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PlastidsGenome, PlastidChloroplastsRhodophytaDNA, ChloroplastChloroplast ProteinsCryptophytaDNA, PlantArabidopsisPhylogenyPlant ProteinsGenome, ChloroplastDinoflagellidaGenes, PlantPhotosynthesisOenotheraTobaccoCuscutaArabidopsis ProteinsChlorophytaAlgal ProteinsPlantsMolecular Sequence DataSymbiosisPlants, Genetically ModifiedPlant LeavesGene Expression Regulation, PlantEukaryotaCercozoaDiatomsPlants, ToxicGenes, ChloroplastChlorophyllRNA, PlantEvolution, MolecularTetrapyrrolesGenome, PlantDNA, AlgalAngiospermsAlveolataProtochlorophyllideApicomplexaCyanophoraBase SequenceEuglenidaHepatophytaThylakoidsGene Transfer, HorizontalLightOrganellesStarchRibulose-Bisphosphate CarboxylaseRNA, ChloroplastAmino Acid SequenceOrchidaceaeHordeumRNA EditingGeraniaceaeFucusPeasHaptophytaGalactolipidsCell NucleusPlant CellsProtein TransportSequence Analysis, DNA
GenomeChloroplastArabidopsisGenesPigmentsPhotosynthesisChloroplastsGenomesProteinsSequencesColorless plastidsPhylogeneticStarchPigmentSpeciesChlorophyllPhylogenyAlgaePlantChromoplastsCyanobacteriaPlastomePolymeraseProteinProplastidsApicoplastNucleoidsOrganellePhotosyntheticGene expressionTranscriptionNucleusTransformationInner envelopeUnclearReconstructionCellsCellGreenMoleculesPhylumVirtuallyIndependentlyTypesTranslationFoundDefinitionPresent
Genome12
  • The number of genome copies per plastid is variable, ranging from more than 1000 in rapidly dividing cells, which, in general, contain few plastids, to 100 or fewer in mature cells, where plastid divisions have given rise to a large number of plastids. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA belonging to the genome of a plastid such as a chloroplast. (sequenceontology.org)
  • The plastid genome in Cladophorales g. (ugent.be)
  • Exceptions to this universal plastid genome architecture are very few and include the dinoflagellates, where genes are located on DNA minicircles. (ugent.be)
  • A chloroplast genome that is composed only of linear DNA molecules is unprecedented among eukaryotes, and highlights unexpected variation in plastid genome architecture. (ugent.be)
  • The plastid genome in Cladophorales green algae is encoded by hairpin chromosomes," CURRENT BIOLOGY , vol. 27, no. 24, pp. 3771-3782, 2017. (ugent.be)
  • Here, we extend the recently described Genome BLAST Distance Phylogeny (GBDP) strategy to compute phylogenetic trees from all completely sequenced plastid genomes currently available and from a selection of mitochondrial genomes representing the major eukaryotic lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to facilitate further studies of cytonuclear interactions in Eucalyptus , we report an updated annotation of the E. grandis plastid genome, and the second sequenced and annotated mitochondrial genome of the Myrtales, that of E. grandis . (forestry.co.za)
  • Most inferred species relationships are well supported across multiple species tree and supermatrix analyses, but discordance among plastid and nuclear gene trees at a few important nodes highlights the complexity of plant genome evolution, including polyploidy, periods of rapid speciation, and extinction. (nature.com)
  • Plastid genome evolution of a monophyletic group in the subtribe Lauriineae (Laureae, Lauraceae)[J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(04): 377-388. (kib.ac.cn)
  • Genome size and plastid trnK-matK markers give new insights into the evolutionary history of the genus Lavandula L. (figshare.com)
  • 12. Transcription is a major driving force for plastid genome instability in Arabidopsis. (nih.gov)
Chloroplast7
  • Studies that used inhibitors of chloroplast biogenesis have revealed that hundreds of nuclear genes are regulated by retrograde signals emitted from plastids. (nih.gov)
  • Virtually all plastid (chloroplast) genomes are circular double-stranded DNA molecules, typically between 100 and 200 kb in size and encoding circa 80-250 genes. (ugent.be)
  • The plastid potassium cation efflux antiporters (KEAs) are important for chloroplast function, development, and photosynthesis. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Although the study leaves somewhat open the relevance of plastid DNA damage per se, it provides an example of how the nuclear DNA replication cycle is sensitive to the state of the chloroplast. (plantae.org)
  • These results indicate that the initial activation of chloroplast gene expression and the expression of some nuclear genes encoding plastid proteins are coupled to leaf cell development. (tamu.edu)
  • The effect of tagetitoxin is selective because this compound does not inhibit barley leaf growth, or the normal accumulation of nuclear-encoded actin and BN3 transcripts and plastid DNA which occurs during chloroplast development. (tamu.edu)
  • This suggests that the activation of plastid transcription during the early stages of chloroplast biogenesis is necessary for the expression of rbcS and cab. (tamu.edu)
Arabidopsis12
  • To further examine the effects of plastid gene expression on nuclear gene expression, we analyzed Arabidopsis mutants that were defective in each of the six sigma factor (SIG) genes that encode proteins utilized by plastid-encoded RNA polymerase to transcribe specific sets of plastid genes. (nih.gov)
  • The team developed Arabidopsis lines expressing plastid-targeted mEosFP. (isaaa.org)
