Pleiotropic cytokine 1991 interleukin 21 receptor alpha subunit. Medical search. Frequent questions

This active form of vitamin D can inhibit immune cell proliferation, promote an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, expand regulatory T cells, enhance glucocorticoid actions, increase glutathione production, and inhibit hepatic stellate cells. (springer.com)
Humans with variants of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes show increased susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease[ 2 ]. (wjgnet.com)

Vitamin D inhibits monocyte/macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production by targeting MAPK phosphatase-1. (springer.com)
This increase was verified by immunodetection methods both in OA chondrocytes and cartilage, and we found that the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β acts as a positive modulator of Hsp90β abundance [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The receptors both exist in transmembrane (TM) and soluble forms: the soluble IL-1 receptor is thought to be post-translationally derived from cleavage of the extracellular portion of the membrane receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha (LIF R alpha ), also known as LIFR beta (due to its participation in signal transduction) and CD118, is a 190 kDa type I transmembrane protein in the Interleukin-6 receptor family. (rndsystems.com)
Mature mouse LIF R alpha consists of a 785 amino acid (aa) extracellular domain (ECD) with two cytokine receptor homology domains, one WSxWS motif, and three fibronectin type III repeats, followed by a 25 aa transmembrane segment and a 239 aa cytoplasmic domain (2, 3). (rndsystems.com)

Two types of IL-1 receptor, each with three extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains, limited sequence similarity (28%) and different pharmacological characteristics have been cloned from mouse and human cell lines: these have been termed type I and type II receptors. (wikipedia.org)

Alternative splicing generates a 90 kDa soluble form of the mouse LIF R alpha ECD (4). (rndsystems.com)
LIF R alpha binds the pleiotropic cytokine LIF with low affinity, and the soluble isoform retains LIF-binding activity (5). (rndsystems.com)

The function of the immune system primarily depends on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency. (wikipedia.org)
Some interleukins are classified as lymphokines, lymphocyte-produced cytokines that mediate immune responses. (wikipedia.org)
Interleukin 1 alpha and interleukin 1 beta (IL1 alpha and IL1 beta) are cytokines that participate in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis. (wikipedia.org)
Interleukin-4 (IL-4), also known as B cell-stimulatory factor-1, is a monomeric, approximately 13 kDa‑18 kDa Th2 cytokine that shows pleiotropic effects during immune responses (1‑3). (rndsystems.com)
Vitamin D receptors are expressed on the principal cell populations involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses. (springer.com)

Interleukin receptors on astrocytes in the hippocampus are also known to be involved in the development of spatial memories in mice. (wikipedia.org)
Research indicates that mice with a genetic deletion of the type I IL-1 receptor display markedly impaired hippocampal-dependent memory functioning and long-term potentiation, although memories that do not depend on the integrity of the hippocampus seem to be spared. (wikipedia.org)
However, when mice with this genetic deletion have wild-type neural precursor cells injected into their hippocampus and these cells are allowed to mature into astrocytes containing the interleukin-1 receptors, the mice exhibit normal hippocampal-dependent memory function, and partial restoration of long-term potentiation. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, mice in which the receptor gene for TNFα has been knocked out are resistant to alcohol-induced liver injury[ 5 ]. (wjgnet.com)

Recombinant expression enables cells to process precursor Interleukin 1 Beta to the mature form of the enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
In direct ELISAs, no cross-reactivity with recombinant human LIF R alpha is observed. (rndsystems.com)

In addition, it acts on some B cells, via receptor-specific binding, as a growth factor and antibody production stimulant. (wikipedia.org)

While alpha-tocopherol was the first vitamin E isomer to be recognized, eight chemically distinct isomers are now known, consisting of alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) and delta (δ)-tocopherols and α, β, γ and δ-tocotrienols (T3), all of them are referred to as vitamin E. The tocopherols are saturated forms of vitamin E, whereas the tocotrienols are unsaturated and possess an isoprenoid side chain (Table 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Chondrocyte metabolism is influenced by several cytokines and growth factors, which drive two qualitatively distinct functional programs in these cells: the catabolic program is induced by proinflammatory stimuli and characterized by the secretion of proteases, suppression of matrix synthesis, and induction of chondrocyte apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)

