Diffuse alveolar damageAlveoliEpithelialHyperplasiaEndothelial cellsGranulocyte-macropCapillariesDuctsSeptaWallsSeptalLamellar bodiesTypeEpitheliumProliferationHuman macrophageDust cellSacsLungsFibersInflammationPathwayInfiltrationTissueAcuteMembraneBiopsyInflammasome activationCytokinesMonocytesInfection inducedCellsDamagePneumoniaViralImmune
Diffuse alveolar damage4
- One case demonstrated several findings including diffuse alveolar damage, extensive fibrin thrombi in pulmonary arteries with pulmonary infarction, organising pneumonia and bronchopneumonia. (sun.ac.za)
- Intensive investigations of such lesions may lead to an understanding of the initiating event of not only COVID-19 pneumonia but also of general diffuse alveolar damage. (bvsalud.org)
- However, it is difficult to understand the causal relationship of disseminated intravascular coagulation, diffuse alveolar damage, and pulmonary thrombotic microangiopathy. (thelondongeneralpractice.com)
- However it has well-known pulmonary toxicities, including diffuse alveolar damage, bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), interstitial pneumonitis, and progressive interstitial fibrosis [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Alveoli16
- Squamous epithelium of alveolar wall, endothelium of blood capillaries in alveoli and basement substance are the three layers forming diffusion surface or membrane. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- alveolar-capillary membrane - alveolocapillary membrane a thin tissue barrier between pulmonary alveoli and adjacent capillaries, the site of gas exchange between alveolar air and capillary blood. (academic.ru)
- Alveolar lung disease - Alveolar lung disease, also known as airspace disease, is a general term that described edema and exudates in the airspaces of the lung (the acini and alveoli).CausesAlveolar lung disease may be divided into acute or chronic. (academic.ru)
- Results: The alveolar tissue in DEHP treated group showed marked increase in the thickness of the interalveolar septa with collagen deposition and inflammatory cellular infiltration associated with many collapsed alveoli. (archive.org)
- Viruses then travel to the alveoli and infect type 2 pneumocytes which, in the youthful system (lower left), are recognized by alveolar macrophages (AMs) or dendritic cells (not pictured) that release cytokines and present antigens to T cells and other adaptive immune cells. (aging-us.com)
- Two types are pneumocytes or pneumonocytes known as type I and type II cells found in the alveolar wall, and a large phagocytic cell known as an alveolar macrophage that moves about in the lumens of the alveoli, and in the connective tissue between them. (rf-onlinegame.com)
- Ventilation (V) refers to the flow of air into and out of the alveoli, while perfusion (Q) refers to the flow of blood to alveolar capillaries. (statpearls.com)
- The respiratory zone of the lung includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. (statpearls.com)
- Thin alveolar septa separate adjacent alveoli. (statpearls.com)
- The control of opening or closing of alveoli to regulate ventilation occurs at the alveolar duct. (statpearls.com)
- In addition to capillary endothelial cells, the alveolar septum contains type I pneumocytes that are very thin and line the alveoli, as well as type II pneumocytes that secrete dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPT) surfactant to decrease alveolar surface tension. (statpearls.com)
- Traveling from the alveoli to capillary blood, gases must pass through alveolar surfactant, alveolar epithelium, basement membrane, and capillary endothelium. (statpearls.com)
- These are located entirely within the lung and are represented by respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. (medcell.org)
- Along these walls, the alveolar ducts give rise to single alveoli and to numerous alveolar sacs, which are associated with 2 to 4 alveoli. (medcell.org)
- The surface epithelium of the alveoli contains two developmentally related but functionally distinct cells, known as pneumocytes. (medcell.org)
- Activation of the vascular innate immune system inducing recruitment of macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils to the alveoli. (racgp.org.au)
