• Pollen-mediated gene flow from glyphosate-resistant common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis Sauer): consequences for dispersal of resistance genes. (unl.edu)
  • Given the extent of pollen and seed dispersal in oilseed rape, it is obvious that the safe and sound integration of GMHT oilseed rape in Europe may require significant on-farm and off-farm management efforts. (cambridge.org)
  • Gene flow can occur through various mechanisms, such as seed dispersal, pollen drift, and animal migration. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • i) pollen and seed dispersal to gauge gene flow and colonisation abilities of the species, (ii) hybridisation rate between species to establish at which stage isolating mechanisms occur, (iii) fitness and germination rates of each palm species in different environments to measure current adaptation, (iv) current densities of the two palm species to find their ecological niches. (europa.eu)
  • an experimental protocol is now ready to be performed to estimate jointly pollen and seed dispersal for each palm species. (europa.eu)
  • This model is inspired by one published by collaborators but now incorporates new components that better account for the evolution of flowering time and for gene flow via pollen and seed dispersal and that will soon better account of the topography of Lord Howe Island. (europa.eu)
  • Contemporary pollen and seed dispersal in natural populations of Bertholletia excelsa (Bonpl. (geneticsmr.com)
  • This can occur through gene flow, which is the transfer of genetic material from transgenic organisms to wild populations. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • They serve as mobile links between plant populations in different landscapes, facilitating pollen and gene flow often over considerable distances. (desertmuseum.org)
  • This finding suggests that glyphosate resistance might come from GM oilseed rape crops illegally cultivated in the country or as a seed contaminant, and it implies gene flow and introgression between feral populations of GM B. napus and wild B. rapa. (weedscience.com)
  • We believe that the presence of the transgene in wild populations of B. rapa involved gene flow from transgenic oilseed rape cultivars or from feral populations having that event or through the introduction of these B. rapa biotypes as a seed contaminant from other countries (because transgenic oilseed rape is forbidden in Argentina). (weedscience.com)
  • Results indicate that genes from cultivated sorghum and any associated traits will likely be introduced into shattercane populations at distances of at least 200 m and that outcrossing rate is dependent on weather factors such as wind, and possibly pollen source strength. (unl.edu)
  • The importance of genetic diversity (mutation, gene flow, drift, heritability) to adaptive evolution is widely recognized, but it is less clear whether and how it affects ecological function and viability of populations. (uoguelph.ca)
  • The movement of genes between populations. (berkeley.edu)
  • 2015) have already shown that gene flow from Yamnaya steppe populations occurred in Europe and Altai at the end of the Neolithic, suggesting that the steppe inhabitants spoke indo-european langages. (blogspot.com)
  • Haplogroups shared between steppe populations and Ulug Depe were evidenced, suggesting gene flow between Southern Central Asia and the Steppe. (blogspot.com)
  • KEY RESULTS: All data support extensive gene flow occurring in the hybrid populations. (lookformedical.com)
  • Restricted matrilineal gene flow and regional differentiation among Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations within the Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada. (shengsci.com)
  • Although natural selection is the mechanism of evolution most commonly discussed, other evolutionary mechanisms also change the frequencies of traits (and the genes that control them) in populations. (umn.edu)
  • Once herbicide-resistant weeds evolve, they can be spread by pollen and/or seed movement, known as pollen- and seed-mediated gene flow, respectively. (unl.edu)
  • METHODS: Evidence of hybridization has been gathered from morphology, molecular markers (amplified fragment length polymorphism and chloroplast DNA sequences), pollen viability, karyology and nuclear DNA content. (lookformedical.com)
  • Pollen-mediated gene flow at a distance could allow the spread of rare herbicide-resistant alleles and favor the evolution of multiple herbicide-resistant biotypes through the accumulation of different resistant genes in an individual weed or weed population. (unl.edu)
  • The speaker will discuss examples of common waterhemp, Palmer amaranth, and giant ragweed to demonstrate the role of gene flow in transfer of herbicide-resistant alleles. (unl.edu)
  • 6] MIROSHNICHENKO D,PUSHIN A,DOLGOV S.Assessment of the Pollen-Mediated Transgene Flow From the Plants of Herbicide Resistant Wheat to Conventional Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)[J].Euphytica,2016,209(1):71-84. (ere.ac.cn)
  • Beckie , H , Warwick , S , Nair , H , Séguin-Swartz G ( 2003 ) Gene flow in commercial fields of herbicide-resistant canola ( Brassica napus ). (cambridge.org)
  • Vertical gene flow from transgenic oilseed rape to non-GM counterparts may also have an impact on farming and supply chain management, depending on labelling thresholds for the adventitious presence of GM material in non-GM products. (cambridge.org)
