Plastid genome chloroplast. Medical search. Frequent questions

The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
The gradual conversion from endosymbiont to organelle during the course of evolution has clearly been accompanied by a dramatic reduction in genome size as the chloroplasts lost most of their genes to the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
A relatively obvious approach to phylogenetic analysis of whole genomes is to extract as many genes as possible from the genome sequences, create a multiple sequence alignment from each of the genes and to concatenate all alignments. (biomedcentral.com)
Transgene insertion into the plastid genome alters expression of adjacent native chloroplast genes at the transcriptional and translational levels. (mpg.de)
The ∼30 Mb genomes of the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria each encode ∼5000 genes, but the functions of the majority remain unknown. (portlandpress.com)
In a post-genomic era, these molecular data used to reconstruct phylogenies increasingly consist of whole genomes or large samples of genes from whole genomes - a field of study often referred to as phylogenomics. (ualg.pt)
Because the mitochondrial cytb gene potentially represents a new standard method for identifying Prototheca species ( 5 ), we performed whole-genome sequencing to investigate cytb as well as other genes by using Illumina MiSeq ( https://www.illumina.com ) ( Appendix ). (cdc.gov)
Though most chloroplast genes are believed to have been transferred to the nucleus during evolution, their genomes have maintained fairly conserved structures and gene contents throughout their evolutionary lineage 1 . (plos.org)
The cp genomes of land plants usually contain approximately 110-120 genes, which mostly participate in photosynthesis or gene expression 4 , 5 . (plos.org)
Genes Translocated into the Plastid Inverted Repeat Show Decelerated Substitution Rates and Elevated GC Content. (duke.edu)
All plastomes are highly conserved in genome structure and gene order, with a total length of 158-159 kb and 122 genes. (biomedcentral.com)
We report these two new plastid genome sequences and make comparisons (within angiosperms, seed plants, or all photosynthetic lineages) to evaluate features such as the status of ycf15 and ycf68 as protein coding genes, the distribution of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and longer dispersed repeats (SDR), and patterns of nucleotide composition. (biomedcentral.com)
Like other plastid genomes, these genomes are A+T-rich, except for rRNA and tRNA genes. (biomedcentral.com)
The vast majority of plastid genome-encoded genes can be grouped into two classes: genetic system genes (rRNAs, tRNAs, ribosomal proteins, subunits of an Escherichia coli -like RNA polymerase) and photosynthesis genes (subunits of the photosystems I and II, the cytochrome b 6 f complex, the ATP synthase, large subunit of Rubisco). (silverchair.com)
The Helicosporidium plastid genome is among the smallest known (37.5 kb), and like other plastids from non-photosynthetic organisms it lacks all genes for proteins that function in photosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
The Helicosporidium plastid genome is also highly structured, with each half of the circular genome containing nearly all genes on one strand. (biomedcentral.com)
At the genomic level, this integration involved the loss of many genes and the transfer of many more to the host nuclear genome, the protein products of which are targeted back to the organelle [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This process is not complete, however, as all known plastids have retained a residual genome that encodes a handful of RNA and protein-coding genes, which typically include many of the key components of photosystems I and II [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In most plastid genomes, the vast majority of genes encode products involved in either gene expression or photosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
When photosynthesis is lost, so are most or all of the related genes, leading to dramatic changes in the plastid genome in size, coding capacity, and often also structure. (biomedcentral.com)
The E. virginiana plastid is about half the size of typical angiosperm plastids, having lost all its photosynthetic genes, but is otherwise similar to its relatives in many ways including non-coding DNA content, synteny of remaining genes and overall structure [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Likewise, E. longa has lost most of the photosynthetic genes found in the plastid of its close relative Euglena gracilis , but they share many features that are unique to euglenids, such as three tandem repeats of the RNA operon and a multitude of distinctive introns [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
DEFINITION Acer distylum AY-b chloroplast genes for photosystem II protein D1, psbA-trnH IGS, tRNA-His. (nig.ac.jp)
Accumulation of transcripts of nuclear-encoded photosynthetic genes, such as cab and rbcS, was strongly suppressed in the mutant at later stages of chloroplast differentiation, whereas transcripts of genes for the plastid transcription apparatus, such as OsRpoTp and OsSIG2A, accumulated to abnormally high levels at these stages. (elsevierpure.com)
Rafflesiaceae lacks rbcL and other plastid genes commonly used for phylogenetic inference in green plants. (scientificlib.com)
For example, it has only three copies of ribosomal genes, almost no introns, no myosin genes, and two dynamin genes that are used only for division of mitochondria and plastids. (asmblog.org)
The structure and evolutionary properties of the genome and the localization of petA, cemA, accD and 4,5S rrn, tRNA Asn genes were determined in the chloroplast genom of Cicer arietinum . (imbb.az)