Epithelial8
- In normal lung, sst2A was expressed by alveolar macrophages, epithelial bronchial cells, arterial and bronchial smooth muscle cells, some endothelial cells and some type 2 pneumocytes (inset). (bmj.com)
- These findings indicate that there are significant differences between E- and I-type organisms of MTB or MAC in ability to invade and multiply within M phi s (professional phagocytes) and alveolar epithelial cells (nonprofessional phagocytic cells). (nih.gov)
- Epithelial Cells, HMGB1, and ALI Alveolar epithelial cells are split into type I and type II pneumocytes. (lgyeas.org)
- Autophagy provides been shown to become connected with designed cell loss of life in alveolar epithelial cells [65]. (lgyeas.org)
- In another scholarly study, LPS inhibited the appearance from the autophagy-related proteins LC3 in A549 individual alveolar basal epithelial cells [70]. (lgyeas.org)
- In the lungs, ACE2 is heavily expressed on ciliated airway epithelial cells and alveolar type 2 pneumocytes. (thelondongeneralpractice.com)
- From there, it spreads to the mucous membranes of the throat and bronchial tubes, eventually entering the lungs where it infects type 2 alveolar epithelial cells called pneumocytes. (aging-us.com)
- Implications: The tumor suppressor function of AHNAK, in murine lungs, occurs by suppressing alveolar epithelial cell proliferation and modulating lung microenvironment. (ewha.ac.kr)
Hyperplasia3
- Amiodarone accumulates in type II pneumocytes 5,7 associated with hyperplasia and septal thickening. (radiopaedia.org)
- Other findings included type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia, intra-alveolar macrophages and squamous metaplasia. (sun.ac.za)
- Ahnak/ mice showed increased lung volume and thicker alveolar walls with type II pneumocyte hyperplasia. (ewha.ac.kr)
Endothelial cells2
- Pneumocytes, histocytes/macrophages, and vascular endothelial cells were immunohistochemically positive for tissue factor, which is an important early responder to tissue injuries. (bvsalud.org)
- Interestingly, the ultrastructural demonstration of coronavirus particles was identified within type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes but rarely within alveolar macrophages and were not detected in the endothelial cells. (thelondongeneralpractice.com)
Granulocyte-macrop1
- Mice deficient in granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) develop pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). (wiley.com)
Capillaries7
- Dilation of capillaries and edematous thickening of the alveolar septa were found even in areas that macroscopically looked almost normal. (bvsalud.org)
- They found that there was increased endothelial necrosis, increased megakaryocytes in alveolar capillaries, the inflammatory response and widespread arteriolar fibrin-platelet damage resulting from other causes. (thelondongeneralpractice.com)
- Gas exchange occurs in the lungs between alveolar air and the blood of the pulmonary capillaries. (statpearls.com)
- The alveolar septum has numerous capillaries and thin walls for gas exchange. (statpearls.com)
- Deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteries has a PVO2 of 40 mmHg, and alveolar air has a PAO2 of 100 mmHg, resulting in a movement of oxygen into capillaries until arterial blood equilibrates at 100 mmHg (PaO2). (statpearls.com)
- Meanwhile, carbon dioxide partial pressure decreases from a PVCO2 of 46 mmHg to a PaCO2 of 40 mmHg in alveolar capillaries due to a PACO2 of 40 mmHg. (statpearls.com)
- Type I pneumocytes are attenuated vesicle-studded cells that line the alveolar walls near the capillaries. (medcell.org)
Ducts2
- Alveolar ducts c. (histology-world.com)
- Each respiratory bronchiole branches into between 2 and 11 alveolar ducts that still contain smooth muscle fibers in their walls. (medcell.org)
Septa2
- We found a statistically significant increase in the thickness of the interalveolar septa, number of type II pneumocyte, number of alveolar macrophages/field and the area percentage of collagen fibers when compared to control group. (archive.org)
- Types I and II make up the walls and alveolar septa. (rf-onlinegame.com)
Walls6
- Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis in children is a heterogeneous group of progressive lung disorders characterised by a pattern of inflammation and subsequent interstitial fibrosis that predominantly affects the alveolar walls and perialveolar structures. (bmj.com)
- Of particular importance to this study, all three AGMs that were followed until the early convalescence stage of COVID-19 showed substantial lung pathology at necropsy as evidenced by multifocal chronic interstitial pneumonia and increased collagen deposition in alveolar walls despite the absence of detectable SARS-CoV-2 in any of the lungs of these animals. (researchsquare.com)
- form the bulk (95%) of the surface of the alveolar walls. (edu.au)
- form small bulges on the alveolar walls. (edu.au)
- alveolar type I cell - (small alveolar cell, type I pneumocyte), extremely flattened and branched cell forming the bulk (95%) of the surface of the alveolar walls. (edu.au)
- alveolar type II cell - (large alveolar cell, type II pneumocyte) cuboidal to irregular shaped cells forming small bulges on the alveolar walls. (edu.au)
Septal1
- Alveolar septal fibrosis, if present, is mild. (msdmanuals.com)
Lamellar bodies2
- Foamy alveolar macrophages and cytoplasmic lamellar bodies containing surfactant-like material are typical of amiodarone exposure and do not necessarily indicate clinically significant toxicity. (radiopaedia.org)
- Ultrastructurally, type II pneumocytes showed degenerative changes in the form of cytoplasmic vacuolation and destruction of lamellar bodies and mitochondria. (archive.org)
Type17
- Profiles of expression of the antimicrobial activities of LVFX, KRM-1648 (KRM), and CAM against M. tuberculosis (MTB) and M. avium complex (MAC) residing in MONO-MAC-6 human macrophage like cells (MM6-M phi s) and A-549 human type II alveolar pneumocyte cells (A-549 cells) were determined. (nih.gov)
- Our study showed that type IV collagen and, therefore the basement membrane, play fundamental roles in coordinating alveolar morphogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition to its role in the formation of epithelium and vasculature, type IV collagen appears to be key for alveolar myofibroblast development by inducing their proliferation, differentiation and migration throughout the developing septum. (biomedcentral.com)
- Type 1 pneumocytes. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- Type 2 pneumocytes. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- However, it has been reported that therapeutic doses can produce smaller but significant reductions in glutathione levels in type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages. (consultant360.com)
- Another probable mechanism is through the hepatic P-450 cytochrome pathway (also present in type II pneumocytes), which metabolizes acetaminophen. (consultant360.com)
- Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei stimulate differential inflammatory responses from human alveolar type II cells (ATII) and macrophages. (utmb.edu)
- Alveolar type II pneumocytes (ATII) and alveolar macrophages (AM) play a crucial role in the lung's innate immune response. (utmb.edu)
- Alveolar tap - The alveolar tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. (academic.ru)
- Most of type II pneumocytes showing necrotic changes in the form of vacuolated or deeply acidophilic cytoplasm with karyorrhetic or pyknotic nuclei. (archive.org)
- The two types of cell are known as type I and type II cells (also known as pneumocytes). (rf-onlinegame.com)
- Collectively, AHNAK suppresses type II pneumocyte proliferation and inhibits tumor-promoting M2 alternative activation of macrophages in mouse lung tissue. (ewha.ac.kr)
- Type I pneumocyte c. (histology-world.com)
- Type II pneumocyte d. (histology-world.com)
- about as many type II cells as type I cells (cell shape accounts for small contribution to alveolar area). (edu.au)
- Type II pneumocytes are cuboidal and occur singly or in small clusters between type I cells. (medcell.org)
Epithelium3
- We observed mucosal epithelium shedding, intestinal mucosal erosion, focal inflammatory necrosis with hemorrhage, massive neutrophil infiltration, macrophage proliferation accompanied by minor lymphocyte infiltration. (biomedcentral.com)
