Polymerase transcription genetic. Medical search. Frequent questions

Two such fundamental processes that keep the wheels of life turning are Replication and Transcription. (aboutdarwin.com)
DNA Replication and RNA Transcription, although seemingly complex terms, hold within them concepts that are beautifully precise, methodical - true marvels of nature. (aboutdarwin.com)
However, as similar as they may appear to those newly introduced to these concepts, replication and transcription have unique roles to play in cellular activity. (aboutdarwin.com)
This interplay forms the foundation of processes like Replication and Transcription. (aboutdarwin.com)
Moreover, replication ensures that genetic information stays consistent and the life story written in our genes continues for another generation. (aboutdarwin.com)
The course plot for the saga of replication involves an array of characters, including enzymes like DNA polymerase, working tirelessly as diligent scribes, replicating each chapter accurately from the DNA template. (aboutdarwin.com)
A type of RNA polymerase, it sets the starting point for replication by adding small RNA primers. (aboutdarwin.com)
If perfect replication is not achieved, the DNA polymerase will erase the sequence and construct a new one. (geneservice.co.uk)
Cells contain several types of DNA polymerase, some of which are required for replication of DNA, and are indispensable for multipliation and division of cells. (definitions.net)
DNA polymerase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in DNA replication, assisting in the process of duplicating DNA strands accurately and efficiently. (definitions.net)
DNA polymerase also possesses proofreading capabilities, allowing it to correct any potential mistakes made during the replication process. (definitions.net)
DNA polymerases are essential for DNA replication, and usually function in pairs while copying one double-stranded DNA molecule into two double-stranded DNAs in a process termed semiconservative DNA replication. (definitions.net)
Viruses depend on host cells for replication, but how does a virus induce its host to transcribe its own genetic information alongside that of the virus, thus producing daughter viruses? (phys.org)
DNA replication: semi-conservative replication, DNA polymerases, events at the replication form, replication of the lagging strand, telomeres, consequences of defects in telomerase. (manchester.ac.uk)

Remarkably, productive transcription elongation across these enhancers is predominantly in the same orientation as that of the nearest downstream gene. (nih.gov)
Directed elongation from an upstream enhancer toward a downstream gene could potentially deliver RNA polymerase II to a proximal promoter, or alternatively might function directly as a distal promoter. (nih.gov)
Synthetic lethal interactions suggest a role for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rtf1 protein in transcription elongation. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Strong evidence indicates that transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (pol II) is a highly regulated process. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Here we present genetic results that indicate a role for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rtf1 protein in transcription elongation. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Using a process called reverse transcription, mRNA is first converted to cDNA (complementary DNA) to make it double-stranded so that it can undergo the PCR cycles of denaturation, annealing, and elongation. (hello100.com)

DNA binding trans-acting factors regulate gene expression by interfering with the gene itself or cis-acting elements of the gene, which lead to changes in transcription activities. (wikipedia.org)
Specific examples include: Transcription factors DNA editing proteins edit and permanently change gene sequence, and subsequently the gene expression of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Homozygous loss of band 9p21, the site for the tumor suppressor gene P16 , is a known early genetic event in the development of papillary carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS). (medscape.com)
Norovirus can be genotyped by sequence analysis of a RT-PCR product amplified from a partial region of both the polymerase gene (region B) and capsid gene (region C) in a single reaction for either genogroup I or genogroup II viruses. (cdc.gov)
Gene transcription begins with the enzyme RNA polymerase II, which binds to the promoter of a DNA string and thus transcribes the genetic information from it. (mpg.de)
Here, we review the arrival of genetic screens in malaria parasites to analyse parasite gene function at a genome-scale and their impact on understanding parasite biology. (portlandpress.com)
Key to the organization of an individual gene is its promoter, to which machinery, especially RNA polymerase, can attach. (jove.com)
However, these intergenic regions carry important elements that regulate gene activity, for instance, the promoter where transcription starts, and enhancers and silencers that fine-tune gene expression. (jove.com)
In this method, the starting material is mRNA (messenger RNA), the single-stranded form of genetic material, produced in variable quantities during gene expression when the gene is turned on/off. (hello100.com)
RNA polymerase, a protein complex responsible for transcribing genetic information, would normally stop reading this information at the end of the bacterial gene and would ignore any viral genes inserted behind it. (phys.org)
The nature of this structure told us that the small viral λN protein seals together the two halves of the RNA polymerase, thus preventing it from falling apart once it reaches the stop signal at the end of the bacterial gene," explains one of the study's first authors, Ferdinand Krupp, who is a doctoral student at Charité's Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics. (phys.org)
RNA POLYMERASE DNA at the termination of a gene. (bvsalud.org)
Both genes are highly conserved, and their proteins are thought to have 2 functions: (1) formation of a bridge or scaffold between the DNA-binding transcription factors and the RNA polymerase II complex and (2) serving as histone acetyltransferases that open the chromatin structure, a process essential for gene expression. (medscape.com)

