactions cause the cellular damages underlying COVID-19 symptomatology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Studies show that sars8b (8b) can trigger cellular stress, which results in a calcineurin dependent Transcription Factor EB (TFEB) activation and its target genes. (reactome.org)
  • Like additional Type 1 fusion proteins, these trimetric constructions undergo receptor- induced conformational changes to increase the exposure of the gp 41 ectodomain for the fusion of viral and cellular membranes ( Fig. 1 ). (ecolowood.com)
  • The resulting polyprotein is subsequently cleaved by cellular and viral proteases at specific recognition sites. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • Homology of HAM1h with cellular Maf/HAM1 NTP pyrophosphatases suggests that HAMh1 might intercept non-canonical NTPs to reduce mutation rates of viral RNA. (ictv.global)
  • 2009). In addition, IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is deregulated by directly interacting with CSFV N^pro, thus inhibiting the production of IFN-alpha and decreasing the anti-viral cellular response (Fiebach et al. (usda.gov)
  • This RNA is approximately 7.5 kilobase (kb) long and contains an RNA replicase, viral-coded proteases, a single polyprotein that is responsible for forming structural polypeptides, and other proteins necessary for cellular replication. (medscape.com)
  • This process occurs concomitantly with the inhibition of cellular protein synthesis, caused by the expression of viral proteases. (bionity.com)
  • Both viral and cellular proteins are required for replication and transcription. (bionity.com)
  • Viral pathogenesis can be caused by cellular malfunction and or cell death. (ijpsr.com)
Coronaviruses2
  • When the interactomes of NSP1 and N protein (i.e., two key SARS-CoV-2 proteins) were compared with other human coronaviruses , host pathways manipulations and divergent protein-protein interactions responsible for differences in disease pathology were uncovered. (news-medical.net)
  • Nsp3 and Nsp5 are essential for viral replication and represent well-characterized drug targets among coronaviruses. (elifesciences.org)
Proteases to generate1
Virions3
  • The coding potential of murine mammary tumor viral genomic RNA was investigated by in vitro translation of various size classes of RNAs isolated from the virions. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Although a 24S polyadenylated RNA had been identified as the intracellular mRNA for env precursor polyprotein, no such protein could be translated from the 24S polyadenylated RNA isolated from the virions. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Their viral particles (virions) are small (~50 nm), spherical and enveloped, that incorporate a single-stranded RNA of 9.5-12.5 kb ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Cleaves1
  • Nsp5 cleaves TRMT1 at a specific position that matches the consensus sequence of SARS-CoV-2 polyprotein cleavage sites, and a single mutation within the sequence inhibits Nsp5-dependent proteolysis of TRMT1. (elifesciences.org)
Polypeptide3
  • HIV-1 GAG Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain, encoded by the HIV gag gene, HXB2 (790-2292) and having a molecular mass of 55.0kDa. (prospecbio.com)
  • The viral CP is a single polypeptide of 302-378 aa (35-41 kDa). (ictv.global)
  • A further difference with the BYSV genome rests in the presence of an extra ORF (ORF2) encoding a 30 kDa polypeptide with no similarity to any other protein in databases. (ictv.global)
Maturation1
  • In addition to its role in viral protein maturation, PLPro possesses a deubiquitinating and deISGylating activity. (novoprolabs.com)
Functional5
  • It is synthesizedas a polyprotein in the cytosol of an infected cell and contains 4 functional segments. (prospecbio.com)
  • This review summarises the structural and functional information gained from SARS-CoV-2, SARs-CoV and MERS-CoV nsp15 structures, compiles the current structure-based drug design efforts, and complementary knowledge with a view to provide a clear starting point for downstream structure users interested in studying nsp15 as a novel drug target to treat COVID-19. (insidecorona.net)
  • Intrinsic brain RAS is an enzyme-neuropeptide system having functional components (angiotensinogen, peptidases, angiotensin, and specific receptor proteins) with important biological and neurobiological activities in the brain. (hindawi.com)
  • STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL Corporation OF HIV-1 SURFACE GLYCOPROTEINS HIV-1 is definitely a spherical enveloped disease with a diameter of 140 nm. (ecolowood.com)
  • Using a combination of structural analyses and functional assays, we identify a molecular sensor within the S1 Ub-binding site of PLpro that serves as a key determinant of substrate specificity. (bvsalud.org)
Antiviral4