- The shape of the cells is very complex, and they may actually form part of the epithelium on both faces of the alveolar wall. (edu.au)
- The interface between the capillary lumen and the alveolar epithelium is known as the air-blood barrier. (medcell.org)
Proliferation1
- Both natural and experimental salinomycin poisoning associated with the use of florfenicol caused a condition of myopathy characterized in histology by hyaline degeneration and floccular necrosis of skeletal fibers, with macrophage infiltrate, associated with the figures of regeneration in skeletal muscles and multifocal areas of the proliferation of fibroblasts, being more intense in the longissimus dorsi and semimembranosus muscles. (pvb.org.br)
Human macrophage1
- A panel will discuss research gaps and priorities related to human macrophage reservoirs and inflammation/comorbidities and treatment strategies for HIV remission and cure. (nih.gov)
Dust cell1
- alveolar macrophage - (dust cell), irregular shaped cells lying with the fluid wall of the alveolar space. (edu.au)
Sacs1
- Alveolar sacs e. (histology-world.com)
Lungs1
- In addition, increased numbers of M2-like alveolar macrophages (AM) were observed in Ahnak/ lungs, and the depletion of AMs in Ahnak/ lungs alleviated lung hyperplastic lesions, suggesting that M2-like AMs promoted the progression of lung hyperplastic lesions in Ahnak-null mice. (ewha.ac.kr)
Fibers2
- Cytotoxicity of size-selected manville code 100 (JM-100) glass fibers on human alveolar macrophages. (cdc.gov)
- 17microm long were larger than these pneumocytes and resulted in frustrated phagocytosis, while fibers (cdc.gov)
Inflammation3
- The meeting will also highlight recent work on macrophage inflammation in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and work from recently-funded NIMH, NIDA, and NINDS investigators. (nih.gov)
- Alveolar macrophages treated with HMGB1 or HSP60 induced inflammation and autophagy [57]. (lgyeas.org)
- Binding of SARS-CoV-2 to angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on the surface of alveolar pneumocytes inducing local inflammation. (racgp.org.au)
Pathway2
- Overall, the present study describes a novel and potent pathway of pDC activation that is linked to the macrophage-mediated clearance of infected cells. (nature.com)
- In vitro experiments revealed that HAdV infection promoted caspase-4/5 expression, activation and pyroptosis in differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1) human macrophages via NF-κB, rather than STING signaling pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Infiltration2
- In fact, in patients suffering from severe COVID-19, massive infiltration of proinflammatory immune cells, including activated macrophages, was detected in infected lung tissue. (nature.com)
- Immunohistochemistry staining showed abundant CD68 + macrophages but few lymphocytes infiltration. (biomedcentral.com)
Tissue2
- Citation: Abdel-gawad SK, Atia T (2013) Histological and Ultrastructure Changes Induced by Di {2-ethylhexyl} Phthalate (dehp) in the Alveolar Tissue of Adult Albino Rats and the Possibility of Recovery. (archive.org)
- However, alveolar tissue changes showed mild improvement after drug stoppage. (archive.org)
Acute2
- Acute lung injury (ALI) is an important cause of mortality in critically ill patients and is associated with alveolar oedema. (bmj.com)
- The main dysfunction upon coronavirus infection is damage to alveolar and acute respiratory failure. (anhinternational.org)
Membrane1
- ii) Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) across alveolar membrane. (darkskiesfilm.com)
Biopsy1
- Two bronchoalveolar lavages were nondiagnostic, and an open lung biopsy was performed, which revealed a pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) reaction and exogenous lipid pneumonia (ELP). (lookfordiagnosis.com)
Inflammasome activation3
- NOD2 signaling induced autophagy in macrophages also, which negatively governed lung irritation through responses suppression of NOD2-RIP2 signaling and inflammasome activation [21]. (lgyeas.org)
- Interestingly, silencing of caspase-4 and caspase-5 in dTHP-1 cells suppressed HAdV-induced noncanonical inflammasome activation and macrophage pyroptosis, and dramatically decreased the HAdV titer in cell supernatants, by influencing virus release rather than other stages of virus life cycle. (bvsalud.org)