Bidirectional transcription is frequent, with a peak of transcriptional pairing at 120 bp. (nih.gov)
This can be direct initiation of transcription, promotion, or repression of transcriptional protein activities. (wikipedia.org)
Proposed to function in concert with members of other transcription factor families, CPRFs regulate the transcriptional activity of many target genes. (embl-heidelberg.de)
c-Myc coordinates cell growth and division through a transcriptional programme that involves both RNA polymerase (Pol) II- and Pol III-transcribed genes. (fhcrc.org)
In a subset of individuals, a muscle biopsy was performed for transcriptional profiling via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and microarrays. (medscape.com)

The latter should be based on chromosome banding analysis as well as on molecular genetic analyses, such as "next-generation sequencing" of relevant genes supplemented with fluorescence in situ hybridization and/or reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions analyses when needed. (cancercentrum.se)

A codon is a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of genetic information encoding a particular amino acid. (genome.gov)
Initially, DNA is taken from the clinical specimen, as well as certain sequence-specific oligonucleotide primers, thermostable DNA polymerase, nucleotides, and buffer. (medscape.com)
Finally, nucleotides complementary to the target DNA are added extending each primer by the thermostable DNA polymerase. (medscape.com)

Phenotype refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an individual, which are determined by both genetic and environmental factors. (proprofs.com)

We assign transcription initiation sites to 7691 protein-coding genes and find that they display features typical of eukaryotic promoters. (nih.gov)
Upon degradation of the inhibitor, NF-kappa-B moves to the nucleus and activates transcription of specific genes. (nih.gov)
The common plant regulatory factors (CPRFs) from parsley are transcription factors with a basic-leucine-zipper motif that bind to cis-regulatory elements frequently found in promoters of light-regulated genes. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Along with the complex arrangement of genetic material in a cell's nucleus, human genes also demonstrate their own unique organization. (jove.com)
A protein duo increases transcription of growth-related genes to enhance axon regeneration and boost plasticity, a study finds-but fails to improve mobility. (the-scientist.com)
The virus uses a trick that prevents the RNA polymerase from terminating the transcription process: It introduces 'lambda-N' (λN), a tiny protein that attaches itself to the host 's RNA polymerase and forces it to continue transcription of the viral genes . (phys.org)
Because of this, the RNA polymerase continues transcribing even once it reaches the viral genes. (phys.org)
c-Myc binds to human ribosomal DNA and stimulates transcription of rRNA genes by RNA polymerase I. (fhcrc.org)
Grandori, Carla and Gomez-Roman, Natividad and Felton-Edkins, Zoe A and Ngouenet, Celine and Galloway, Denise A and Eisenman, Robert N and White, Robert J (2005) c-Myc binds to human ribosomal DNA and stimulates transcription of rRNA genes by RNA polymerase I. Nature cell biology, 7 (3). (fhcrc.org)
Here, we demonstrate that human c-Myc also directly enhances Pol I transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. (fhcrc.org)

This is done by means of the dosage compensation complex, which reduces the tightness of the male X chromosome's packaging, thereby making it especially easy for transcription factors to access. (mpg.de)
CPRF5, CPRF6 and CPRF7 are transcription factors that exhibit sequence-specific DNA-binding as well as transactivation abilities, whereas the function of CIP remains elusive. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Genetic variability indicates variations in observable characteristics or phenotypes due to genetic makeup rather than environmental factors. (news-medical.net)
The h 2 is a subset of genetic heritability and depicts the mean of aggregate phenotypic variance due to all the genetic factors passed on from parents to their biological children. (news-medical.net)
Hair color and eye color are traits that can be easily observed and are influenced by a combination of genetic factors (genotype) and environmental factors. (proprofs.com)
however, it University of Medical Sciences and in environmental and genetic factors. (who.int)