The LIF R alpha /gp130 receptor complex also transduces Oncostatin M signals, although LIF R alpha alone does not interact with Oncostatin M (6). (rndsystems.com)

Interleukin 1 also plays a role in the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)

gp130 associates with different ligand-specific receptors to form signaling receptor complexes for the other IL-6 family ligands (1). (rndsystems.com)

These factors, which include interleukin 2 (IL2), are secreted by lectin- or antigen-stimulated T cells, and have various physiological effects. (wikipedia.org)

The receptors can both bind all three forms of IL-1 (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist). (wikipedia.org)
Molecular cloning of the Interleukin 1 Beta converting enzyme is generated by the proteolytic cleavage of an inactive precursor molecule. (wikipedia.org)
alpha, beta, gamma and delta. (biomedcentral.com)

Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that are expressed and secreted by white blood cells (leukocytes) as well as some other body cells. (wikipedia.org)
Binding affinity is increased by the ligand-induced association of LIF R alpha with the signal transducing subunit gp130 (6, 7). (rndsystems.com)

it has since been found that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of body cells. (wikipedia.org)
Hsp90β was found to be increased by proinflammatory cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)

In particular, LIF R alpha plays an important role in several aspects of early pregnancy such as blastocyst implantation in the uterus (4, 12-14). (rndsystems.com)
The liver plays a central role in detoxifying LPS and producing a balanced cytokine milieu. (wjgnet.com)

Detects mouse LIF R alpha in direct ELISAs. (rndsystems.com)
Detection of LIF R alpha in D3 Mouse Cell Line by Flow Cytometry. (rndsystems.com)
Within the ECD, mouse LIF R alpha shares 73% and 90% aa sequence identity with human and rat LIF R alpha, respectively. (rndsystems.com)
An alcohol-induced increase of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, in the mouse brain is closely linked to neurodegeneration[ 4 ]. (wjgnet.com)

The majority of interleukins are synthesized by CD4 helper T-lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
LIF R alpha is widely expressed, and LIF induces the proliferation, differentiation, and activation of cells in many tissues (10, 11). (rndsystems.com)
Cells were stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β or TNF-α) and nitric oxide donors (NOC-12 or SNP). (biomedcentral.com)
Among the proteins that were significantly altered in OA chondrocytes, we identified the β subunit of the chaperone Hsp90 as increased in diseased cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Residues in helix A, and in the loop region between helices A and B, are important for receptor binding. (wikipedia.org)

The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related proteins. (wikipedia.org)

