• Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma. (mayabouchenaki.com)
  • In 2017, Merkel cell polyomaviruses also were isolated from lesions. (medscape.com)
  • The following review highlights the topics of actinic keratoses, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma. (jcadonline.com)
  • Identification of an overprinting gene in Merkel cell polyomavirus provides evolutionary insight into the birth of viral genes. (ictv.global)
  • Association of Merkel cell polyomavirus-specific antibodies with Merkel cell carcinoma. (ictv.global)
  • MTag is essential for viral proliferation, though some of its functions overlap with those of STag. (wikipedia.org)
  • LCH is characterized by the proliferation of CD1a-positive activated Langerhans (not atypical Langerhans cell, morphologically)-like cells (LCH cells) generating inflammatory granuloma. (mayabouchenaki.com)
  • Subsequent results confirmed that RUNX1, as an independent prognostic factor for LGG, may target interferon-gamma receptor 2 (IFNGR2) to regulate glioma cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. (bjbms.org)
  • Malignant skin tumors (carcinomas), especially squamous cell carcinoma (in situ or invasive), develop frequently in these patients (30-70%), most commonly in sun-exposed areas starting between the ages of 20 and 40 years, which reflects the high-risk nature of the HPV infection. (medscape.com)
  • HPVs of the beta genera (ß-HPV) are risk factors for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and may be related to carcinomas originating in other cutaneous sites such as the vulva. (bvsalud.org)
  • While generally clinically inapparent, human betapapillomaviruses (ßHPV) are possibly associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) and immunocompromised patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare, inherited disorder that predisposes patients to widespread human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas . (medscape.com)
  • HPV-5 and HPV-8 have been isolated in more than 90% of epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated squamous cell carcinomas. (medscape.com)
  • Abrogation of TGF beta signaling in mammary carcinomas recruits Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cells that promote metastasis. (academicinfluence.com)
  • MTag is also required for viral persistence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Persistence of polyomavirus in mice infected as adults differs from that observed in mice infected as newborns. (ictv.global)
  • Identification of a polyomavirus microRNA highly expressed in tumors. (ictv.global)
  • Novel polyomavirus associated with brain tumors in free-ranging raccoons, western United States. (ictv.global)
  • T cell homing to tumors detected by 3D-coordinated positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • However, evidence of MTag encoding and expression has also recently been reported in at least one virus of unrelated lineage, the trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus, which is a normally asymptomatic infection in humans that sometimes causes the rare disease trichodysplasia spinulosa in immunocompromised individuals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sakata N, Toguchi N, Kimura M, Nakayama M, Kawa K, Takemura T. Development of Langerhans cell histiocytosis associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection. (mayabouchenaki.com)
  • Although overt inflammatory responses play a major role in malignant transformation of host cells following an infection, it is a disbalanced immune responses, which contribute to drive malignant transformation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Adult X-linked immunodeficiency (XID) mice, IGM-/- single knockout and IGM-/- CD8-/- double knockout mice do not clear polyomavirus infection. (ictv.global)
  • The genes for the small tumor antigen (STag), middle tumor antigen (MTag), and large tumor antigen (LTag) are encoded in the "early region" of the polyomavirus genome, so named because this region of the genome is expressed early in the infectious process. (wikipedia.org)
  • The "late region" contains genes encoding the viral capsid proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • In MTag-containing polyomaviruses, the early region contains at least three genes encoding STag, MTag, and LTag, and is transcribed as a single messenger RNA processed by alternative splicing. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pathophysiology of epidermodysplasia verruciformis is linked to defective cell-mediated immunity, with elucidation of mutations in EVER1 ( TMC6 ) and EVER2 ( TMC8 ) genes (band 17q25). (medscape.com)
  • Unlike with HPV16, a high-risk α-HPV, the impact of ß-HPV early genes on the innate immune sensing of viral nucleic acids has not been studied. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we used primary skin keratinocytes and U2OS cells expressing HPV8 or distinct HPV8 early genes and well-defined ligands of the nucleic-acid-sensing receptors RIG-I, MDA5, TLR3, and STING to analyze a potential functional interaction. (bvsalud.org)
  • MTag is best studied in the mouse polyomavirus, which was the first polyomavirus discovered and which is a potent oncovirus under certain in vivo conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • 107] demonstrated that IL-1 production and signaling from the IL-1 receptor are necessary components of Raf-induced transformation of NIH 3 T3 cells, which exclude other factors involvement in the vivo model [85]. (mayabouchenaki.com)
  • In addition, mtDNA stress in TFAM-deficient mouse melanoma cells produces tumours that are more resistant to doxorubicin in vivo. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • It is widely accepted, although clouded by the secrecy of war [ 2 ], that the first tentative steps to treating cancer with drugs emanated from the observation that exposure to chemical warfare agents ('poison gases'), such as nitrogen mustards, could limit the proliferative nature of rapidly dividing lymphoid cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Exposure to raccoon polyomavirus (RacPyV) in free-ranging North American raccoons ( Procyon lotor ). (ictv.global)