This is due to a paucity of functional annotation from sequence homology, which is compounded by low genetic tractability compared with many model organisms. (portlandpress.com)

The polymerase then traverses the genetic material, and continues to yield RNA until it identifies a gene's transcription termination sequence, stopping the process. (jove.com)
Ferdinand Krupp et al, Structural Basis for the Action of an All-Purpose Transcription Anti-termination Factor, Molecular Cell (2019). (phys.org)

We therefore introduce the reader to CRISPR-based screens in the related apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii and discuss how these approaches could be adapted to develop CRISPR/Cas9 based genome-scale genetic screens in malaria parasites. (portlandpress.com)
There are several kinds of genetic testing methods that uncover varying depths of information to examine the genome, the full collection of genetic information of an organism. (hello100.com)
Previous research had shown that the lambda phage introduced its own genetic information into that of its host, inserting it at a specific site in the host genome. (phys.org)

This process is called reverse transcription PCR (rtPCR). (medlineplus.gov)
In order to detect the presence of RNA in the patient's sample, labs perform a test called reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction . (navytimes.com)
Diagnostic tests are available at all public health laboratories and many clinical laboratories, and most use reverse transcription- real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays to detect norovirus. (cdc.gov)
There were 2.24% of proband COVID-19 infections among respondents who reported a positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or antibody test for COVID-19 or had flu-like symptoms after February 2020. (news-medical.net)
A recent systematic review and meta-analysis found that sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic tests relative to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) increases as the RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) value decreases (indicating increasing viral genetic material). (cdc.gov)
Countries are supported operationally and technically on end-to-end integration of screening, testing and reporting surveillance results using real-time reverse-transcription po lymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) multiplex assays for influenza and SARS-CoV-2 and on sharing virus materials sequencing and sharing of genetic sequence data to publicly accessible data platforms. (who.int)
DNA polymerases also play key roles in other processes within cells, including DNA repair, genetic recombination, reverse transcription, and the generation of antibody diversity via the specialized DNA polymerase, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. (definitions.net)
In this study, we investigated the genetic characteristics of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 circulating in Korea from January 2018 to September 2021 and evaluated three one-step real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. (researchsquare.com)
Influenza virus was isolated from lung, liver, kidney, and urine specimens, and the viral subtype was determined to be H5N1 by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR ( 6 ). (flu.org.cn)
Samples were tested for RSV by multiplex real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. (bvsalud.org)
A total of 1,050 swine fecal samples from 88 pig farms were collected and tested by reverse transcription-PCR for sapoviruses, and positive findings were confirmed by sequencing. (lu.se)
There are two methods of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) that have been the common methods to detect influenza infections: conventional and real-time RT-PCR. (who.int)
The gold standard assay for influenza diagnosis is the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. (who.int)
The diagnosis of many infectious diseases, both viral and bacterial, may include the use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (medscape.com)
Reverse transcription is the synthesis of a complementary DNA sequence from an RNA template using reverse transcriptase, which is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. (medscape.com)

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is an abundant and ubiquitous nuclear protein that uses NAD + to synthesize a multibranched polyanion composed of ADP-ribose moieties, giving rise to poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), onto itself or a variety of target proteins. (nature.com)
Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
Proteins called repressors bind to these regions, preventing polymerase-promoter association, inhibiting transcription. (jove.com)

The more polymerase II that binds to the promoter, the higher the frequency of transcription," explains Akhtar. (mpg.de)

Hence, they have higher resistance to genetic divergence, yet retains its susceptibility to mutations in upstream regulators. (wikipedia.org)
Genetic testing or DNA testing is a method to examine the DNA to reveal genetic changes or mutations that predispose a person to certain health risks or disorders. (hello100.com)

The scientists at the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics have now shown that the crucial factor in the double expression is the amount of polymerase II that is loaded onto the promoters of the male X chromosome. (mpg.de)
We are now excited to further investigate how loading twice the amount of polymerase leads to doubling expression of the male X chromosome" says Akhtar. (mpg.de)