Interleukin 1 alpha and interleukin 1 beta (IL1 alpha and IL1 beta) are cytokines that participate in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis. (wikipedia.org)
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that not only regulates the immune and inflammatory response but also affects hematopoiesis, metabolism, and organ development. (frontiersin.org)
Exposure of neoplastic cervical epithelial cells to seminal plasma (SP) has been shown to promote the growth of cancer cells in vitro and tumors in vivo by inducing the expression of inflammatory mediators including pro-inflammatory cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
IL-1α is a pleotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine induced in several human cancers and has been associated with virulent tumor phenotype and poorer prognosis. (biomedcentral.com)
The inflammatory milieu of most cancer microenvironment has been shown to consist of tumor cells, surrounding stromal, immune and inflammatory cells which all interact intimately to produce cytokines/chemokines, growth factors, and adhesion molecules in a bid to promote tumorigenesis and metastasis [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Of special relevance within this milieu are pro-inflammatory cytokines which are important mediators of chronic inflammatory responses, and have cardinal effects on malignant processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Interleukin 1α (IL-1α) is a pleotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine that belongs to the IL-1 family (IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-1Ra) gene located on the long arm of chromosome 2 [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Clinical and experimental studies have revealed the pivotal roles for inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6, in the pathophysiology of RA [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Now days, we have firm evidence on the influence of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines on bone cells, with the majority of data focused on osteoclasts, the bone resorbing cells. (biochemia-medica.com)
It has been shown that some pro-inflammatory cytokines could possess osteoclastogenic and/or anti-osteoclastogenic properties and can target osteoclasts directly or via receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK)/RANK ligand(RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system. (biochemia-medica.com)
Therefore, the first part of this review is summarizing current evidence on the influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines on osteoclasts and thus on bone resorption. (biochemia-medica.com)
In the second part, the evidence on the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis is reviewed to show that unravelling the mechanisms beyond such complex bone diseases, is almost impossible without considering skeletal and immune systems as an indivisible integrated system. (biochemia-medica.com)
Following successful antigen-specific activation in secondary lymphoid tissues, T cells begin to produce numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, -4, -5, -6 and -8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon γ (IFN-γ), etc. (3). (biochemia-medica.com)
The pro-inflammatory cytokines can be classified either based on the primary source of their production, i.e. the type of immune cell or their specific targets in bone, i.e. bone cells and thus the process they affect, i.e. bone resorption or formation. (biochemia-medica.com)
Nevertheless we have to take in account that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-17, released from activated T cells, can target osteoblasts as well. (biochemia-medica.com)
The result of such influence is the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and RANKL in osteoblasts and thus the contribution of these cells to bone resorption (4). (biochemia-medica.com)
Depending on their influence on osteoclast differentiation, activation or survival, the pro-inflammatory cytokines can roughly be divided into osteoclastogenic, if they stimulate osteoclasts, or anti-osteoclastogenic, if they inhibit these unique bone-resorbing cells. (biochemia-medica.com)

The cross-talk between immune and bone cells via cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, signaling molecules and transcription factors, has begun to be intensively studied with the onset of osteoimmunology. (biochemia-medica.com)

Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that are expressed and secreted by white blood cells (leukocytes) as well as some other body cells. (wikipedia.org)
The IL-6 receptor comprises two molecules, IL-6 receptor α-chain and gp130, which is shared among the receptors for the IL-6 cytokine family. (biomedcentral.com)
These include the expression of some autoantigens, the expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules, and changes in cytokine production [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)

The formation of the signal-transducing complex of each cytokine depends on specific ligand and receptor association. (frontiersin.org)

Bone and immune cells share the same progenitors residing in bone marrow and are being affected by the same cytokines, influencing hematopoiesis, local immune responses and bone cells as well. (biochemia-medica.com)

The receptors can both bind all three forms of IL-1 (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist). (wikipedia.org)
IL-6 and IL-11 bind to the specific membrane-bound α chain of IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) or IL-11R, respectively, and then connect to gp130, leading to the homodimerization of gp130. (frontiersin.org)

The name "interleukin" was chosen in 1979, to replace the various different names used by different research groups to designate interleukin 1 (lymphocyte activating factor, mitogenic protein, T-cell replacing factor III, B-cell activating factor, B-cell differentiation factor, and "Heidikine") and interleukin 2 (TSF, etc. (wikipedia.org)
IL-3 is a pleiotropic cytokine that can stimulate proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells as well as various lineage committed progenitors (1, 2). (rndsystems.com)
The Ras family of GTPases is a collection of molecular switches that link receptors on the plasma membrane to signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. (embl.de)

All these cytokines share the membrane glycoprotein gp130 as a common receptor and signal transducer subunit in their receptor complexes except IL-31. (frontiersin.org)
Characterization of Gene Expression of the Membrane Melatonin Receptor in Rat Thymus and Spleen. (us.es)
Mechanism of Action of Melatonin on the Human Immune System: Membrane Versus Nuclear Receptor. (us.es)
Membrane Versus Nuclear Receptors. (us.es)