  • In Arabidopsis pollen, plastids are inherited also maternally and not created de novo, but arise from pre-existing plastids by fission. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of plastid transfer from atrazin-resistant ElyF3BC4 Arabidopsis thaliana plants bearing a point mutation in the plastid psbA gene to male sterile N75 plants by spontaneous crossing under field conditions. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Taken together, in this study paternal leakage of Arabidopsis plastids could not be induced by mutations. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • To be able to follow plastid fate in developing pollen tubes, the colorless plastids in Arabidopsis pollen were visualized by the expression of a GFP fusion protein under the control of a pollen specific promoter. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Placing particular emphasis on plastid behavior during specification of sperm cells in pollen of Arabidopsis might shed some light on this very strict process of maternal inheritance in the future work. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • In Arabidopsis, one-third of the genes required for embryo development encode plastid-localized proteins. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • Of 35 Arabidopsis mTERF proteins, 11 are plastid-localized. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • Here, genetic interactions between BSM and the gene encoding plastid homomeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACC2 suggest that there is a functional redundancy in malonyl-CoA biosynthesis that permits bsm cell survival in Arabidopsis. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • The Arabidopsis gene encodes a plastid homolog of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase, which is associated with phytoene desaturation. (tam-receptor.com)
  • A role in thylakoid membrane maintenance and reorganization has been proposed for Vesicle Inducing Protein in Plastid 1 (VIPP1), the putative PspA ortholog in Arabidopsis thaliana . (frontiersin.org)
Genes6
  • The plastome contains about 100 genes encoding ribosomal and transfer ribonucleic acids (rRNAs and tRNAs) as well as proteins involved in photosynthesis and plastid gene transcription and translation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • A microarray analysis showed that these two signals accounted for at least one subset of the nuclear genes that are regulated by the plastid biogenesis inhibitors norflurazon and lincomycin. (nih.gov)
  • ycf1-ndhF genes, the most promising plastid genomic barcode, sheds light on phylogeny at low taxonomic levels in Prunus persica. (kib.ac.cn)
  • Unexpectedly, despite the disappearance of trnI(cau) from the plastome in the Chloroparvula lineage, AUA codons (the codons recognized by this gene product) were detected in certain plastid genes. (netlify.app)
  • By comparing the sequences of plastid protein-coding genes from chloropicophycean and phylogenetically diverse chlorophyte algae with those of the corresponding predicted proteins, we discovered that the AUA codon was reassigned from isoleucine to methionine in Chloroparvula. (netlify.app)
Pigments3
  • They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments in a plastid determine the cell's color. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is a plastid, containing pigments such as xanthophyll (yellow in color) and carotene (orangish-red in color). (syvum.com)
  • Plastids containing carotenoid pigments. (bvsalud.org)
Photosynthesis5
Chloroplasts3
Genomes2
  • Our results indicate that, at this taxonomic level, plastid genomes are much more valuable for inferring phylogenies than are mitochondrial genomes, and that distances based on breakpoints are of little use. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies. (bvsalud.org)
Proteins4
  • However, these proteins only represent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Martin Schattat and colleagues used a photoconvertible fluorescent protein (mEosFP) to test the transfer of proteins in differentially colored plastids. (isaaa.org)
  • Based on these results, fluorescent proteins are not transferred between plastids. (isaaa.org)
  • To help understand the role of plastids in embryogenesis and postembryonic development, we characterized proteins of the mitochondrial transcription termination factor (mTERF) family, which in animal models, comprises DNA-binding regulators of mitochondrial transcription. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
Sequences2
  • Following (1) the large-scale molecular phylogeny of seed plants based on plastid rbcL gene sequences (published in 1993 by Chase et al. (gla.ac.uk)
  • 84:1-49), we present a phylogenetic analysis of flowering plants based on a second plastid gene, atpB, analyzed separately and in combination with rbcL sequences for 357 taxa. (gla.ac.uk)
Colorless plastids1
Phylogenetic1
  • Several phylogenetic analyses have established that primary plastids arose from a cyanobacterium through endosymbiosis. (pasteur.fr)
Starch3
  • Plastids can also store products like starch and can synthesize fatty acids and terpenes, which can be used for producing energy and as raw material for the synthesis of other molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • leucoplasts sometimes differentiate into more specialized plastids: Amyloplasts: for starch storage and detecting gravity (for geotropism) Elaioplasts: for storing fat Proteinoplasts: for storing and modifying protein Tannosomes: for synthesizing and producing tannins and polyphenols Depending on their morphology and function, plastids have the ability to differentiate, or redifferentiate, between these and other forms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plastids that store starch. (bvsalud.org)