  • Interferons induce the expression of antiviral and immunomodulatory genes that could affect multiple aspects of the virus replication cycle HCQ/CQ, hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine. (woofahs.com)
  • These proteases are important targets for development of antiviral drugs that would inhibit viral replication and reduce mortality associated with outbreaks of SARS-CoV. (novoprolabs.com)
  • RNAi interference (RNAi) is an evolutionarily conserved post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism and has been well recognized as an important antiviral immunity in eukaryotes. (virosin.org)
  • Previous studies have demonstrated that viral RNA helicases represent promising pharmacological targets for antiviral drugs/inhibitors, as they are implicated in viral replication and proliferation. (spandidos-publications.com)
Polymerase2
  • The mechanisms underlying the conservation of the HPgV-2 genome are not clear but may include efficient innate immune responses, low immune selection pressure and, possibly, the unique features of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). (bvsalud.org)
  • The most crucial NS proteins are the viral helicase and the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Spike3
  • However, when the virus is carried into the cell and into lysozomes, the acidic environment causes the protein to snap into a different shape, assembling into trimeric spike. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • Homotrimers of the virus encoded S protein make up the distinctive spike structure on the surface of the virus. (biotechexpressmag.com)
  • To circumvent the need for BSL-3 laboratories, an alternative assay was developed that avoids live virus and instead uses a recombinant VSV expressing luciferase and possesses the full length or truncated spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2. (biomedcentral.com)
Synthesis6
  • When the ribosome fails to maintain the proper ORF, translation usually results in either incorrect protein synthesis or early termination as a result of the introduction of a premature stop codon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nucleoside analogues such as remdesivir and ribavirin are thought to prevent viral RNA synthesis. (woofahs.com)
  • Synthesis and proteolysis of replicase polyproteins. (expasy.org)
  • Synthesis of structural proteins encoded by subgenomic mRNAs. (expasy.org)
  • Sarkar, N. H. / Synthesis of murine mammary tumor viral proteins in vitro . (elsevierpure.com)
  • As a result, the loss of RNA synthesis is thought to be a knock-on effect on neighbouring polyprotein components that are critical for replication, as opposed to a genuine effect on viral replication through lack of nsp15 [6]. (insidecorona.net)
Ribosomal11
  • HIV ribosomal frameshift signal is a ribosomal frameshift (PRF) that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses to translate several different proteins from the same sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, a shift in the ORF is not universally deleterious, as many viruses capitalize on this phenomenon by using a programmed ribosomal frameshift (PRF) to translate several proteins from the same sequence, thereby maximizing the storage capacity of their genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The HIV-1 virus requires a programmed -1 ribosomal frameshift signal (the HIV-1 Ribosomal Frameshift Signal) for the expression of the Pol gene, which is an example of a cis-acting element of gene regulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Translation of the 160 kDa Gag-Pol polyprotein is contingent on a -1 ribosomal frameshift event revealing the pol ORF. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result, the HIV-1 ribosomal frameshift signal is highly regulated, as it modulates the expression levels of the Gag protein relative to the Gag-Pol polyprotein. (wikipedia.org)
  • The efficiency of the HIV-1 ribosomal frameshift signal determines the ratio of the Gag to Gag-Pol proteins synthesized, with a frameshift event occurring in approximately 5% of the total translation events, resulting in a roughly 20:1 Gag/Gag-Pol ratio. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regardless of the exact conformation of the downstream secondary RNA structure, it is believed that the structure leads to the translocating ribosome stalling over the slippery site, increasing the probability of a -1 ribosomal frameshift to reveal the pol ORF (5'-UUU UUU A-3'), bypassing a downstream stop codon present in the gag ORF and allowing the Gag-Pol polyprotein to be translated. (wikipedia.org)
