Polymerase expression rna. Medical search. Frequent questions

Subunit E has an elongated two-domain structure and contains two potential RNA binding motifs, while the smaller F subunit wraps around one side of subunit E, at the interface between the two domains. (rcsb.org)
Depending on the organism, a RNA polymerase can be a protein complex (multi-subunit RNAP) or only consist of one subunit (single-subunit RNAP, ssRNAP), each representing an independent lineage. (wikipedia.org)
RNA polymerase "core" from E. coli consists of five subunits: two alpha (α) subunits of 36 kDa, a beta (β) subunit of 150 kDa, a beta prime subunit (β′) of 155 kDa, and a small omega (ω) subunit. (wikipedia.org)
The dissociable sigma (σ) factor subunit directs the RNAP to different sets of genes to allow their expression in response to various cellular needs. (nih.gov)
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription, subunit 28 homolog (yeast). (invivogen.com)

We propose a model for the interaction between RPB4/RPB7 and the core RNA polymerase in which the RNA binding face of RPB7 is positioned to interact with the nascent RNA transcript. (rcsb.org)
The core RNA polymerase complex forms a "crab claw" or "clamp-jaw" structure with an internal channel running along the full length. (wikipedia.org)

In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from a DNA template. (wikipedia.org)
Using the enzyme helicase, RNAP locally opens the double-stranded DNA so that one strand of the exposed nucleotides can be used as a template for the synthesis of RNA, a process called transcription. (wikipedia.org)
RNAP not only initiates RNA transcription, it also guides the nucleotides into position, facilitates attachment and elongation, has intrinsic proofreading and replacement capabilities, and termination recognition capability. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotes have multiple types of nuclear RNAP, each responsible for synthesis of a distinct subset of RNA: RNA polymerase I synthesizes a pre-rRNA 45S (35S in yeast), which matures and will form the major RNA sections of the ribosome. (wikipedia.org)
RNAP will preferentially release its RNA transcript at specific DNA sequences encoded at the end of genes, which are known as terminators. (wikipedia.org)
Products of RNAP include: Messenger RNA (mRNA)-template for the synthesis of proteins by ribosomes. (wikipedia.org)
RNA polymerase (RNAP) performs various tasks during transcription by changing its conformational states, which are gradually becoming clarified. (nih.gov)
The canonical function of a bacterial sigma (σ) factor is to determine the gene specificity of the RNA polymerase (RNAP). (nih.gov)
Different activator ATPases couple diverse environmental cues to the σ 54 -RNAP to mediate adaptive changes in gene expression. (nih.gov)
The multisubunit RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the central enzyme responsible for RNA synthesis in bacteria. (nih.gov)
Transcription is initiated by the binding of RNAP (RNA polymerase) to the promoter. (kenyon.edu)

Transcription in eukaryotes is carried out by three main RNA polymerases: Pol I, II, and III. (mdpi.com)

We examined expression levels of organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1, OATP1B3, OATP1B7, and organic anion transporter (OAT)1 as solute carrier transporters and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP)1 and MRP2 as ATP-binding cassette transporters, using real-time polymerase chain reaction and accumulation of 3 H-MTX in cancer cells after 10-Gy irradiation, assuming stereotactic body radiotherapy. (frontiersin.org)
RNA sequencing versus real-time polymerase chain reaction versus microarrays, as well as miRNA profiling versus selected miRNA panels) and other methodological differences ( e.g. , characteristics and size of patient and control groups, sampling time, or use of plasma or serum). (medscape.com)

Further investigation into how the common organism Escherichia coli regulates gene expression has given scientists new ideas for designing antibiotics that might drastically reduce a bacterium's ability to resist drugs. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Recombinant COMT was produced in Escherichia coli up to 10% of total bacterial protein after the induction of the T7 RNA polymerase gene with isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside. (lu.se)

and, RNA silencing Catalytic RNA (ribozyme) Functions as an enzymatically active RNA molecule. (wikipedia.org)
The current study suggests that DksA is the glue that holds together two key components of bacterial gene expression -- a molecule called ppGpp and an enzyme called RNA polymerase. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
DksA uses something scientists call the 'back door of gene expression,' a cavity on the RNA polymerase molecule called the secondary channel. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Overview of Genetics A gene, the basic unit of heredity, is a segment of DNA containing all the information necessary to synthesize a polypeptide (protein) or a functional RNA molecule. (msdmanuals.com)