  • Gene flow via vegetative propagule has rarely been addressed, but could be an important avenue for certain weed species. (unl.edu)
  • Reproductive biology differs markedly among weed species, as does the potential for gene flow. (unl.edu)
  • The results imply that there is low likelihood to develop pollen-mediated gene flow from GE camelina to related species studied. (isaaa.org)
  • This particular gene comes from wheat, and it is also found in many grass species. (esf.edu)
  • Here, we identify two evolutionarily conserved noncoding sequences within the 5' upstream region of STM genes in both simple and compound leafed species across monocots and dicots. (lookformedical.com)
  • Such critical densities are an outcome of the genetic system of a species but they also depend on environmental factors including pollen vectors. (lib4ri.ch)
  • Crucial practical measures that can reduce vertical gene flow include (1) isolating seed production of Brassica napus , (2) the use of certified seed, (3) isolating fields of GM oilseed rape, (4) harvesting at the correct crop development stage with properly adjusted combine settings, (5) ensuring maximum germination of shed seeds after harvest, (6) controlling volunteers in subsequent crops, and (7) keeping on-farm records. (cambridge.org)
  • Biological Confinement Strategies for Seed- and Pollen-Mediated Gene Flow of GM Canola (Brassica napus L. (umsystem.edu)
  • Canola (Brassica napus) varieties containing inherent restrictions on gene flow may address problems of seed- and pollen-mediated gene flow. (umsystem.edu)
  • We have probed that this Brassica rapa biotype has the Trp-574-Leu mutation in AHAS enzyme gene, as in other resistant weed cases (like Raphanus sativus from Argentina). (weedscience.com)
  • A reduced number of male mating partners of a cosexual tree may also mean restrictions in the relative amount of neighbor tree pollen and, hence, a relative increase of the tree's own pollen present in its crown. (lib4ri.ch)
  • Although there exists ample evidence of long-distance transport of effective tree pollen, the reproduction system of trees is also characterized by a small-scale spatial pattern. (lib4ri.ch)
  • We present a pollen flow model for maize ( Zea mays ), a major staple crop in Africa. (nature.com)
  • Crop intraspecific pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF) can be scale-dependent. (umsystem.edu)
  • Biologists used whole-genome sequences of 48 contemporary weedy rice plants to show how herbicide resistance evolved by gene flow from crop rice. (eurasiareview.com)
  • For gene flow from a crop into a weedy relative to occur, the two have to be growing in close enough physical proximity for pollen transfer. (eurasiareview.com)
  • Since most plants spread their seeds near where they grow, maternal plants could achieve higher fitness by promoting fertilisations by pollen adapted to their growing conditions. (avhandlingar.se)
  • 99.915\% occurrence of parental M. lewisii and M. cardinalis in seeds collected from a sympatric population is nearly identical to that expected, based upon our field observations of pollinator behavior and our laboratory experiments of pollen competition. (washington.edu)
  • Shattercane panicles in anthesis during sorghum pollen shed were tagged and seeds were collected from those shattercane panicles. (unl.edu)
  • These patterns suggest that the nuclear genome of one ecotype can enter the seeds of the other via occasional pollen movements with sorting of nuclear groups in subsequent generations. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Pollen of oilseed rape can be dispersed in space, resulting in the fertilization of sympatric compatible wild relatives ( e.g. (cambridge.org)
  • The multiple resistance to AHAS-inhibiting herbicides might been also due to gene flow with IMI-resistant (Clearfield) oilseed rape cultivars, but we couldn't probed this hypothesis yet. (weedscience.com)
  • Do cropping system and insecticide use in spring oilseed rape affect the abundance of pollen beetles (Meligethes aeneus Fab. (rothamsted.ac.uk)
  • The oxalate oxidase gene is also being tested by several other researchers to enhance pathogen tolerance in plant systems such as peanut , soybean , sunflower , and oilseed rape and also to possibly increase salt tolerance in tomato . (esf.edu)
  • We conclude that the overall genetic composition of maize, in this and similar agricultural contexts, will be strongly influenced both by self-organised ecological factors (pollen flow), and by socially mediated intervention (seed recycling and sharing). (nature.com)
  • Ecological impacts of hybridization and gene flow. (uoguelph.ca)
  • F, hybrids exhibited reduced germination rates, high survivorship and reproduction, and low pollen and ovule fertility. (washington.edu)
  • Unbalanced pollen fertility and several ploidy levels are recorded. (lookformedical.com)
  • The stated purpose of the field release is to assess the effectiveness of different gene constructs intended to confer cold tolerance, to alter lignin biosynthesis, to alter growth rate, along with testing the efficacy of the barnase gene designed to alter fertility. (aromaconnection.org)
  • Studying gene flow of transgenic wheat helps establish a corresponding strategy to prevent transgene escape and germplasm contamination between compatible wheat genotypes. (ere.ac.cn)