Constant monitoring of genetic changes in the circulating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses is important for maintaining the sensitivity of molecular detection assays. (who.int)
Both conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR assays are rapid, sensitive methods for detecting the genetic material of influenza viruses. (who.int)

translation and the genetic code. (uaeu.ac.ae)
Thanks to the technological advances made in molecular diagnostics, above all in next-generation sequencing (NGS) and digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) platforms, clinical laboratories benefit from the rapid translation of established and emerging molecular tests. (openpr.com)
Viruses lack the complex apparatus necessary for the transcription of genetic information and its subsequent translation into new virus components. (phys.org)

When this enzyme recognizes a nearby transcription initiation site, it begins to generate a strand of RNA, using DNA as a template. (jove.com)

This enzyme facilitates the transcription of DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides by connecting the ends of the 3′ hydroxyl and the 5′ phosphate nucleotide groups. (geneservice.co.uk)
A DNA polymerase is a cellular or viral polymerase enzyme that synthesizes DNA molecules from their nucleotide building blocks. (definitions.net)

RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a critical enzyme in the life cycle of the virus, can be targeted by using nucleotide antivirals thus causing inhibition. (uwo.ca)
rRNA synthesis and accumulation occurs rapidly following activation of a conditional MYC-ER allele (coding for a Myc-oestrogen-receptor fusion protein), is resistant to inhibition of Pol II transcription and is markedly reduced by c-MYC RNA interference. (fhcrc.org)

Molecular diagnostics market, based on technique is segmented into Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Transcription-Mediated Amplification (TMA), In Situ Hybridization, DNA Sequencing & Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), Chips and Microarrays and others. (openpr.com)

Our results provide a new resource to investigate transcription regulation in metazoans. (nih.gov)

Based on the overlap of transcription initiation clusters with mapped transcription factor binding sites, we define 2361 transcribed intergenic enhancers. (nih.gov)
A frameshift mutation recently identified within the paired domain of the transcription factor, PAX9, has been linked to a unique form of oligodontia in a single, multigenerational family (Stockton et al. (nih.gov)
NF-kappa-B is a ubiquitous transcription factor involved in several biological processes. (nih.gov)

We show that the first phase of plastid development begins with organelle proliferation, which extends well beyond cell proliferation, and continues with the establishment and then the build-up of the plastid genetic machinery. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we review the structural elements required for designing mRNA vaccine constructs for effective in vitro synthetic transcription reactions. (mdpi.com)

After more than four decades of intensive research, the cellular origins of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) have been well defined, and several distinct genetic mechanisms that lead to malignant transformation of these cells have been identified ( 1 - 4 ). (aacrjournals.org)

The complex regulates histone H2B ubiquitination, histone H3 methylation, RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) Ser2 phosphorylation, and RNA 3' end processing. (embl-heidelberg.de)

These processes are responsible for genetic continuity and protein synthesis, enabling life as we know it. (aboutdarwin.com)

Diagnostic methods for norovirus focus on detecting viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. (cdc.gov)

Overall, genetic urinary biomarkers are a very heterogeneous group of tests that currently cannot replace cystoscopy and cytology, which remain the gold standard for surveillance of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). (medscape.com)

RNA polymerases read the codes from specific areas of the DNA and transcribe the information into a mRNA copy of the DNA. (cdc.gov)
The unprecedently speedy development of mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was enabled with previous innovations in nucleoside modifications during in vitro transcription and lipid nanoparticle delivery materials of mRNA. (mdpi.com)

When the genetic information containing the "blueprint" for these substances is disrupted, cell homeostasis is disrupted, resulting in a wide-range of immediate and/or delayed toxicological effects. (cdc.gov)

We characterized the landscape of RNA Pol II transcription initiation, identifying 73,500 distinct clusters of initiation. (nih.gov)
The MIT physicist has demonstrated the importance of clusters of RNA polymerase and other transcription mediators in regulating RNA production. (the-scientist.com)

3D structure of the complex consisting of the bacterial RNA polymerase (light and dark gray) and the viral λN protein (red). (phys.org)

Autosomal dominant is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. (genome.gov)
Huntington's disease is an example of an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. (genome.gov)

