The membrane also contains membrane proteins, including integral proteins that span the membrane and serve as membrane transporters, and peripheral proteins that loosely attach to the outer (peripheral) side of the cell membrane, acting as enzymes to facilitate interaction with the cell's environment. (wikipedia.org)
The instrument could resolve thicknesses that depended on pH measurements and the presence of membrane proteins that ranged from 8.6 to 23.2 nm, with the lower measurements supporting the lipid bilayer hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)
The Rh blood group antigens (MIM 111700) are associated with human erythrocyte membrane proteins of approximately 30 kD, the so-called Rh30 polypeptides. (novusbio.com)
Heterogeneously glycosylated membrane proteins of 50 and 45 kD, the Rh50 glycoproteins, are coprecipitated with the Rh30 polypeptides on immunoprecipitation with anti-Rh-specific mono- and polyclonal antibodies. (novusbio.com)
Such processes require membrane traffic to particular domains of the cell surface, in order to insert proteins at restricted regions of the membrane, to enlarge particular regions of the cell membrane, or to signal asymmetrically to neighboring cells. (sdbonline.org)
Neurons generate their polarity by directing membrane traffic to growing neurites and growth cones, and by sorting proteins differentially between the axon and dendrites. (sdbonline.org)
Two important pathways were examined in the current study: (1) a basic pathway of exocytosis that brings new proteins to the cell surface and permits the cell to grow, and (2) synaptic transmission, a specialized form of exocytosis, regulated by Ca 2+ entry, in which vesicles already present at synapses fuse with the membrane and recycle locally (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
Induction of membrane proliferation by poliovirus proteins 2C and 2BC. (microbiologyresearch.org)
A number of laboratories have observed that membrane glycoprotein plasma cell antigen 1 (PC-1) [ ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1] is either overexpressed or overactive in muscle, adipose tissue, fibroblasts, and other tissues of insulin-resistant individuals, both nondiabetic and diabetic. (cnr.it)
Transporters2
Sodium-hydrogen exchangers (Na + /H + exchangers, NHE) are ATP-independent membrane glycoprotein transporters that are involved in the regulation of intracellular pH, cell volume and the cellular response to hormones and mitogens. (tocris.com)
The transporters mediate the simultaneous efflux of a hydrogen ion and the influx of a sodium ion across the plasma membrane, the driving force being the inwardly directed electrochemical Na + gradient. (tocris.com)
Apical2
The high-affinity system mediates uptake of 10% of L-cystine and the dibasic amino acids at the apical membrane of the straight third segment (S3) of the proximal tubule. (medscape.com)
Unlike the other NHE isoforms, NHE3 is recycled between apical membranes and the endosomal compartment of epithelial cells where it has a significant involvement in renal and intestinal Na + absorption. (tocris.com)
Fluidity2
The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, made up of two layers of phospholipids with cholesterols (a lipid component) interspersed between them, maintaining appropriate membrane fluidity at various temperatures. (wikipedia.org)
As the spermatozoa move along the epididymis, changes in plasmamembrane fluidity take place, as well as the acquisition of motility [ 5 ] [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Bilayer3
The lipid bilayer hypothesis, proposed in 1925 by Gorter and Grendel, created speculation in the description of the cell membrane bilayer structure based on crystallographic studies and soap bubble observations. (wikipedia.org)
The ratio of the surface area of water covered by the extracted lipid to the surface area calculated for the red blood cells from which the lipid was 2:1(approx) and they concluded that the plasma membrane contains a lipid bilayer. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, when platelets are activated, negatively charged phospholipids move from the inner to the outer leaflet of the membrane bilayer. (medscape.com)
Cells12
While Robert Hooke's discovery of cells in 1665 led to the proposal of the cell theory, Hooke misled the cell membrane theory that all cells contained a hard cell wall since only plant cells could be observed at the time. (wikipedia.org)
However, some microscopists correctly identified at this time that while invisible, it could be inferred that cell membranes existed in animal cells due to intracellular movement of components internally but not externally and that membranes were not the equivalent of a plant cell wall. (wikipedia.org)
It was also inferred that cell membranes were not vital components to all cells. (wikipedia.org)
Since mature mammalian red blood cells lack both nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles, the plasma membrane is the only lipid-containing structure in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Directed membrane traffic is essential for many developmental processes, including cell growth, cytokinesis and signaling between cells. (sdbonline.org)
Thus, the exocyst complex in yeast may provide a model for the directed membrane traffic of developing cells in higher organisms (Murthy, 2004 and references therein). (sdbonline.org)
Moreover, we identify a distinct, N-terminal, higher affinity interaction interface between LRRK2 phosphorylated Rab8 and Rab10 termed 'Site #2', that can retain LRRK2 on membranes in cells to catalyze multiple, subsequent phosphorylation events. (stanford.edu)
This receptor is found within the membranes of cells facing the circulation, and promotes the endocytotic internalization and uptake of LDL lipid cargo into tissues. (fatsoflife.com)
Isolation of Fibronectin from Plasma and Cells 9. (edu.au)
It is expressed in lysosomal and plasmamembranes of macrophages, NK and T-cells, and with LAMP2, is essential for the formation of phagolysosomes. (rndsystems.com)
The sensory primary cilium of vertebrate photoreceptor cells houses thousands of photosensitive disk membranes that are renewed continuously throughout our lifespan. (jneurosci.org)
Amino acid2
Various authors have studied amino acid transport in cell membranes obtained from the proximal renal tubule of humans, rats, and rabbits. (medscape.com)
Mature human LAMP1 is a 389 amino acid (aa) type I transmembrane glycoprotein. (rndsystems.com)