  • Results show that size of the pollen source did not significantly affect transgene flow frequency, but variety of the two pollen receptors did. (ere.ac.cn)
  • The male-sterile dwarf wheat was found to be significantly higher in transgene flow frequency at distance intervals of 0 and 2 m from the pollen source. (ere.ac.cn)
  • All the findings indicate that pollen competition may be a major factor influencing transgene flow and isolation by distance is one of the most effective methods to control pollen-mediated gene flow in wheat. (ere.ac.cn)
  • The sequence of the gene and its role in the donor organism may have a relatively well-characterized function in the organism from which it is isolated. (hindawi.com)
  • The set of genes an organism has. (berkeley.edu)
  • Gene flow occurs between all sexually compatible plants of maize types, i.e. in land races, commercial hybrids and eventual wild relatives 4 . (nature.com)
  • I did this though reciprocal experiments with hybrids as either pollen or ovule parents. (avhandlingar.se)
  • An experiment was carried out using transgenic wheat with resistance to wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) as pollen donor, and Yangmai 158 and dwarf male-sterile wheat as pollen receptors, and two plots of the transgenic wheat, different in size (100 and 400 m 2 ) and laid out in parallel as pollen sources. (ere.ac.cn)
  • what kind of traits can influence the most successful pollen donor or maternal sorting process? (avhandlingar.se)
  • Controlling for pollen tube growth, I performed two donor crosses between pollen donors with or without this trait and later genotyped progeny using a molecular marker. (avhandlingar.se)
  • Though pollen tube growth rate was important, genetic differences between the pollen donors determined the best donor. (avhandlingar.se)
  • It also provides a useful focal point for studying the mechanisms of microevolution such as gene flow, genetic drift, and selection. (uoguelph.ca)
  • This process causes gene frequencies in a population to drift around over time. (berkeley.edu)
  • Some genes may even "drift out" of a population (i.e., just by chance, some gene may reach a frequency of zero). (berkeley.edu)
  • Another way the frequencies of certain genes can change is genetic drift ( Figure 1 ), which is simply the effect of chance. (umn.edu)
  • The frequency in each generation will drift up and down on what is known as a random walk until at one point either all A or all a are chosen and that version of the gene is fixed from that point on. (umn.edu)
  • Genetic drift can also be magnified by natural or human-caused events, such as a disaster that randomly kills a large portion of the population, which is known as the bottleneck effect that results in a large portion of the gene pool suddenly being wiped out ( Figure 2 ). (umn.edu)
  • I have focussed on sexually selected traits, mainly pollen competition and maternal sorting mechanisms, for example through non-random ovule abortion. (avhandlingar.se)
  • The critical population density may vary greatly depending on the environment, the physical structure of forests, and the mode of pollen transport. (lib4ri.ch)
  • Plants exhibit a bewildering array of breeding systems, reflected by variation in gender, floral form and display, mechanisms of pollen transfer, and pathways of fertilization and seed maturation. (uoguelph.ca)
  • Multi-ancestry genome-wide association analyses improve resolution of genes and pathways influencing lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk. (cdc.gov)
  • These genes were enriched in 29 pathways. (cdc.gov)
  • This can be done through genetic engineering, which involves the insertion of specific genes or DNA sequences into an organism's genome. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Copies of a gene may be integrated, additional fragments inserted, and gene sequences rearranged and deleted-which may result in lack of operation of the genes instability or interference with other gene functions possibly cause some potential risks [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • also called allele frequency) Proportion of genes/alleles in a population that are of a particular type. (berkeley.edu)
  • Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of the gene. (umn.edu)
  • Alfalfa is pollinated by bees and there are concerns that bees can inadvertently move genetically-engineered alfalfa pollen into fields that are conventional. (usda.gov)
  • Therefore our objective was to examine how far bees were moving pollen in a real life situation. (usda.gov)
  • The potential for gene flow has been widely recognized since alfalfa is pollinated by bees. (usda.gov)
  • Pollen travels in gusts of wind, on the pollen basket of bees, as cargo of flies or in the hands of human plant breeders. (scienceblogs.com)
  • These receptors sense the presence of specific substances and stimulate the underlying muscles to contract or relax, thus altering the flow of air. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In this thesis, I have studied male and female selective mechanisms that can affect plant reproductive success and gene flow. (avhandlingar.se)
  • Finally, I was able to separate reproductive mechanisms that result from pollen competition or maternal sorting. (avhandlingar.se)