Is the Subject Area "Messenger RNA" applicable to this article? (plos.org)

ATF4, CHOP and VEGF mRNA expression levels were assessed using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (spandidos-publications.com)
The expression levels of caspase‑3, Bax and Bcl‑2 mRNA were determined using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR). (spandidos-publications.com)
Major candidates were then re-evaluated by absolute quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis in an independent cohort of patients with PTC (n = 44) or benign nodules and 20 healthy controls (HCs). (medscape.com)

The PEP enzyme recognizes the -10 and -35 cis -elements, similar to those found in bacterial promoters whereas the NEP enzyme recognizes the YRTA-motif, which can also be found upstream of several genes with PEP promoters indicating that these genes can be transcribed by both polymerases ( Pfannschmidt and Liere, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)
The eukaryotic subunits RPB4 and RPB7 form a heterodimer that reversibly associates with the RNA polymerase II core and constitute the only two components of the enzyme for which no structural information is available. (rcsb.org)
Estradiol also increased enzyme activities of CYP2C9 and CYP2E1 without affecting the mRNA expression levels by unknown mechanisms. (aspetjournals.org)
Extrapolation of these results to humans, however, is difficult in part due to significant divergence in hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme genes and apparent differences in regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes expression between humans and rodents. (aspetjournals.org)
During the early 1990s, breakthroughs in cloning and sequencing of Norwalk virus and Southampton virus ( 15--18 ) led to the development of sensitive molecular assays (e.g., reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]), nucleotide hybridization probes, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) that used baculovirus-expressed viral antigens ( 19--33 ). (cdc.gov)

Taken together, our results show differential effects of estrogen and progesterone on P450 expression, suggesting involvement of different regulatory mechanisms in female hormone-mediated P450 regulation. (aspetjournals.org)
and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. (nih.gov)
Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. (nih.gov)
RNA-protein multiome approach helps to discover that the posttranscriptional regulation of the translational machinery is crucial for the fidelity of cortical development. (elifesciences.org)

The most prominent examples of RNA genes are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), both of which are involved in the process of translation. (wikipedia.org)

a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. (frontiersin.org)
Genome-wide studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , for example, have revealed that promoters of most actively transcribed genes are depleted of nucleosomes and that histone density is inversely proportional to the transcription rate within coding regions, suggesting that nucleosomes are dynamically disassembled and reassembled at each passage of the polymerase ( 16 ). (asm.org)
From DNA to RNA: the structure and function of the gene, promoters and terminators. (manchester.ac.uk)

Studies of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) have shown that open and closed chromatin structures are dynamically regulated through multiple mechanisms, including histone modifications, histone variant incorporation, and DNA methylation (reviewed in reference 17 ). (asm.org)

The latter is found in phages as well as eukaryotic chloroplasts and mitochondria, and is related to modern DNA polymerases. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotic and archaeal RNA polymerases have a similar core structure and work in a similar manner, although they have many extra subunits. (wikipedia.org)

RNA polymerase II synthesizes precursors of mRNAs and most sRNA and microRNAs. (wikipedia.org)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory non-coding RNAs, resulting from the cleavage of long primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) in the nucleus by the Microprocessor complex generating precursors (pre-miRNAs) that are then exported to the cytoplasm and processed into mature miRNAs. (mdpi.com)

A method has been devised for detecting the expression of keratin 19 (K19) in both fresh and paraffin-embedded tissue by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (soton.ac.uk)

Bacteria and archaea only have one RNA polymerase. (wikipedia.org)
The findings, reported in the current issue of the journal Cell , suggest that bacteria rely on a key protein in order to properly regulate gene expression -- a process fundamental to cell survival. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
In recent work, Artsimovitch and her colleagues discovered that ppGpp regulates gene expression by controlling amino acid production in bacteria. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Using ppGpp-based compounds to shut down gene expression in harmful bacteria could help curb the spread of infections. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Most gene expression in P. aeruginosa is like any other bacteria. (kenyon.edu)