Pigment2
  • Plastids without pigment are called Leucoplasts. (lifeeasy.org)
  • Furthermore, a barley pigment-deficient mutant, alb-f17, and plants containing photo-oxidized plastids show parallel reductions in plastid transcription activity and levels of rbcS and cab mRNA. (tamu.edu)
Species4
  • therefore, plastid genetic engineering is a promising tool to reduce the risk of transgene flow, because in most angiosperm species plastids are inherited maternally. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • The authors suggest that these changes are signaled through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated as a consequence of plastid malfunction. (plantae.org)
  • The isolation of such complex organelles, however, is still demanding, and existing protocols are either limited to a few species (for plastids) or have not been reported for diatoms so far (for mitochondria). (uni-konstanz.de)
  • Plastid translation is essential for cell viability in dicotyledonous species such as tobacco but not in monocotyledonous maize. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
Chlorophyll1
  • A plastid shows tow distinct regions-grana and stroma Grana are stacks of membrane-bound, flattened, discold sacs containing chlorophyll molecules. (preservearticles.com)
Phylogeny1
  • By using a number of solutions to circumvent a large range of systematic errors, we have reconstructed a robust global phylogeny of cyanobacteria and studied the placement of primary plastids within it. (pasteur.fr)
Algae3
  • plastós: formed, molded - plural plastids) is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plastids are double-membrane organelles which are found in the cells of plants and algae. (topperlearning.com)
  • Aureococcus (awe-ree-owe-cock-us) anophagefferens is one of the tiny eukaryotic planktonic algae, the cell contains a golden plastid. (eol.org)
Plant10
  • All plastids are derived from proplastids, which are present in the meristematic regions of the plant. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plant proplastids (undifferentiated plastids) may differentiate into several forms, depending upon which function they perform in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although various random nuclear mutations were screened for their potential to allow the transfer of paternal plastids into the egg-cells of the recipient plant, a corresponding mutant line could not be isolated. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Plastids are double membraned organelles which are found in plant cells only. (preservearticles.com)
  • Using the most treelike distance matrices, as judged by their δ values, distance methods are able to recover all major plant lineages, and are more in accordance with Apicomplexa organelles being derived from "green" plastids than from plastids of the "red" type. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plastid gene expression and plant development require a plastidic protein of the mitochondrial transcription termination factor family. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • Plastids are DNA-containing organelles unique to plant cells. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • Overall, our results indicate that biosynthesis of malonyl-CoA and plastid-derived systemic growth-promoting compounds are the processes that link plant development and plastid gene expression. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • The decreases in plastid transcription and rbcS and rbcL mRNA levels in older dark-grown seedlings could be reversed by plant illumination. (tamu.edu)
  • B. Enteropathogenic bacteria in migrating plant plastids (6). (cdc.gov)
Chromoplasts1
Cyanobacteria4
  • This plastid belongs to the "PS-clade" (of the cyanobacteria genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus). (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we have performed an extensive phylogenomic investigation on the origin of primary plastids based on the analysis of up to 191 protein markers and over 30,000 aligned amino acid sites from 22 primary photosynthetic eukaryotes and 61 cyanobacteria representing a wide taxonomic sampling of this phylum. (pasteur.fr)
  • Our results strongly support an early emergence of primary plastids within cyanobacteria, prior to the diversification of most present-day cyanobacterial lineages for which genomic data are available. (pasteur.fr)
  • How did cyanobacteria first embark on the path to becoming plastids? (elsevierpure.com)
Plastome1
  • Each plastid creates multiple copies of a circular 10-250 kilobase plastome. (wikipedia.org)
Polymerase1
  • If the initial increase in plastid transcription which occurs early in leaf cell development is prevented by tagetitoxin, a specific inhibitor of the plastid RNA polymerase, rbcS mRNA does not accumulate and cab mRNA accumulation cannot be induced by light. (tamu.edu)
Protein5
  • The loss of GUN1 (a plastid-localized pentatricopeptide repeat protein) is able to restore nuclear (but not plastid) gene expression in both sig2 and sig6, whereas an increase in heme synthesis is able to restore nuclear gene expression in sig2 mutants only. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, plastid transformation has the advantage that the site of gene insertion can be controlled, high rates of transgene expression and protein accumulation can be achieved and epigenetic effects are absent. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • If an odd number of transmembrane domains existed for inner envelope KEAs, as it was suggested for all three plastid KEA carriers, regulatory domains and consequently protein regulation would occur on opposing sides of the inner envelope. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • This gave rise to plastids of remarkable complex architecture and ultrastructure that require elaborate protein importing, trafficking, signaling and intracellular cross-talk pathways. (uni-konstanz.de)