  • The HIV-1 ribosomal frameshift signal has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the HIV-1 virus due to the requirement of the programmed ribosomal frameshift for the regulation of the Gag/Gag-Pol protein ratio and the relatively conserved structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, because the HIV-1 ribosomal frameshift signal relies on interactions between the viral mRNA and the host translational machinery, it is likely a more stable therapeutic target, because any selective pressure caused by a therapeutic compound would have to occur on the evolutionary time scale of the host instead of the rapidly evolving HIV-1 virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • PRRSV also expresses a truncated polyprotein 1aTF due to a ribosomal frameshifting in the nsp2 gene. (expasy.org)
  • Interestingly, a larger NS1-related protein NS1' (NS1 prime) is produced as a result of -1 ribosomal frame shift event, generated due to a conserved slippery heptanucleotide motif located near the upstream of NS2A gene and is induced by a downstream RNA pseudo knot structure [5] . (ommegaonline.org)
ACE22
  • A full-length ACE2 protein may very well be a possible drug to dam early entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. (aidstar-one.com)
  • obtained the trimeric S protein structure by 3D reconstruction technology based on the genomic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 and observed that the binding affinity of the S protein to ACE2 was 10-20 fold higher compared to that of SARS-CoV, partly explaining its high contagiousness [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Replication complex1
  • During viral replication, positive-sense RNA is translated to produce the viral replication complex, which replicates the positive-sense RNA to produce negative-sense RNA. (insidecorona.net)
Particle4
  • gag gene codes for structural proteins which forms the 'body' of the viral particle, among other proteins. (proteopedia.org)
  • The inactivated vaccines consist of purified viral particle without or with only minor contaminants of NSP and thus induce antibody mainly against structural proteins of virus. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • They are composed of a naked protein capsid, constituting about 75% of the particle and enclosing a dense central core of single-stranded RNA. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we report on the clinical impact of a novel NiV-derived nonspreading replicon particle lacking the fusion (F) protein gene (NiVF) as a vaccine in three small animal models of disease. (cdc.gov)
Major structural1
Transmembrane1
  • The E protein is a small (9-12 kDa) single transmembrane domain (1TM) protein, which enables virus assembly with the M protein, a larger (23-35 kDa) 3TM protein. (guidetopharmacology.org)
Envelop2
Proteolytic1
  • By inhibiting Nsp5 proteolytic activity, Paxlovid reduces viral replication and disease severity in patients with COVID-19. (elifesciences.org)
Essential for viral replication2
  • Although highly conserved (88% sequence identity with SARS-CoV-2, 50% with MERS, and 43% with HCoV-229E), nsp15 has been found to be non-essential for viral replication in Mouse Hepatitis Virus [6] (MHV), SARS-CoV, and HCoV-229E. (insidecorona.net)
  • Although not essential for viral replication, recent studies suggest nsp15 plays a role in repressing activation of the host innate immune response [11-13]. (insidecorona.net)
SARS-CoV17
  • We examined each of the individual SARS-CoV-2 proteins for their cytotoxicity in HEK 293 T cells and their subcellular localization in COS-7 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We also used Mass-Spec Affinity purification to identify the host proteins interacting with SARS-CoV-2 Orf6 protein and tested a drug that could inhibit a specific Orf6 and host protein interaction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our study revealed Orf6 as a highly pathogenic protein from the SARS-CoV-2 genome, identified its key host interacting proteins, and Selinexor as a drug candidate for directly targeting Orf6 host protein interaction that leads to cytotoxicity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, functions of individual SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins, particularly how they affect human cells, remain largely unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 hijacks host machinery and which of its proteins are key for its interaction will be crucial in identifying effective targets for COVID-19 therapeutic intervention. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of the key facets of SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle is host-virus protein-protein interactions. (news-medical.net)
  • With this in mind, a research group led by Dr. Zhen Chen from the Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston (USA) started with a quest for key human proteins that are implicated in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. (news-medical.net)
  • Genome annotation disclosed 29 SARS-CoV-2 gene products - including 16 non-structural proteins, 4 structural proteins and 9 accessory factors. (news-medical.net)