These include chloroplasts in plants, which play a key role in photosynthesis, and mitochondria, which are found in all living organisms and represent the power plants of every cell. (mpg.de)
Chloroplasts are specialized intracellular organelles in which photosynthesis occurs, and they originated via an endosymbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria. (plos.org)
Plastids are plant organelles with specialized functions, such as photosynthesis. (uwaterloo.ca)
We use Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a reference system for dissecting the signaling pathways involved in metal sensing, sparing and homeostasis in the context of chloroplast biology and photosynthesis. (berkeley.edu)
Loss of photosynthesis has occurred independently in several plant and algal lineages, and represents a major metabolic shift with potential consequences for the content and structure of plastid genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
The convergence of plastid genome structure in Helicosporidium and the Apicomplexa raises the interesting possibility that there are common forces that shape plastid genomes, subsequent to the loss of photosynthesis in an organism. (biomedcentral.com)
Our concept of plastids is inexorably tied to photosynthesis, since this is the dominant metabolic process of most plastids. (biomedcentral.com)
Indeed, in several lineages of plants and algae photosynthesis has been lost altogether, but the plastid has been retained for these and other purposes [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In the v 2 mutant, plastid-encoded proteins involved in photosynthesis and plastid transcriptional regulation were not detectable at any time during chloroplast differentiation. (elsevierpure.com)
His Algae research incorporates themes from Archaeplastida, Chloroplast, Cyanophora paradoxa and Evolution of photosynthesis. (research.com)

Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, evolved from free-living prokaryotic organisms that entered the eukaryotic cell through endosymbiosis. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, it now needs to be clarified whether mitochondria and the nuclear genome also use similar transfer mechanisms. (mpg.de)
Mitochondria and chloroplasts differ from other cellular compartments by their endosymbiotic origin, their semiautonomous genetic systems, their role in energy transduction, and their complex biology. (grc.org)
The 2022 Gordon Research Conference on Mitochondria and Chloroplasts will bring together established scientists and young researchers to present and discuss emerging aspects of organelle biology. (grc.org)
Each session of the GRC on Mitochondria and Chloroplasts will be introduced by an expert Discussion Leader who will provide a general overview to integrate the research communities and stimulate conceptual discussions. (grc.org)
This GRC will be held in conjunction with the "Mitochondria and Chloroplasts" Gordon Research Seminar (GRS). (grc.org)
Members of the Alb3/Oxa1/YidC protein family function as insertases in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and bacteria. (cipsm.de)
Division of both mitochondria and chloro-plasts involves both FtsZ (a homolog of the bacterial division protein, now encoded in the nuclear genome) and dynamin (a eukaryote-specific protein). (asmblog.org)

Plastid genome phylogeny and a model of amino acid substitution for proteins encoded by chloroplast DNA. (bio.net)
We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
To differentiate between the genome of nucleus and plastids, fluorescent reporter proteins were integrated and expressed from both genomes and the researchers used a trick using a specialization of the chloroplasts. (mpg.de)
Proteins involved in core plastid metabolic pathways were identified and include glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, carbon fixation, fatty acid biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, isoprenoid biosynthesis, and chlorophyll biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Chloroplast-engineered plants, like tobacco, have the potential to produce large quantities of high-value proteins, but often result in engineered plants with mutant phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the plastid transcripts for these two classes of proteins behaved differently in the mutant, with those for the plastid transcription/ translation apparatus accumulating to wild-type levels and those for photosynthetic apparatus being suppressed. (elsevierpure.com)
These results suggest that activation of the plastid translation machinery at an early stage of chloroplast differentiation is important for triggering the transmission of information about plastid developmental state to the nucleus, which in turn is required for the induction of nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins at later stages of chloroplast differentiation. (elsevierpure.com)
Chloroplast-located proteins which are encoded by the nuclear genome have to be imported from the cytosol into the organelle in a post-translational manner. (cipsm.de)
Among these nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins are the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins (LHCPs). (cipsm.de)