  • plastid protein. (bio.net)
Proplastids1
  • Plastids are living and multiply by division of the pre-existing plastids called proplastids. (preservearticles.com)
Apicoplast1
  • Most of them possess a unique form of organelle that comprises a type of non-photosynthetic plastid called an apicoplast , and an apical complex structure. (eol.org)
Nucleoids1
  • The developing plastid has many nucleoids, localized at the periphery of the plastid, bound to the inner envelope membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Organelle2
  • LC-ESI-MS/MS studies on mitochondria and thylakoids, moreover, allowed detailed proteome analyses which resulted in extensive proteome maps for both plastids and mitochondria thus helping us to broaden our understanding of organelle metabolism and functionality in diatoms. (uni-konstanz.de)
  • In the history of life, the most transformative was the 'primary endosymbiosis,' wherein a cyanobacterium was engulfed by a eukaryote and became genetically integrated as a heritable photosynthetic organelle, or plastid. (elsevierpure.com)
Photosynthetic1
  • Even in organisms where the plastids have lost their photosynthetic properties, the plastid is kept because of its essential role in the production of molecules like the isoprenoids. (wikipedia.org)
Gene expression2
  • Plastid gene expression is the source of at least one of these signals, but the number of signals and their mechanisms used to regulate nuclear gene expression are unknown. (nih.gov)
  • We showed that SIG2 and SIG6 have partially redundant roles in plastid transcription and retrograde signalling to control nuclear gene expression. (nih.gov)
Transcription4
  • Together these data suggest that such inhibitors can induce retrograde signalling by affecting transcription in the plastid. (nih.gov)
  • RbcL and rbcS mRNA levels and plastid transcription activity are low in the basal meristematic region of barley primary leaves and increase coordinately during leaf cell development with a similar time course in dark-grown or illuminated seedlings. (tamu.edu)
  • RbcL and rbcS mRNA levels and plastid transcription activity decline in older leaf sections of dark-grown or illuminated barley. (tamu.edu)
  • Therefore, while the initial activation of plastid transcription and accumulation of rbcS mRNA are largely light-independent, these events become light-dependent in older leaves of dark-grown barley. (tamu.edu)
Nucleus1
  • Retrograde signalling from plastids to the nucleus is necessary to regulate the organelle's proteome during the establishment of photoautotrophy and fluctuating environmental conditions. (nih.gov)
Transformation1
  • Plastid Transformation: How Does it Work? (bvsalud.org)
Inner envelope1
  • While all three plastid KEA members are highly conserved in their transmembrane region and the C-terminal KTN domain, only the inner envelope KEA family members KEA1 and KEA2 carry a long soluble N-terminus. (uni-muenchen.de)
Unclear1
  • However, the question of which present-day cyanobacterial lineage is most closely related to primary plastids has been unclear. (pasteur.fr)
Reconstruction1
  • Reconstruction of Plastid Proteomes of Apicomplexans and Close Relatives Reveals the Major Evolutionary Outcomes of Cryptic Plastids. (nih.gov)
Cells1
  • However, the affiliation of the GFP labeled plastids to either the vegetative or the generative cells was not clear. (uni-muenchen.de)
Cell1
  • we learn that interfering with plastid DNA replication, either through mutation of plastid-targeted replication factors, or by specific drugs, leads to broad changes in leaf cell number, size and nuclear DNA content. (plantae.org)
Green2
  • A plastid of probable green algal origin in Apicomplexan parasites. (nih.gov)
  • Also the plastid transfer from atrazin-resistant, EMS-mutagenized M2ElyF3BC4 plants to wild-type A. thaliana plants by manual crossings under green house conditions was estimated. (uni-muenchen.de)
Molecules1
  • Plastids are organelles that synthesize and store various molecules and are generally pigmented. (philoid.com)
Phylum1
Virtually1
  • In contrast, plastid isolates were virtually free of cellular contaminants, featured structurally preserved thylakoids performing electron transport, but lost most of their stromal components as concluded from western blots and mass spectrometry. (uni-konstanz.de)
Independently1
  • Plastid DNA copy number is regulated independently. (tamu.edu)
Types1
Translation1
  • The bsm phenotype could be phenocopied by inhibition of plastid translation with spectinomycin. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
Found2
  • It was found that plastid-encoded atrazin resistance could not be transmitted via pollen, neither by manual pollination among 65,000 hybrid seeds nor by spontaneous pollination among 2,444,465 hybrid seeds in A. thaliana. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • They are most common Plastids found. (lifeeasy.org)
Definition1
  • A. F. W. Schimper was the first to name and provide a clear definition of plastids. (wikipedia.org)
Present1