  • A) SARS-CoV-2 genome annotation, predicting 29 virus gene products. (news-medical.net)
  • Taken collectively, endurance coaching altered the degrees of host proteins concerned in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry in an organ-dependent method. (aidstar-one.com)
  • Therefore, in this study, we analyze the variant distribution, hotspot mutation, and its impact on protein structure and function of SARS-CoV-2 from the collected samples from WJHL. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, further research to study the impact of mutations on the function of SARS-CoV-2 proteins are required. (bvsalud.org)
  • SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging viral disease that triggers hyper-inflammation known as a cytokine storm. (bvsalud.org)
  • 5 SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from the airway epithelial cells of patients with viral pneumonia in Wuhan. (medsci.org)
  • Human cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibit a decrease in TRMT1 protein levels and TRMT1-catalyzed tRNA modifications, consistent with TRMT1 cleavage and inactivation by Nsp5. (elifesciences.org)
  • Compared to wildtype human cells, TRMT1-deficient human cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibit reduced levels of intracellular viral RNA. (elifesciences.org)
  • Purification of individual SARS-CoV-2 proteins from human cells have identified a potential interaction between a catalytic-inactive version of Nsp5 with human tRNA methyltransferase 1 (TRMT1) ( Gordon et al , 2020b ). (elifesciences.org)
Viruses2
  • Thus, many viruses (including HIV-1) are categorized as having a polycistronic genome, meaning they employ multiple active ORF's in a single gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • These are all enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses whose genomes and protein structures are highly conserved. (guidetopharmacology.org)
Mutation2
  • HAMh1 might intercept non-canonical NTPs to reduce mutation rates of viral RNA. (ictv.global)
  • Mutation analysis showed that mutations in structural protein might increase the stability of the protein. (bvsalud.org)
Sequence5
  • In conclusion, the authors detected and genetically characterized a putative novel Usutu virus strain (Usutu-BONN) by determining its complete genome sequence and comparing it with Usutu virus strains for which complete polyprotein-encoding sequences are available. (cdc.gov)
  • The possibility of an African origin of this virus strain is strengthened by the fact that phylogenetic analysis of complete polyprotein sequence established a separate basal lineage for the Usutu-BONN strain in a sister relationship with the African Usutu virus strains. (cdc.gov)
  • High sequence variability has been found in E2 protein among CSFVs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this review, we summarize the prevalence, pathogenicity and genetic diversity of HPgV-2 and discuss the possible reasons for the uniformity of its genome sequence, which should elucidate the implications of RNA virus fidelity for attenuated viral vaccines. (bvsalud.org)
  • Based on sequence data available in databases, we analyzed the mutational potential of this protein. (bvsalud.org)
Host16
  • Studies of the human immune deficiency virus (HIV-1) over the past 30 years have demonstrated the presence of prime pathogenic proteins that contribute to virulence and host disease progression, and the potential of targeting these proteins for effective therapeutic intervention [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, HIV-1 Vpr protein interacts with host proteins to modify host cell energy metabolism, oxidative status and proteasome function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The researchers have also built an interaction network by utilizing the 437 identified virus-host protein-protein interactions, which enabled all the complex analyses that they have pursued. (news-medical.net)
  • This process produces short and long double-stranded RNA intermediates with polyuridine tracts at the 5′ end which can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors in the host cell such as RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), protein kinase R (PKR), oligoadenylate synthases (OASes), and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). (insidecorona.net)
  • Angiotensin changing enzyme 2 (ACE-2) performs a key position in viral entry into host cells. (aidstar-one.com)
  • Persistence of JEV in the infected target cells by accumulation of autophagosome is the novel mechanism to escape host immune anti-viral response. (ommegaonline.org)
  • In turn the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) is induced, allowing the host to react swiftly to viral infections. (fsu.edu)
  • Emerging evidence demonstrates that some mono-ARTs function as PAMP receptors and modify both host and viral proteins relevant for viral replication. (fsu.edu)