Until now, and despite intensive efforts, researchers had failed to identify how this tiny protein can achieve such a feat. A Berlin-based team of researchers has now been able to visualize the 3-D structure of the RNA polymerase-λN-complex using high-resolution imaging, enabling them to provide a detailed explanation of this viral exploitation. (phys.org)

Here we carried out this study to describe the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of RSV infection in patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory infections in 2022. (bvsalud.org)
In all patients that might become considered for intensive treatment, the AML diagnosis should be based on morphologic and immunophenotypic features of bone marrow aspirates as well as on genetic characteristics of the leukemic blasts. (cancercentrum.se)

DNA polymerases are widely used in molecular biology laboratories, notably for the polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, and molecular cloning. (definitions.net)

PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests are a fast, highly accurate way to diagnose certain infectious diseases and genetic changes. (medlineplus.gov)
[ 1 ] The resultant complementary DNA is amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (medscape.com)

RNA polymerase transcription initiation sites are largely unknown in Caenorhabditis elegans. (nih.gov)

Briefly put, both DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) carry genetic information of all life forms guiding their biological functions. (aboutdarwin.com)
The stage where viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is replicated is referred to as transcription. (uwo.ca)

This technique became a major method in molecular biology research and a foundation of more advanced genetic technologies. (hello100.com)

Genetic diversity and phylogeny have been reported based on genetic analysis of ORF5 sequences of PRRSVs prevailing in Korea (10-13). (researchsquare.com)
We report on the incidence, genetic diversity, and molecular epidemiology of sapoviruses detected in domestic pigs in a comprehensive study conducted in six European countries (Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia, and Spain) between 2004 and 2007. (lu.se)

Like other arenaviruses, Lassa virus lacks a ogy and clinical presentation, treatment, prevention conventional negative-strand coding arrangement and control as well as the current theories of its patho- and the isolates of the virus differ in their genetic, genesis and efforts in vaccine development. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

Genetic characterization of noroviruses detected in stool and environmental samples can be very useful in epidemiologic investigations by linking cases, suggesting a common source, or identifying new emerging virus strains. (cdc.gov)
Partial genetic characterization of West Nile virus strains, New York State, 2000. (cdc.gov)

The ORF5 sequence of PRRSV has been widely used to study phylogeny, genetic variation, and molecular epidemiology (15). (researchsquare.com)

DNA is the genetic material that contains instructions and information for all living things. (medlineplus.gov)
RNA is another type of genetic material. (medlineplus.gov)
During a PCR test, a small amount of genetic material in a sample is copied multiple times. (medlineplus.gov)
The current method looks for the virus's genetic material (RNA) in a patient's cells. (navytimes.com)
If genetic material from the virus is found in the sample, then the patient is infected with the virus. (navytimes.com)
Every cell in the body contains DNA (genetic material) that determines how the cell looks and acts. (hartfordhealthcare.org)
Thus, although antigen tests are less sensitive than RT-PCR tests, they identify infected individuals with the highest amount of viral genetic material. (cdc.gov)
Thus, by preferentially identifying individuals with the highest amount of viral genetic material, antigen tests may preferentially identify those with the greatest potential to transmit infection. (cdc.gov)
DNA, a double-stranded molecule, is the primary genetic material directly responsible for development and inheritable traits. (aboutdarwin.com)

Anatomy13

Organisms11

Chemicals and Drugs121

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes83

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care1

Replication14

Elongation6

Gene13

Transcriptional5

Fluorescence In Situ Hybri1

Nucleotides3

Phenotype1

Genes10

Factors6

Annotation1

Termination2

Genome3

Reverse15

Proteins3

Promoter1

Mutations2

Chromosome2

Influenza2

Translation3

Initiation Site1

Molecules2

Inhibition2

Situ Hybridization1

Regulation1

Factor3

Machinery1

Reactions1

Cellular1

Histone1

Responsible for genetic1

Methods1

Heterogeneous1

MRNA2

Substances1

Clusters2

Bacterial1

Autosomal-dominant2

Complex1

Characteristics2

Laboratories1

Chain2

Largely unknown1

Ribonucleic Acid2

Molecular biology1

Diversity2

Clinical1

Characterization2

Widely1

Material9