  • Molecular analysis involves the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying gene expression and regulation in transgenic organisms. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • This includes the study of the promoter regions that regulate gene expression, the splicing mechanisms that generate different mRNA isoforms, and the translation mechanisms that produce the final protein products. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • He subsequently developed new modeling approaches to pollen-mediated gene flow and the population genetics of insect and weed resistance. (stone-env.com)
  • . 2006 ). In order to enhance blight-tolerance in the American chestnut tree, we are studying several gene products, regulatory regions of genes to control expression (promoters), and the possibility of combining two or more genes (called stacking or pyramiding) for better and more sustainable resistance. (esf.edu)
  • In plants, pollen-mediated exchanges affect the sorting of alleles across physical landscapes and influence rates of hybridization. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hybridization is an important evolutionary phenomenon, and therefore a detailed understanding of the dynamics of interspecific gene flow and resulting morphological and genetic patterns is of widespread interest. (lookformedical.com)
  • Reporter genes can be fused to the regulatory regions of other genes, allowing the expression of the target gene to be monitored in real-time. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Together, these findings reveal a regulatory point of leaf development mediated through a conserved, noncoding sequence in STM genes. (lookformedical.com)
  • Regulation of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS genes via an upstream-conserved noncoding sequence coordinates leaf development. (lookformedical.com)
  • One of the earliest indicators of a switch in fate from indeterminate meristem to determinate leaf primordium is the down-regulation of KNOX1 genes orthologous to SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) in Arabidopsis (hereafter called STM genes) in the initiating primordia. (lookformedical.com)
  • Maize gene flow occurs through cultivator determined seed selection and mixing as well as through pollen transfer between individual plants and fields. (nature.com)
  • When it comes to plants, there can be no gene flow without two compatible partners. (scienceblogs.com)
  • The indeterminate shoot apical meristem of plants is characterized by the expression of the Class 1 KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX1) genes. (lookformedical.com)
  • In compound leafed plants, however, KNOX1 gene expression is reestablished later in the developing primordia, creating an indeterminate environment for leaflet formation. (lookformedical.com)
  • Because the fruit set is dependent on natural pollinator activity, gene flow plays a key role in fruit production. (geneticsmr.com)
  • This condition is responsible for a tendency towards increased genetic differentiation of pollen contributions. (lib4ri.ch)
  • The genetic differentiation of individual effective pollen clouds is an important means of inference on reduced effective number of male mating partners. (lib4ri.ch)
  • Gene flow frequency was monitored at different intervals from the pollen source to investigate effects of size of the pollen source and competition between pollens on gene flow of the transgenic wheat. (ere.ac.cn)
  • The gene flow frequency of transgenic wheat declined dramatically with increasing distance from the source and was reduced to 0 over the test distance of 5 m. (ere.ac.cn)
  • Random changes in the gene frequencies of a population from generation to generation. (berkeley.edu)
  • When certain genes become more or less common in the population over generations, we refer to this change as evolution. (umn.edu)
  • Gene conversion can be biased, tending to favor some alleles over others. (berkeley.edu)
  • 2014). With the help of several collaborators, we are evaluating potential impacts of transgenic chestnut on soil fungi, aquatic insects, terrestrial insects, other wildlife, persistence in the environment, tree growth rates, pollen flow, and surrounding plant communities. (esf.edu)
  • In the largest multi-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of lung function to date, comprising 580,869 participants, we identified 1,020 independent association signals implicating 559 genes supported by =2 criteria from a systematic variant-to-gene mapping framework. (cdc.gov)
  • An in situ experiment was conducted across two years to determine the potential for pollen-mediated gene flow from grain sorghum to shattercane. (unl.edu)
  • In essence, "genetic modification" or "genetic engineering" techniques enable scientists to find individual genes that control particular characteristics, separate them from the original source, and transfer them directly into the cells of an animal, plant, bacterium, or virus. (hindawi.com)
  • Any genes that could wind up in the same individual through sexual reproduction are in the same gene pool. (berkeley.edu)
  • If one individual in a population of ten individuals happens to die before it leaves any offspring to the next generation, all of its genes-a tenth of the population's gene pool-will be suddenly lost. (umn.edu)