It then produces an RNA chain, which is complementary to the template DNA strand. (wikipedia.org)
RNA was isolated, followed by reverse transcription (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (cdc.gov)
Skeletal muscle is an inherently heterogenous tissue comprised primarily of myofibers, which are historically classified into three distinct fiber types in humans: one "slow" (type 1) and two "fast" (type 2A and type 2X), delineated by the expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms (MYHs). (researchgate.net)
The latter chelated by Mg2+ opens the double chain in DNA for binding DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (novapublishers.com)
Fecal shedding of viral RNA was also found in 20% of patients with COVID-19, despite real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction testing from two sequential respiratory tract specimens collected at least 24 hours apart being negative. (medscape.com)
Recently, altered NK cell frequency polymerase chain reaction (Stratagene has been suggested to contribute to the Mx3000P). (who.int)
7. History of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing or other commercial or public health assay. (who.int)

Control of the process of gene transcription affects patterns of gene expression and, thereby, allows a cell to adapt to a changing environment, perform specialized roles within an organism, and maintain basic metabolic processes necessary for survival. (wikipedia.org)

RNA polymerase III synthesizes tRNAs, rRNA 5S and other small RNAs found in the nucleus and cytosol. (wikipedia.org)

In most prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase species transcribes all types of RNA. (wikipedia.org)
The tissue-specific expression patterns of these RNA species and their high stability in biological fluids are well established. (medscape.com)

Some miRNAs are hosted in pri-miRNAs annotated as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and defined as MIRHGs (for miRNA Host Genes). (mdpi.com)
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can exhibit cell-type and cancer-type specific expression profiles, making them highly attractive as therapeutic targets. (researchgate.net)

Genetic and functional diversification of small RNA pathways in plants. (nature.com)
Molecular phenotyping through shallow 3′‐end RNA‐sequencing workflows is increasingly applied in the context of large‐scale chemical or genetic perturbation screens to study disease biology or support drug discovery. (researchgate.net)
A genetic link between the induction mechanism and a transitory modification of DNA expression could enrich the relationship of induced vs constitutive templates in the reproductive cells. (novapublishers.com)

Molecular Biology introduces you to the structure and function of molecules, including DNA and RNA, which allow genes to be expressed and be maintained from one generation to the next. (manchester.ac.uk)

To produce sufficient amounts of recombinant catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) for structural and functional studies the coding regions of the rat liver and human placental COMT genes have been introduced into a bacterial expression vector pKEX14. (lu.se)

Here we report the map-based cloning of mop1 , an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene (RDRP), most similar to the RDRP in plants that is associated with the production of short interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting chromatin 5 , 6 . (nature.com)
and interaction of RMRP and hTERT leads to an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity leading to siRNA altering gene expression. (medscape.com)

High efficiency chemically competent E. coli cells suitable for T7 expression with enhanced reduction of basal expression. (neb.com)
Enhanced BL21 derivative, chemically competent E. coli cells suitable for high efficiency transformation and protein expression. (neb.com)
A T7 expression plasmid containing a gene encoding an E. coli protein was transformed into each host, grown to 0.6 OD and induced for 3 hours. (neb.com)

This TF induction was dependent on signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 signaling and poly ADP ribose polymerase activity. (haematologica.org)
[ 16 ] The 3' end of RMRP is essential for RNA dependent RNA polymerase acitivity of the RMRP-hTERT complex. (medscape.com)
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activation is inducible, expressed under the conditions of adaptive value by cAMP. (novapublishers.com)

The expression of caspase‑3, Bax, Bcl‑2, phosphorylated (p)‑p38MAPK/total (t‑)p38MAPK and p‑endothelial e nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/t‑eNOS proteins were determined by western blotting. (spandidos-publications.com)
To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)
Both genes are highly conserved, and their proteins are thought to have 2 functions: (1) formation of a bridge or scaffold between the DNA-binding transcription factors and the RNA polymerase II complex and (2) serving as histone acetyltransferases that open the chromatin structure, a process essential for gene expression. (medscape.com)

The levels of the inflammatory mediator 5-LO expression increased in DS patients with PD. (bvsalud.org)

Our study provides high-resolution structures of medically relevant FluPol A , as well as insights into the replication mechanisms of the viral RNA genome. (nature.com)
Students will understand the basis of genome maintenance and gene expression, and appreciate the concept of mutation at the level of the genotype and how this manifests at the phenotypic level. (manchester.ac.uk)

IMPORTANCE RNA synthesis is the first step of gene expression. (nih.gov)

RNA silencing genes control de novo DNA methylation. (nature.com)