Here, we extend the recently described Genome BLAST Distance Phylogeny (GBDP) strategy to compute phylogenetic trees from all completely sequenced plastid genomes currently available and from a selection of mitochondrial genomes representing the major eukaryotic lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
The number of completely sequenced plastid genomes available is growing rapidly. (biomedcentral.com)

For this, we focus on the three main groups of CIEs: mitochondrial DNA, chloroplast DNA, and symbiont genomes. (nature.com)
Our results indicate that, at this taxonomic level, plastid genomes are much more valuable for inferring phylogenies than are mitochondrial genomes, and that distances based on breakpoints are of little use. (biomedcentral.com)
Essential subunits of the complexes responsible for this process are encoded by the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). (academicpositions.de)

In the plastids, a gene is integrated by transformation that encodes a chloroplast-specific fluorescence protein, which is produced exclusively in plastids and cannot leave them. (mpg.de)
In chloroplasts, Cpn60 has two subunit types-Cpn60α and Cpn60β and the rice genome encodes three α and three β plastid chaperonin subunits. (isaaa.org)
A small conserved open reading frame in the plastid genome, ycf9 , encodes a putative membrane protein of 62 amino acids. (silverchair.com)
The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana however, encodes for eight different isoforms. (cipsm.de)

We also examine their occurrence in other organisms and have determined by phylogenetic analysis that, while they are limited to species that contain chloroplasts, their presence in algae and early branching land plant lineages indicates that the coupling of PPR motifs and an SMR domain into a single protein occurred early in the evolution of the Viridiplantae clade. (nih.gov)
Chaperonin 60 (Cpn60) protein has been known to control the folding of several chloroplast protein polypeptides. (isaaa.org)
Stabilization and translation of synthetic operon‐derived mRNAs in chloroplasts by sequences representing PPR protein‐binding sites. (mpg.de)
The envelope translocase can be envisaged as a prokaryotic feature missing in higher plant chloroplasts but retained in cyanelles, likely for protein transport to the periplasm. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, we show that the alterations to protein expression triggered by growth at elevated CO 2 can help rebalance endogenous protein expression and/or increase foreign protein production in chloroplast-engineered tobacco. (biomedcentral.com)
While most GE plants used in commercial applications are generated by manipulation of the nuclear genome, transformation of the chloroplast genome for protein production has several key advantages. (biomedcentral.com)
The vesicle-inducing protein in plastids 1 (Vipp1) is an essential component for thylakoid biogenesis in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. (cipsm.de)
His Plastid research is multidisciplinary, relying on both Transport protein, Eukaryote and Algae. (research.com)

While the complete plastid genomes of tobacco and liverworts were the first to be determined, as of April 2017, the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of 1161 GenBank accessions from land plants have been reported in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Organelle Genome Resources (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/browse/?report=5) 2 . (plos.org)
The complete plastid genome sequence of the parasitic green alga Helicosporidium sp. (biomedcentral.com)
To investigate such changes, we sequenced the complete plastid genome of the parasitic, non-photosynthetic green alga, Helicosporidium . (biomedcentral.com)

We show that the first phase of plastid development begins with organelle proliferation, which extends well beyond cell proliferation, and continues with the establishment and then the build-up of the plastid genetic machinery. (biomedcentral.com)
Control of plastid inheritance by environmental and genetic factors. (mpg.de)
Here, we review the arrival of genetic screens in malaria parasites to analyse parasite gene function at a genome-scale and their impact on understanding parasite biology. (portlandpress.com)
We therefore introduce the reader to CRISPR-based screens in the related apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii and discuss how these approaches could be adapted to develop CRISPR/Cas9 based genome-scale genetic screens in malaria parasites. (portlandpress.com)
To this end, we and collaborators have recently published a draft of the nuclear genome of the sardine, and are currently helping develop genetic markers for fisheries monitoring tools. (ualg.pt)
Comparative chloroplast genomics as well as detailed characterizations of individual chloroplast genomes serve as the basis for functional genomic studies [ 20 ] and can direct attempts at chloroplast transformation for genetic engineering [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We used ten nuclear and two plastid microsatellite markers to assess genetic variation, population structure and differentiation across thirteen sites in West Africa. (edu.ng)
We found higher genetic and haplotype diversity at both nuclear and plastid markers than previously reported. (edu.ng)
Genetic differentiation was strong for chloroplast and moderate for the nuclear genome. (edu.ng)
Both genomes indicated three spatially structured genetic groups. (edu.ng)

a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. (frontiersin.org)