  • One important tool in molecular analysis is the use of reporter genes, which are genes that encode for easily detectable proteins or enzymes that are used to measure gene expression levels. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Another important tool in molecular analysis is the use of microarray analysis, which allows the expression of thousands of genes to be monitored simultaneously. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • I concluded that in my experiments with Cucumis sativus, pollen competition contributed to high siring success of the Bitter genotype. (avhandlingar.se)
  • Effects of Size of Pollen Source and Competition of Pollens on Gene Flow of Virus-Resistant Transgenic Wheat[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2018, 34(2): 140-145. (ere.ac.cn)
  • 8] DONG S S,LIU Y,YU C G, et al .Investigating Pollen and Gene Flow of WYMV-Resistant Transgenic Wheat N12-1 Using a Dwarf Male-Sterile Line as the Pollen Receptor[J].PLoS One,2016,11(3):e0151373. (ere.ac.cn)
  • SHI Xue,DONG Shan-shan,YU Ci-gang, et al .Pollen Flow of Transgenic WYMV-Nib8 Wheat Resistant of Yellow Mosaic Virus[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2015,31(4):522-527. (ere.ac.cn)
  • Gene flow in agricultural crops is important for risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) crops, particularly in countries with a large informal agricultural sector of subsistence cultivation. (nature.com)
  • The most potent biotechnological approach is the transfer of specifically constructed gene assemblies through various techniques. (hindawi.com)
  • However, this apparent "precision" in the understanding of a gene does not mean that the consequences of the transfer are known or can be predicted [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • All of the genes in a population. (berkeley.edu)
  • Imagine a population of ten individuals, half with a version of a gene we will call A and half with a version of a gene we will call a . (umn.edu)
  • These early trees contain the wheat oxalate oxidase gene controlled by a vascular promoter, meaning the enzyme is predominantly present in the stem tissues where infections occur. (esf.edu)
  • This situation is particularly likely to occur in naturally regenerated stands if gene flow through seed and pollen has been restricted and eventually results in reduced adaptedness and adaptability of progenies under heterogeneous environmental conditions. (lib4ri.ch)
  • Gene-environment interactions are an example of phenotypic plasticity . (berkeley.edu)
  • The causes of asthma are unknown, but asthma likely results from complex interactions between many genes, environmental conditions, and nutrition. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These gene regions may have played critical roles in the adaptation of seagrasses to diverse environments. (bvsalud.org)
  • Shattercane with juicy midrib ( dd ) was planted in a soybean field in concentric arcs at varying distances from a sorghum pollen source with dry midrib ( DD ). (unl.edu)
  • Third, there is a very simple enzyme assay that can detect the presence of this gene in any chestnut tree, and thereby making blight tolerant trees easy to identify and follow in a restoration program. (esf.edu)
  • Results of DNA modification may not be limited only to the particular characteristics of the replaced gene. (hindawi.com)
  • RESULTS: All four newly generated plastomes were conserved in genome structure, gene content, and gene order. (bvsalud.org)
  • If the trait is heritable, then the genes that give rise to the trait will be more common in the next generation. (umn.edu)
  • If conditions remain the same, those offspring, which are carrying the same trait, will also benefit, and pass the genes that give rise to this trait on to their own offspring. (umn.edu)
  • The first gene being tested in transgenic American chestnut encodes an enzyme called oxalate oxidase . (esf.edu)
  • This may happen through the migration of organisms or the movement of gametes (such as pollen blown to a new location). (berkeley.edu)
  • One response to this concern has been the publication of dyspnea (shortness of breath), and/or chest tightness ( AOEC, 2008) and with wheezing heard on chest exam, and reversible air- flow obstruction found on pulmonary function tests. (cdc.gov)
  • I found that in the absence of disease, success could be through either pollen competitive ability or maternal sorting. (avhandlingar.se)
  • I found that some pollen donors could achieve fertilisations soon after flower opening, before the pistil achieved full receptivity. (avhandlingar.se)
  • It is not associated with gluten found in wheat, but it is a natural defense gene that helps protect wheat from disease. (esf.edu)
  • For example, a promoter region can be fused to a gene encoding a fluorescent protein, and the expression of the protein can be visualized using fluorescence microscopy. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • This allows the expression levels of thousands of genes to be quantified simultaneously. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Despite this knowledge, most aspects of how STM gene expression is regulated remain largely unknown. (lookformedical.com)
  • As an additional factor contributing to gene flow, we present data on seed saving and sharing among farmers that live in the same communities. (nature.com)