- Discussion: In conclusion, our study demonstrated that HAdV infection induced macrophage pyroptosis by triggering noncanonical inflammasome activation via a NF-kB-dependent manner, which may explore new perspectives on the pathogenesis of HAdV-induced inflammatory damage. (bvsalud.org)
Cytokines2
- Interestingly, BM-induced the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in ATII cells and macrophages at 6 h post-infection, with delayed induction of inflammatory cytokines at 24 h post-infection. (utmb.edu)
- Knockdown of ATG7 or Beclin-1 considerably decreased the activation of NF-B and MAPK signaling in DAMPs-treated alveolar macrophages, reducing the creation of IL-1, TNF, and IL-12 inflammatory cytokines, which decreased lung damage [57]. (lgyeas.org)
Monocytes2
- We found that bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from 11 patients with idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (IPAP) suppressed the growth of peripheral blood monocytes and TF-1 cells, a cell line dependent on either GM-CSF or interleukin-3 (IL-3). (wiley.com)
- We sought to compare the pathogenesis of and host responses to BP and BM through contact with human primary ATII cells and monocytes-derived macrophages (MDM). (utmb.edu)
Infection induced1
- 54] demonstrated that cytosolic HMGB1-mediated autophagy in macrophages secured mice from endotoxemia and infection induced by LPS or em Listeria monocytogenes /em , respectively. (lgyeas.org)
Cells5
- Although CD4 T cells are the main targets of HIV infection, macrophages also become infected and resist the cytopathic effects of infection, contributing potentially to HIV reservoir persistence. (nih.gov)
- What are the 3 types of alveolar cells? (darkskiesfilm.com)
- These data show the differences in BP and BM pathogenicity in the lung when infecting human ATII cells and macrophages and demonstrate the ability of these pathogens to elicit distinct immune responses from resident lung cells which may open new targets for therapeutic intervention to fight against these pathogens. (utmb.edu)
- Alveolar macrophages, also known as dust cells, are active in defending against pathogens and irritants. (statpearls.com)
- Moreover, caspase-4 and caspase-5 expression levels were significantly increased in the cells isolated from peripheral blood and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of pediatric patients with adenovirus pneumonia, and positively correlated with clinical parameters of inflammatory damage. (bvsalud.org)
Damage3
- Histologic findings may include pulmonary changes with alveolar damage similar to seasonal influenza. (medscape.com)
- 57] demonstrated that alveolar macrophages released damage-associated molecular patterns (Wet), including HMGB1 and temperature shock proteins 60 (HSP60) during lung ischemia-reperfusion damage [57]. (lgyeas.org)
- Pathologies have shown that alveolar damage is the predominant pattern of lung injury at post-mortem. (thelondongeneralpractice.com)
Pneumonia3
- D) Interstitial pneumonia with degenerated pneumocytes. (cdc.gov)
- CONCLUSIONS: Alveolar capillary dilation and edematous thickening may be the earliest histopathological change detected in COVID-19 pneumonia. (bvsalud.org)
- The diagnosis of hydrocarbon intoxication was based on bronchoalveolar lavage results, neutrophilic alveolitis with the presence of lipid-laden macrophages , and evidence of lipoid pneumonia from the autopsy performed on one victim. (lookfordiagnosis.com)
Viral1
- F) Influenza viral antigens in alveolar macrophages. (cdc.gov)
Immune2
- So this meeting will examine emerging data relating to macrophage interactions with the immune system during HIV infection, macrophage reservoirs and approaches to their elimination, and the involvement of CNS myeloid reservoirs and associated comorbidities. (nih.gov)
- So on day one, Session 1 will focus on macrophages and the immune system during HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection, Session 2 will focus on challenges to study HIV/SIV reservoirs, and Session 3 will really have the highlights from recent awardees of the NIMH/NINDS/NIDA Myeloid Reservoir RFA. (nih.gov)