Most heritable information in eukaryotic cells is encoded in the nuclear genome, with inheritance patterns following classic Mendelian segregation. (nature.com)

Chloroplast Transformation in Arabidopsis. (mpg.de)
In contrast to cyanobacteria, there is no proof for the existence of the SecG subunit, i.e. no hit in the Arabidopsis genome. (biomedcentral.com)

Pathologic examination and whole-genome sequencing identified this species of algae, and susceptibility testing determined antimicrobial resistance patterns. (cdc.gov)
Algae in Archaeplastida contain primary plastids that originated from an endosymbiotic relationship with a cyanobacterium. (berkeley.edu)
Outside this group, there are algae that originated from one or more endosymbiotic relationships with a eukaryotic alga, giving rise to organisms with secondary or tertiary plastids. (berkeley.edu)
The red algae form a distinct group characterized by having eukaryotic cells without flagella and centrioles , chloroplasts that lack external endoplasmic reticulum and contain unstacked (stroma) thylakoids , and use phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments , which give them their red color. (wikipedia.org)
[17] In addition to multicellular brown algae, it is estimated that more than half of all known species of microbial eukaryotes harbor red-alga-derived plastids. (wikipedia.org)
Helicosporidium is known to be related to trebouxiophyte green algae, but the genome is structured and compacted in a manner more reminiscent of the non-photosynthetic plastids of apicomplexan parasites. (biomedcentral.com)
Plastids are organelles found in plants and algae. (biomedcentral.com)
Beverley R. Green combines subjects such as Dinoflagellate and Algae with his study of Chloroplast. (research.com)
Beverley R. Green has researched Algae in several fields, including Phycobilisome, Chloroplast and Glaucophyte. (research.com)

Phylogenetic methods which do not rely on multiple sequence alignments are important tools in inferring trees directly from completely sequenced genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Nowadays, an increasing number of completely sequenced genomes are available and a growing field of phylogenetic research deals with the question of how to infer reliable phylogenies from this large amount of data to overcome the limitations of single-gene phylogenies. (biomedcentral.com)
Our research is part focused on the evolution of the plant plastid (chloroplast) genome, its origin from a cyanobacteria, and its utility in resolving phylogenetic relationships among the main plant lineages (Glaucosystophytes, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, and Streptophyta) and among major lineages of land plants (bryophytes and tracheophytes). (ualg.pt)
The uniparental inheritance and non-recombinant nature of cp genomes make them potentially useful tools for inferring evolutionary and ancient phylogenetic relationships. (plos.org)
In addition, the plastomes with more informative sites compared with a few chloroplast markers still failed to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the four species, and further studies involving population genomic data may be needed to better understand their evolutionary histories. (biomedcentral.com)
The picture that has emerged from these analyses is that plastid genomes show a remarkably conserved structure and coding capacity across large phylogenetic distances. (silverchair.com)
Plastid phylogenomics improve phylogenetic resolution in the Lauraceae [J]. J Syst Evol, 2020, 58(4): 423-439. (jse.ac.cn)
Comparative plastid genomics of Pinus species: Insights into sequence variations and phylogenetic relationships [J]. J Syst Evol, 2020, 58(2): 118-132. (jse.ac.cn)

Cyanidioschyzon merolae cells contain a nucleus, a V-sha-ped mitochondrion, a dumb-bell-shaped plastid, a microbody and a Golgi apparatus, divisions of which can be highly synchronized by light/dark cycles. (asmblog.org)

Tools for chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas: expression vectors and a new dominant selectable marker. (bio.net)
This allele was introduced into the tobacco plastid genome by biolistic transformation to replace the wild-type ycf9 allele. (silverchair.com)