  • Viral and host proteases split this polyprotein into 10 proteins . (microbiologynote.com)
  • These RCs seem to contain viral proteins, viral RNA and host cell factors. (denguevirusnet.com)
  • Key areas of research include viral cell entry , viral replication and the hyperactive host immune response, known as cytokine storm . (tocris.com)
  • These structural proteins are important to determine host range and tropism, and they play a crucial role in delivering the RNA genome into the cytoplasm of new host cells. (medscape.com)
  • It is essential for processing viral polyproteins for replication and functions in host immune evasion by cleaving ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like protein (Ubl) conjugates. (bvsalud.org)
  • Viral RNA as well as viral proteins interact with different components of the host cell, acting as key determinants of viral pathogenesis. (bionity.com)
  • The viral genome hijacks the host cell replication machinery to generate all of the components that are required for self-replication, assembly and release, as well as proteins which manipulate the host's innate immune system. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • These results will be of interest to virologists interested in studying the alterations in tRNA modifications, host methyltransferases, and viral infections. (elifesciences.org)
Post-translational1
Genomic1
  • They might be the products of an as-yet-unidentified gene located near the 3' terminus of the murine mammary tumor viral genomic RNA. (elsevierpure.com)
Orf61
Transcription2
  • The involvement of viral DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of virulence genes, transcription, DNA replication, and repair make them significant targets. (mdpi.com)
  • Non-structural proteins are involved in the transcription and replication of the virus. (medsci.org)
Epitopes2
Genome contains1
Inhibiting viral replication1
  • Remdesivir , a nucleoside analogue inhibiting viral replication. (tocris.com)
MRNA1
  • Protein GP2 and 5a are produced by leaky scanning from the E and gp5 subgenomic mRNA respectively. (expasy.org)
Subsequently1
Cleavage sites1
  • The black arrows indicate PL-pro cleavage sites, and the small light blue arrow heads indicate Mpro cleavage sites within the C-terminal portion of the polyproteins. (guidetopharmacology.org)
Virus11
  • The most significant type of viral encephalitis in Asia is Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is brought on by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). (microbiologynote.com)
  • Following binding of S protein the virus is internalized. (tocris.com)
  • Erdtmann L, Franck N, Lerat H, Le Seyec J, Gilot D, Cannie I, Gripon P, Hibner U, Guguen-Guillouzo C (2003) The hepatitis C virus NS2 protein is an inhibitor of CIDE-B-induced apoptosis. (virosin.org)
  • Haasnoot J, de Vries W, Geutjes EJ, Prins M, de Haan P, Berkhout B (2007) The Ebola virus VP35 protein is a suppressor of RNA silencing. (virosin.org)
  • Ji J, Glaser A, Wernli M, Berke JM, Moradpour D, Erb P (2008) Suppression of short interfering RNA-mediated gene silencing by the structural proteins of hepatitis C virus. (virosin.org)
  • pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus" by people in this website by year, and whether "pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus" by people in Profiles. (uchicago.edu)
  • Structural proteins consist of a CP and minor CP (CPm), with a mass ranging from 22 to 25 kDa (CP) and 23 to 27 kDa (CPm), according to virus. (ictv.global)
  • For instance, the CP, p20 and p23 proteins of CTV have suppressor activity, much the same as the homologs of p21 of BYSV, BYV, and grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2). (ictv.global)
  • Structural proteins of CHIK-Virus with T and B cells had been used for immuno-informatic approach. (ijpsr.com)
NS5A6
  • Amazingly, the relationship between CypA as well as the NS5A PCDH9 mutant proteins discovered in CsA-resistant HCV variations remains delicate to CsA. (synanet2020.com)
  • EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Production of Recombinant CypA and NS5A Proteins Recombinant GST-CypA was produced and purified as (R)-BAY1238097 we described previously [23], whereas full-length NS5A Con1 (pET-Ub-NS5A Con1-His) was expressed as described previously [24]. (synanet2020.com)
  • The NS5A genes from genotype 1a (H77), 1b (Con1), 2a (JFH-1) and 2b (MD2b-1) were cloned and expressed as described previously [24]. (synanet2020.com)
  • NS5A is integral for HCV RNA viral replication. (medscape.com)
  • Daclatasvir inhibits NS5A, a nonstructural protein encoded by HCV. (medscape.com)
  • Ledipasvir inhibits HCV NS5A protein, which is required for viral replication. (medscape.com)
Accessory1
  • The functions of these accessory proteins remain largely unresolved since they lack well-defined domain structures. (biomedcentral.com)