T7 RNA polymerase is expressed from the lacUV5 promoter, which is less sensitive to catabolite repression than the wt lac promoter. (neb.com)

By integrating different datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we analysed a merged expression matrix of pulpitis, aiming to identify biological pathways and diagnostic biomarkers of pulpitis. (researchsquare.com)

This effect appeared to be achieved via inhibition of the PERK/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway and suppression of VEGF expression levels. (spandidos-publications.com)
DAVID was used to perform the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis for the different expression genes (DEGs). (medscimonit.com)

The properties of this strain that contribute to its usefulness as a protein expression strain are described below. (neb.com)
Thus DE3 strains may exhibit uninduced target protein expression. (neb.com)

Some of the projects submerge the students in the latest technologies, such as gene therapy, RNA interference and nanobodies. (scienceinschool.org)

The detection of circular RNA molecules (circRNAs) is typically based on short-read RNA sequencing data processed using computational tools. (researchgate.net)

Supervised analysis of kinase genes revealed a high-level FLT3 expression in a subset of cases without molecular rearrangements. (aacrjournals.org)

To provide a general introduction to the molecular basis of genetics, how genes are maintained from one generation to the next and how their expression is regulated in various systems. (manchester.ac.uk)

RNA immunoprecipitation assays based on Ago2, Dicer, and exportin-5 showed that SFA could promote mature miR-29a-3p generation. (bvsalud.org)

One basic problem is how a decrease in tRNA levels, by downregulating Pol III efficiency, influences the expression pattern of protein-coding genes. (mdpi.com)

4 Upon polarization, macrophages react to the respective stimulus with the expression of a distinct phenotype. (haematologica.org)

Myocardial mRNA expression of additional genes measured by both RNA-Seq and microarray. (who.int)

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. (nih.gov)
The present study investigated the effects of GSK2606414 on proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. (spandidos-publications.com)
ATF4 induces expression of the proapoptotic transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), which mediates PERK-induced apoptosis ( 16 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

The objective of this study was to comprehensively characterize the effects of estrogen and progesterone on the expression and activity of major drug-metabolizing P450s. (aspetjournals.org)
To this end, primary human hepatocytes were treated with estradiol and progesterone, and mRNA expression and activity levels of 10 different P450 isoforms were determined. (aspetjournals.org)
Enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. (nih.gov)
Disruption of PERK activity has been demonstrated to reduce hydroquinone-induced apoptosis and hypoxia-induced VEGF expression in human RPE cells in vitro ( 5 , 21 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

In addition, GSK2606414 treatment inhibited eIF2α phosphorylation and reduced CHOP and VEGF mRNA expression levels in RPE cells under TG‑induced ER stress. (spandidos-publications.com)

DNA replication: semi-conservative replication, DNA polymerases, events at the replication form, replication of the lagging strand, telomeres, consequences of defects in telomerase. (manchester.ac.uk)

In contrast to monocytes, human macrophages did not show increased tissue factor expression upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ. (haematologica.org)
Following sacrifice, tissue was excised, weighed, sectioned, quick-frozen, and stored at -80 degrees C. Tissue samples were homogenized directly in Lysis buffer, quick-frozen, and stored at -80 degrees C until RNA isolation. (cdc.gov)
[ 14 ] Dysregulated miRNA expression has been documented and characterized at the tissue level in many malignancies, including papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the most common form of differentiated thyroid cancer. (medscape.com)

tures and gene expression patterns. (lu.se)

Anatomy9

Organisms16

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs130

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes78

Information Science4

Health Care3

Subunit5

Core RNA polymerase2

RNAP11

Eukaryotes1

Real-time pol2

Escherichia2

Molecule4

Messenger RNA1

Quantitative polymera3

Enzyme5

Regulation4

Ribosomal RNA1

Promoters3

Closed chromatin1

Eukaryotic2

MicroRNAs2

Reverse transcri1

Bacteria5

Chain7

Organism1

Cytosol1

Species2

LncRNAs2

Genetic3

Genes to be expressed1

Functional1

SiRNA2

Coli3

Dependent3

Proteins3

Mediator1

Genome2

Synthesis1

Methylation1

Promoter1

Biological1

Pathway2

Protein expression2

Interference1

Molecules1

Subset1

Genetics1

Assays1

TRNA1

Distinct1

Microarray1

Transcription factor3

Activity4

MRNA expression levels1

Strand1

Tissue3

Patterns1