Molecular cloning of the Interleukin 1 Beta converting enzyme is generated by the proteolytic cleavage of an inactive precursor molecule. (wikipedia.org)
AMA is a highly specific autoantibody found in about 90% of patients with PBC that reacts with an epitope on the E2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex (PDC-E2) [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)

The function of the immune system primarily depends on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency. (wikipedia.org)
Knock-in mice (gp130F759) with a Y759F point mutation in gp130, a signal transducing receptor subunit shared by members of the IL-6 cytokine family, show sustained activation of STAT3, enhanced acute-phase or immune responses, and autoimmune arthritis. (biomedcentral.com)
The Tyr-759 point mutation of the IL-6 family cytokine receptor subunit, gp130, caused autoimmune disease, and this was also influenced by the genetic background. (biomedcentral.com)

CLC, CT-1, OSM interact with gp130/LIFR or gp130/OSMR and then form heterodimeric receptor complexes to conduct signal. (frontiersin.org)
For IL-31, it utilizes the IL-31R and OSMR as signal-transducing receptor, and it is the only cytokine of IL-6 family that does not need gp130 for signal transmission [Figure S1 in Supplementary Material quoted from Garbers et al. (frontiersin.org)

Estrogen stimulates growth and inhibits apoptosis through estrogen receptor-mediated mechanisms in many cell types. (biomedcentral.com)

The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related proteins. (wikipedia.org)

In this review, recent progress is discussed in the areas of genetics, the immunological synapse, the untangling of the cytokine web and signaling pathways, xenotransplantation models, and the growing use of selectively targeted therapies. (jci.org)

Some interleukins are classified as lymphokines, lymphocyte-produced cytokines that mediate immune responses. (wikipedia.org)
Later, it was demonstrated to be a multifunctional cytokine that regulates numerous biological processes including the organ development, acute-phase responses, inflammation, and immune responses ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates various biologic functions, such as the development of the nervous and hematopoietic systems, acute-phase responses, inflammation, and immune responses [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

From a biological point of view, IFN-γ is a pleiotropic cytokine with antiviral, antitumor, and immunomodulatory functions. (biomedcentral.com)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was discovered in 1986 as a B cell stimulatory factor initiating IgG production ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)

The IL-6 family cytokines show diverse physiological and pathological functions. (frontiersin.org)
Cmv1 is linked to the Ly49 family of natural killer receptors on distal chromosome 6. (silverchair.com)

This results in cryptic T-cell epitopes, the degeneracy of T-cell receptors, and the disruption of immune tolerance [ 15 , 16 ]. (hindawi.com)

Bio-Plex analysis of serum cytokines revealed increased IL-12p40 and PDGF-BB before immunization, and increased levels of IFN-γ, IL-17, TNF-α, IL-9, and MIP-1β 8 days after the booster dose. (biomedcentral.com)

Success achieved in the blockade of TNF-α in RA and IL-6 in juvenile RA exemplifies the feasibility and potential therapeutic application of antagonizing cytokine signaling [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Several studies have reported opposing data regarding (anti)osteoclastogenic properties of these cytokines. (biochemia-medica.com)

Anatomy25

Organisms12

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs140

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes52

Disciplines and Occupations1

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Anti-inflammatory cytokine2

Proinflammatory cytokine2

Transmembrane3

Extracellular1

Soluble2

Immune5

Mice4

Recombinant2

Antibody1

Distinct2

Interact1

Central nervou1

Form1

Effects1

Beta3

Signal2

Found2

Role2

Mouse4

Cells4

Important1

Human1

Inflammatory17

Chemokines1

Molecules3

Ligand1

Hematopoiesis1

Bind2

Differentiation3

Membrane4

Enzyme2

Autoimmune3

Gp1302

Apoptosis1

Proteins1

Pathways1

Immune responses3

Biological1

Production1

Family2

Cell1

Analysis1

Potential1

Studies1