Cholesterol and fatty acids (as triglycerides) are exported from the liver as VLDL, to distribute triglycerides and cholesterol-fatty acid esters to all peripheral tissues that require these lipids for membrane synthesis, or for storage in the adipose tissue, with the resulting LDL particles being taken up again mainly by the liver. (fatsoflife.com)
Protein4
In addition, cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity, and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall and the carbohydrate layer called the glycocalyx, as well as the intracellular network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton. (wikipedia.org)
This protein is required for many aspects of membrane traffic within neurons, including the elaboration of neurites, but the release of neurotransmitter at the synapse is independent of this exocyst component (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein N (gN/UL49.5) is a type I transmembrane protein conserved throughout the herpesvirus family. (mdpi.com)
Demonstration of p7 ion channel activity in cellular membranes and its inhibition by amantadine affirm the protein as a target for future anti-viral chemotherapy. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Envelope1
Combinations of face envelope with T-shaped spikes measuring 7-10 key words such as Lassa fever and West Africa were nm and built with glycoprotein. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
Cytoplasmic1
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space). (wikipedia.org)
Receptor2
A molecular understanding of membrane traffic has broad implications for our understanding of growth control in cancer, receptor trafficking errors in heart disease, regulation of insulin secretion in diabetes and synaptic vesicle biogenesis and transport in neurological disorders. (stanford.edu)
PCSK9 is a secreted glycoprotein that regulates the membrane expression of the LDL receptor. (fatsoflife.com)
Extracellular1
The main purpose of the two volumes on Immunochemistry of the Extracellular Matrix is to describe state of the art methods, which have been proven to provide antibody reagents of defined specificity to collagens as well as other glycoproteins found in association within connective tissue. (edu.au)
Molecules2
The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell, being selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules. (wikipedia.org)
The identification, therefore, of the molecules required for directed membrane traffic will be important for understanding organismal development and cell-cell signaling (Murthy, 2004). (sdbonline.org)
Yeast1
In 1925 it was determined by Fricke that the thickness of erythrocyte and yeast cell membranes ranged between 3.3 and 4 nm, a thickness compatible with a lipid monolayer. (wikipedia.org)
In some cases, the exocytotic vesicles derive from the Golgi apparatus and consist of newly synthesized materials, while in others the vesicles derive from the plasma membrane and cycle locally. (sdbonline.org)
Secretion2
It is unclear how unconventional secretion interplays with conventional secretion for the normal maintenance and renewal of membrane structures. (jneurosci.org)
If unconventional secretion were to mediate the cilia trafficking of P/rds, then cooperation with the conventional secretory pathway that mediates the trafficking of rhodopsin would be required to ensure proper morphogenesis of the photoreceptive disk membranes. (jneurosci.org)
Distinction1
By the second half of the 19th century, microscopy was still not advanced enough to make a distinction between cell membranes and cell walls. (wikipedia.org)
Structures1
In 1890, an update to the Cell Theory stated that cell membranes existed, but were merely secondary structures. (wikipedia.org)
Fusion1
Presently, all membrane trafficking steps are thought to possess a similar underlying mechanism for membrane fusion, and yet clear distinctions in these trafficking steps must also occur. (sdbonline.org)
Cell5
In the field of synthetic biology, cell membranes can be artificially reassembled. (wikipedia.org)
Many refuted the existence of a cell membrane still towards the end of the 19th century. (wikipedia.org)
It was not until later studies with osmosis and permeability that cell membranes gained more recognition. (wikipedia.org)
While the bud is growing, there is almost no increase in the surface area of the mother cell, indicating that all membrane addition occurs at the bud tip. (sdbonline.org)
The exocyst complex marks these areas of membrane addition, localizing to the bud tip of a growing daughter cell and the bud neck at the time of cytokinesis. (sdbonline.org)
Type1
Isolation and Characterization of Pepsin Solubilized Basement Membrane Collagens (Type 4) from Human Placenta, Bovine Kidney Cortices, and Bovine Lens Capsule 6. (edu.au)
Structure1
Later in the 1930s, the membrane structure model developed in general agreement to be the paucimolecular model of Davson and Danielli (1935). (wikipedia.org)
Role2
The Rh antigens appear to exist as a multisubunit complex of CD47 (MIM 601028), LW (MIM 111250), glycophorin B (MIM 111740), and play a critical role in the Rh50 glycoprotein. (novusbio.com)
Platelets play a primary role in this process, interacting with subendothelium-bound von Willebrand factor (vWf) via the membrane glycoprotein (GP) Ib complex. (medscape.com)
P/rds, an N -linked glycoprotein, does not acquire a complex oligosaccharide and, accordingly, the oligosaccharide group of P/rds is endoglycosidase H (Endo H)-sensitive ( Connell and Molday, 1990 ). (jneurosci.org)
References1
The exocyst, like SNARE complexes, may be needed for all fusions at the plasma membrane both in developing and mature neurons, or it may be required only for particular forms of traffic (Murthy, 2003 and references therein). (sdbonline.org)
Channel1
Mutation of a conserved basic loop located between the two predicted trans -membrane alpha helices rendered HCV p7 non-functional as an ion channel. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Studies1
Two recent studies have addressed if dietary supplementation with fish oil or DHA-enriched canola oil would modify the plasma levels of PCSK9, a pivotal regulator of LDL levels. (fatsoflife.com)
Order1
Independently, the leptoscope was invented in order to measure very thin membranes by comparing the intensity of light reflected from a sample to the intensity of a membrane standard of known thickness. (wikipedia.org)