  • MTag is expressed early in the infectious cycle along with two other related proteins, the small tumor antigen and large tumor antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Like STag, MTag has no enzymatic activity of its own, but has a number of protein-protein interaction sites that mediate interactions with proteins in the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, MTag's best-studied functions center on its interaction with host cell proteins to activate cellular signaling pathways. (wikipedia.org)
  • 4 While proteins can be phosphorylated on nine amino acids, serine, threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation are by far the most predominant in eukaryotic cells. (ac.be)
  • So, rather than one molecule that is therapeutic, we think that the exosomes contain a cocktail of molecules and proteins that can, all together, help the cell maintain homeostasis, deal with the stress, modify metabolic action and reduce the amount of injury. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • The team also found that injured cardiomyocytes that had been treated with EEVs exhibited a set of proteins that was more similar to the uninjured ones compared with untreated cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Our findings indicate that EEVs could protect cardiac tissue from reoxygenation injury in part by supplementing the injured cells with proteins and signaling molecules that support different metabolic processes, paving the way for new therapeutic approaches," said Andr G. Kl ber, a Visiting Professor of Pathology at Harvard Medical School and co-author of the study. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • In MPyV, MTag is an efficient oncoprotein that can be sufficient to induce neoplastic transformation in some cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Langerhans cells (LC) are members of the dendritic cells family, residing in the basal and suprabasal layers of the epidermis and in the epithelia of the respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts. (mayabouchenaki.com)
  • Immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin 5/6 was applied on cell block sections of 23 cases of benign and 25 cases of malignant breast lesions using avidin biotin peroxidase technique. (ijpmonline.org)
  • The HPV DNA loads in vulvar squamous intraepithelial lesions ranged between less than 1 HPV DNA copy per cell to more than 100 HPV DNA copies per cell. (bvsalud.org)
  • The team also demonstrated that these intercellular travelers could be derived from endothelial cells, which line the surface of blood vessels and are more abundant and easier to maintain than stem cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Furthermore, RNA isolated from HPV8-E2 expressing primary human keratinocytes, but not control cells, stimulated a type I IFN response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, indicating that the expression of HPV8-E2 in keratinocytes leads to the formation of stimulatory RNA ligands that require the active suppression of immune recognition. (bvsalud.org)
  • Emerging evidence suggests that immune responses primed to guard against commensal microbes may cause unexpected pathological outcomes, e.g., chronic inflammation and/or malignant transformation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Furthermore, translocation of immune cells from one anatomical compartment to another, i.e., the gut-lung axis via the lymphatics or blood has been identified as an important factor in perpetrating systemic inflammation, tissue destruction, as well as modulating host-protective immune responses. (frontiersin.org)
  • We present in this review immune response patterns to pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic microbes and how these immune-recognition profiles affect local immune responses or malignant transformation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Thus, the local immunological milieu in tissue compartments forms the nature and magnitude of the host responses, i.e., frequencies of regulatory T cells (Tregs) vs. T-helper 17 (Th17) cells, amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines vs. anti-inflammatory cytokines, extent of neutrophilia and antigen-presenting-cell (APC) activation, among others. (frontiersin.org)
  • TGF-beta and immune cells: an important regulatory axis in the tumor microenvironment and progression. (academicinfluence.com)
  • Runt-related transcription factors (RUNXs), RUNX1-3, are the master regulators of development and differentiation and are all important to the development of immune cells. (bjbms.org)
  • However, the role of RUNXs in the immune cells of TME remains unclear. (bjbms.org)
  • Divergent MicroRNA targetomes of closely related circulating strains of a polyomavirus. (ictv.global)
  • Growth inhibitor from BSC-1 cells closely related to platelet type beta transforming growth factor. (academicinfluence.com)
  • In breast tissue, the luminal epithelial cells express CK 8/18, CK 7 and CK 19, while basal/myoepithelial cells express CK 5/6, CK 14 and CK 17. (ijpmonline.org)
  • One of the key cellular components with functional roles in both innate and adaptive arms of the immune response are Langerhans cells (LCs) (2). (mayabouchenaki.com)
  • In 2012, two siblings who were homozygous for a mutation that created a stop codon in the Ras homolog gene family member H ( RHOH ) gene exhibited an epidermodysplasia verruciformis phenotype and their T cells exhibited impaired T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. (medscape.com)
  • [ 12 ] A report also described a 19-year-old with an autosomal recessive MST1 (or STK4, serine/threonine kinase 4) deficiency who exhibited the epidermodysplasia verruciformis phenotype as well as a global immune deficiency with susceptibility to other bacterial and viral infections. (medscape.com)
  • Persistent infections of the skin with the human papillomavirus of genus beta (ß-HPV) in immunocompetent individuals are asymptomatic, but in immunosuppressed patients, ß-HPV infections exhibit much higher viral loads on the skin and are associated with an increased risk of skin cancer. (bvsalud.org)