Characterization of mutants deficient in N-terminal phosphorylation of the chloroplast ATP synthase subunit β. (mpg.de)

In order to understand the mechanisms of genome transfer from cell to cell, the researchers led by Ralph Bock at MPI-MP conducted experiments with tobacco plants using grafting, which is commonly used in agriculture. (mpg.de)
Correction of Frameshift Mutations in the atpB Gene by Translational Recoding in Chloroplasts of Oenothera and Tobacco. (mpg.de)
Shine-Dalgarno Sequences Play an Essential Role in the Translation of Plastid mRNAs in Tobacco. (mpg.de)

In order to better understand the genomic forces driving the evolution of Echinochloa species toward weed and crop characteristics, we assemble genomes of three Echinochloa species (allohexaploid E. crus-galli and E. colona , and allotetraploid E. oryzicola ) and re-sequence 737 accessions of barnyard grasses and millets from 16 rice-producing countries. (nature.com)
We then describe the evolution of genomic organisation across lineages, how this process has been shaped by interactions with the nuclear genome and population genetics dynamics. (nature.com)
Typically, the cp genomic size of land plants varies between 120 and 220 kb, with a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) that separate the genome into a large single copy (LSC) region and a small single copy (SSC) region 3 . (plos.org)
These genomes offer an opportunity to study the effects of massive genomic changes following a functional shift. (biomedcentral.com)
Because of its large 8 Gb genome, the genomic analysis of rye has lagged behind other cereals. (genomevisualization.com)

However, studies based on limited informative sites of several chloroplast markers failed to resolve interspecific delimitation and relationships among the four Chinese species. (biomedcentral.com)

Cyanelles, the peptidoglycan-armored plastids of glaucocystophytes, occupy a unique bridge position in between free-living cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. (biomedcentral.com)

This union of two different genomes, called allopolyploidization, is very interesting in evolutionary terms, as it leads to the formation of new plant species and is widespread in many plant groups. (mpg.de)
We assembled and annotated 33 complete chloroplast genomes (plastomes) of the four Chinese species, representing 17 populations across most of their geographical distributions. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast to the well-delimitated species boundary inferred from the nuclear ITS sequence variations, three of the four species are non-monophyletic in the plastome trees, which is consistent with previous studies based on a few chloroplast markers. (biomedcentral.com)
Previous study failed to discern the four Ostrya species based on four chloroplast (cp) fragments ( rps16 , trnG (UCC) intron, trnH-psbA , and trnL-trnF ) while the ITS sequence variations did [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
During the past decade, the plastid genomes from a number of higher and lower plant species have been completely sequenced. (silverchair.com)
Here, we reconstructed the phylogeny of representative well‐known cultivars and wild species of the genus Chrysanthemum using chloroplast genomes and the nuclear LEAFY gene. (jse.ac.cn)
Unfortunately, since we don't quite know how to construct viable genomes of extinct species, much less grow the creatures themselves, we don't know whether the depiction of the science is right. (genomevisualization.com)
Physical mapping of plastid DNA variation among eleven Nicotiana species. (org.ua)

Unfortunately, the number of fully-sequenced non-photosynthetic plastid genomes is small, limited to Epifagus virginiana (a holoparasitic angiosperm), Euglena longa (a heterotrophic euglenid), and several apicomplexan parasites bearing secondary plastids of red algal origin called apicoplasts ( Plasmodium falciparum , Theileria parva , Eimeria tenella and Toxoplasma gondii ). (biomedcentral.com)

The discordance between genome size and the complexity of eukaryotes can partly be attributed to differences in repeat density. (duke.edu)
At approximately 16 Mbp, its nuclear genome is among the smallest known for non-symbiotic eukaryotes and cur-rently ranks as the smallest of all photosynthetic eukaryotes. (asmblog.org)
Chloroplast genomes of photosynthetic eukaryotes. (research.com)

Chloroplasts originated from an endosymbiotic event where a Gram-negative cyanobacterium was engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. (uwaterloo.ca)

In this review, we examine the diversity and peculiarities of cytoplasmically inherited genomes, and the broad evolutionary consequences that non-Mendelian inheritance brings. (nature.com)
Algal genomes reveal evolutionary mosaicism and the fate of nucleomorphs. (research.com)