  • MTag occurs only in a few known polyomaviruses, while STag and LTag are universal - it was first identified in mouse polyomavirus (MPyV), the first polyomavirus discovered, and also occurs in hamster polyomavirus. (wikipedia.org)
  • MTag occurs only in a few known polyomaviruses, while STag and LTag both appear in all known members of the family. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immune cell infiltration occurs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and influences cancer progression through interaction with tumor cells. (bjbms.org)
  • The middle tumor antigen (also called the middle T-antigen and abbreviated MTag or MT) is a protein encoded in the genomes of some polyomaviruses, which are small double-stranded DNA viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • A somewhat more common tumor antigen variant, an overprinted gene encoding a protein called ALTO, may be evolutionarily related to MTag. (wikipedia.org)
  • pp60c-src has less affinity for the detergent-insoluble cellular matrix than do pp60v-src and other viral protein-tyrosine kinases. (wikidata.org)
  • A very late viral protein triggers the lytic release of SV40. (ictv.global)
  • Our data from micro-dissected LC in both dermatopathic lymphadenopathy [12] and LCS [13] suggest that monocytes, precursor Langerhans cells, or Langerhans cells are one of the reservoir cells for MCPyV. (mayabouchenaki.com)
  • Enriched monolayer precursor cell cultures from micro-dissected adult mouse dentate gyrus yield functional granule cell-like neurons. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • We found IL-17A receptor expression levels in LCH cells are important for defining LCH subclasses. (mayabouchenaki.com)
  • In cultured primary fibroblasts and cancer cells, the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin causes mtDNA damage and release, which leads to cGAS STING dependent ISG activation. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • This newer name emphasizes the histogenesis of the condition by specifying the type of lesional cell and removes the connotation of the unknown (\"X\") because its cellular basis has now been clarified. (mayabouchenaki.com)
  • IL-1 and IL-6 stimulate IL-17 producing cells. (mayabouchenaki.com)
  • Around the same time, and building on the observation that the vitamin folic acid could stimulate acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells, Farber used folate analogs such as aminopterin and then amethopterin (methotrexate) to treat ALL, in what is often heralded as the first 'rational' drug development approach [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we discuss how research has driven cancer drug development in the past and describe how recent advances in biology, technology, our conceptual understanding of cell networks and removal of some roadblocks may facilitate therapeutic advances in the (hopefully) near future. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MTag is also well known from the hamster polyomavirus, although the sequence C-terminal to the J domain has little homology between the mouse and hamster viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Preference for members of the Src family varies, with mouse and hamster polyomavirus MTags having different distributions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Importantly, vast amounts of information about features distinguishing tumor from normal cells is being accumulated, resulting in frequent, major new insights into cancer biology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thousands of copies of the circular mtDNA are present in most cell types that are packaged by TFAM into higher-order structures called nucleoids1. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Murakami I, Gogusev J, Fournet JC, Glorion C, Jaubert F. Detection of molecular cytogenetic aberrations in langerhans cell histiocytosis of bone. (mayabouchenaki.com)
  • 4] The potential transformation of AK to NMSC poses the greatest risk of affected individuals, as SCC has a metastatic risk of 0.5 to 3.3 percent. (jcadonline.com)
  • A truncated T antigen expressed from an alternatively spliced BK virus early mRNA. (ictv.global)
  • The heart tissue treated with EEVs had half as many dead cells and had a contractile force four times higher than the untreated tissue after injury. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) -- nanometer sized messengers that travel between cells to deliver cues and cargo -- are promising tools for the next generation of therapies for everything from autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases to cancer and tissue injury. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • The researchers induced injury by three hours of oxygen restrictions followed by 90 minutes of reoxygenation and then measured the fraction of dead cells and the contractile force of the tissue. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Now, researchers from the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) have unraveled potential mechanisms behind the healing power of EVs and demonstrated their capacity to not only revive cells after a heart attack but keep cells functioning while deprived of oxygen during a heart attack. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting that mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • This observation is consistent with expectations that it evolved uniquely in the rodent lineage of the polyomavirus family. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immunological recognition of commensal microbes, such as bacterial species resident in the gut or lung as well as dormant viral species, i.e., cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), in combination with a balanced immune regulation, is central to achieve immune-protection. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cell culture is the most popular method of virus propagation because of its high sensitivity. (ijpmonline.org)
  • 4] AKs primarily affect fair-skinned, middle-aged people. (jcadonline.com)
  • Langerhans cells are dendritic but unpigmented and are found nearer the skin surface than melanocytes. (mayabouchenaki.com)