Although few in number, they figure prominently in the chloroplast biogenesis and retrograde signaling literature due to their striking mutant phenotypes. (nih.gov)
The developmental gradient in monocot leaves has been exploited to uncover leaf developmental gene expression programs and chloroplast biogenesis processes. (biomedcentral.com)
It reveals functionally distinct plastid and chloroplast development stages, identifies processes occurring in each of them, and highlights our very limited knowledge of the earliest drivers of plastid biogenesis, while providing a basis for their future identification. (biomedcentral.com)
It is not dissimilar to the gradient of proliferation and differentiation along developing roots [ 2 ] but, in contrast, it provides a unique opportunity to study chloroplast biogenesis and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
Chloroplast biogenesis involves a multiplicity of processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Chloroplast biogenesis and function is essential for proper plant embryo and seed development but the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of plastids during embryogenesis are poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)

Using the most treelike distance matrices, as judged by their δ values, distance methods are able to recover all major plant lineages, and are more in accordance with Apicomplexa organelles being derived from "green" plastids than from plastids of the "red" type. (biomedcentral.com)

In this paper we report the complete chloroplast genome sequences of the angiosperms Nuphar advena (Nymphaeaceae) and Ranunculus macranthus (Ranunculaceae). (biomedcentral.com)
[14] Evans IJ, James AM, Barnes SR. Organization and evolution of repeated DNA sequences in closely related plant genomes. (org.ua)

Plant chloroplast genomes (plastomes) are characterized by an inverted repeat (IR) region and two larger single copy (SC) regions. (duke.edu)

For each organism, we have high quality chromosome-level genome assemblies, and transcript-based structural annotations. (berkeley.edu)

The Sec translocase, an example for "conservative sorting" in the course of evolution, is found in the plasma membrane of all prokaryotes, in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and in both these membrane types of cyanobacteria. (biomedcentral.com)

Membrane heredity and early chloroplast evolution. (bio.net)
Here, we report the complete cp genome sequence of Dendrobium nobile from Northeast India (Orchidaceae, Asparagales), bearing the GenBank accession number KX377961, which will provide valuable information for future research on orchid genomics and evolution, as well as the medicinal value of orchids. (plos.org)
Helicosporidium contributes significantly to our understanding of the evolution of plastid DNA because it illustrates the highly ordered reduction that occurred following the loss of a major metabolic function. (biomedcentral.com)
Chloroplast DNA evolution. (org.ua)
The results of the fundamental importance were obtained in view of the clarification of the stuctural organization and evolution principles of chloroplast genomes in higher plants.The salt tolerance potential of Azerbaijan's durum and bread wheat genotypes was analyzed with RAPD and SSR markers. (imbb.az)
Suleymanova Z.C. Some aspects of chloroplast DNA evolution. (imbb.az)

Thioredoxin activation of phosphoribulokinase in a bi-enzyme complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplasts. (bio.net)
The effects of transcription and RNA processing on the initiation of chloroplast DNA replication in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (bio.net)
For Chlamydomonas, we use highly synchronized cultures in flat panel bioreactors to generate multi-layered genome-wide datasets anchored to physiology to dissect daily metabolic rhythms and patterns. (berkeley.edu)

Polysome analysis showed that translation of the plastid transcripts encoding the plastid transcription/translation apparatus was blocked at an early stage of chloroplast differentiation. (elsevierpure.com)

Plastids are also the location of a number of vital metabolic pathways, including primary carbon metabolism and the biosynthesis of fatty acids, amino acids, and tetrapyrroles. (frontiersin.org)
Knock-down of the plastid-encoded acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene uncovers functions in metabolism and development. (mpg.de)

Based on the severity of deletions, we postulate that the chloroplast homolog of ORF2280 has become nonfunctional in at least four independent lineages of angiosperms. (illinois.edu)
Variation in the size of cp genomes among plant lineages is generally observed in the mutable IR region. (plos.org)

The Nuphar [GenBank:NC_008788] and Ranunculus [GenBank:NC_008796] plastid genomes share characteristics of gene content and organization with many other chloroplast genomes. (biomedcentral.com)

These projects involve genome sequencing and assembly, phylogenomics and bioinformatics. (berkeley.edu)
Evaluating character partitioning and molecular models in plastid phylogenomics at low taxonomic levels: A case study using Amphilophium (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) [J]. J Syst Evol, 2020, 58(6): 1071-1089. (jse.ac.cn)

But how about organisms that have but a single mitochondrion or chloroplast? (asmblog.org)
C. merolae has a single mitochondrion and a single chloroplast, both of which divide once during each cell cycle, but not necessarily both at the same time. (asmblog.org)
It lives in acidic hot springs: pH below 2, temperature of 45° C. Conveniently, division of the cell, the chloroplast, and the mitochondrion can be synchronized by light/dark cycles. (asmblog.org)

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the Pelargonium x hortorum ORF2280 homolog, the largest gene in the plastid genome of most land plants, and compared it to published homologs from Nicotiana tabacum, Epifagus virginiana, Spinacia oleracea, and Marchantia polymorpha. (illinois.edu)
Biswal D, Konhar R, Debnath M, Parameswaran S, Sundar D, Tandon P. Chloroplast Genome Sequence Annotation of Dendrobium nobile (Asparagales: Orchidaceae), an Endangered Medicinal Orchid from Northeast India. (plos.org)
Detailed comparisons of Nuphar with Nymphaea , another Nymphaeaceae, show that more than two-thirds of these genomes exhibit at least 95% sequence identity and that most SSRs are shared. (biomedcentral.com)
The nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast DNA of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) has been partially determined. (imbb.az)
Suleymanova Z.J. A partial nucleotide sequence analysis of Cicer arietinum chloroplast DNA. (imbb.az)

Cyanobacteria, the ancestors of chloroplasts are prokaryotes with an endomembrane system in addition to the envelope membrane(s). (biomedcentral.com)

Nicotiana chloroplast genome III. (org.ua)

The specialized function of each plastid is informed by its distinct and dynamically regulated proteome. (uwaterloo.ca)

Our analysis generates both the first wheat leaf transcriptional map and one of the most comprehensive descriptions to date of the developmental history of chloroplasts in higher plants. (biomedcentral.com)

The isolated chloroplast division machinery includes supertwisted rings and spirals, suggesting that these components actively contract during organelle division. (asmblog.org)

In the majority of angiosperm chloroplast genomes two copies of a large inverted repeat (IR) of about 25 kb separate the remainder of the genome into two regions of unique DNA, the large (about 90 kb) and small (about 20 kb) single copy regions (LSC and SSC, respectively). (biomedcentral.com)

Beverley R. Green spends much of his time researching Botany, Biochemistry, Chloroplast, Gene and Photosystem II. (research.com)

Finally, we discuss how both nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes have evolved to co-inhabit the same host cell via one of the longest symbiotic processes, and all the opportunities for intergenomic conflict that arise due to divergence in inheritance patterns. (nature.com)

The Euglena gracilis plastid possesses broad metabolic potential. (biomedcentral.com)

Using a network reconstruction algorithm, we predict that known chloroplast gene expression regulators are differentially involved across those developmental stages. (biomedcentral.com)

Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs, within which mesophyll cells differentiate to become chloroplast-filled. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy11

Organisms54

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs38

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Phenomena and Processes60

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture8

Information Science5

Genes27

Photosynthesis10

Mitochondria8

Proteins9

Completely sequenced plastid genomes2

Mitochondrial3

Encodes4

Protein8

Complete plastid3

Genetic10

Nuclear-encoded1

Encoded in the nuclear genome1

Arabidopsis2

Algae9

Phylogenetic8

Nucleus1

Transformation2

Subunit1

Tobacco3

Genomic5

Several chloroplast1

Cyanobacteria and chloroplasts1

Species8

Secondary plastids1

Eukaryotes3

Originated from an endosymbiotic1

Evolutionary2

Biogenesis6

Organelles1

Sequences2

Plastomes1

Organism1

Thylakoid1

Evolution6

Chlamydomonas3

Differentiation1

Metabolism2

Lineages2

GenBank1

Phylogenomics2

Mitochondrion3

Sequence5

Membrane1

Nicotiana1

Proteome1

Transcriptional1

Machinery1

Copies1

Photosystem1

Inheritance1

Euglena1

Gene expression1

Differentiate1