Placental pre eclampsia. Medical search. Frequent questions

In those with pre-eclampsia, delivery of the baby and placenta is an effective treatment but full recovery can take days or weeks. (wikipedia.org)
Physiologically, research has linked pre-eclampsia to the following physiologic changes: alterations in the interaction between the maternal immune response and the placenta, placental injury, endothelial cell injury, altered vascular reactivity, oxidative stress, imbalance among vasoactive substances, decreased intravascular volume, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. (wikipedia.org)
The etiology of preeclampsia is incompletely understood, but it has its origins in early pregnancy and delivery of the placenta is the only cure ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Preeclampsia is considered a two stage-disease in which poorly perfused placenta produces factor(s) leading to systemic vascular disease and the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Currently the only treatment for preeclampsia starts with delivery of the baby and the placenta. (preeclampsia.org)
The exact cause of preeclampsia is still unknown, but it involves decreased blood flow to the uterus and placenta (possibly due to the development of fewer blood vessels in the placental bed). (preeclampsia.org)
In mice, researchers have found a LNP molecule that can carry VEGF mRNA into placental cells and demonstrated that this increases both the levels of VEGF and the cross-sectional area of blood vessels in the placenta. (preeclampsia.org)
A placenta that starts to pull away from the uterus before delivery is called placental abruption. (merckmanuals.com)
In placental abruption (abruptio placentae), the placenta detaches from the uterine wall prematurely, causing the uterus to bleed and reducing the fetus's supply of oxygen and nutrients. (merckmanuals.com)
During pregnancy the placenta also has several important endocrine functions, producing important hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Thrombophilia is claimed in many adverse pregnancy outcomes such as recurrent pregnancy loss, intrauterine growth retardation, abruptio placenta, intrauterine fetal death, and pre-eclampsia with onset before 34 wk. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
Preeclampsia can cause the placenta to pull away from your uterus too early. (msdmanuals.com)

Preeclampsia, small for gestational age (SGA) and placental abruption - conditions that constitute the syndrome of "ischemic placental disease" (IPD) - may portend different clinical manifestations of a common underlying pathophysiology. (nih.gov)
We compared risk factors between women with and without IPD as well as preeclampsia, SGA and abruption. (nih.gov)
Although rates of preeclampsia only, SGA only and preeclampsia with SGA were similar between term and preterm birth, rates of other conditions were higher at preterm gestations, with abruption being the driving condition behind these associations. (nih.gov)
The similar risk profiles for preeclampsia, SGA, and abruption provide compelling evidence to suggest that these conditions may share common pathophysiological mechanisms-ischemic placental disease. (nih.gov)
What is placental abruption? (merckmanuals.com)
Doctors usually don't know why placental abruption happens. (merckmanuals.com)
How can doctors tell if I have placental abruption? (merckmanuals.com)
How do doctors treat placental abruption? (merckmanuals.com)
In addition to fetal growth restriction, manifestations of eclampsia in the fetal-placental unit include placental abruption, oligohydramnios, and nonreassuring fetal status. (aafp.org)
With a past obstetric history of either gestational diabetes, pre eclampsia, gestational hypertension, small for gestational age baby or placental abruption. (who.int)

GlyFn, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPPA2), placental growth factor (PlGF), and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) were measured by immunoassay. (biomedcentral.com)

A sample of 60 pregnant women in the third trimester were divided into 3 equal groups: normal pregnancy, mild pre-eclampsia and severe pre-eclampsia. (who.int)
We determined VEGF and endostatin levels in the sera of 20 healthy, non-pregnant women and 64 pregnant women: 20 healthy, 20 with mild pre-eclampsia and 24 with severe pre-eclampsia. (who.int)
However, serum levels were significantly higher with mild or severe pre-eclampsia compared with normal pregnancies and significantly higher with severe rather than with mild pre-eclampsia. (who.int)
VEGF and endostatin could be used to differentiate between pre-eclamptic and normal pregnancies and to discriminate mild pre-eclampsia from severe pre-eclampsia. (who.int)

Assess the prognostic value of ultrasound and Doppler parameters in severe preterm pre-eclampsia. (nature.com)

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder involving widespread endothelial dysfunction and vasospasm that usually occurs after 20 weeks of gestation and can present as late as 4-6 weeks postpartum. (medscape.com)
Pre-eclampsia is a multi-system disorder specific to pregnancy, characterized by the onset of high blood pressure and often a significant amount of protein in the urine. (wikipedia.org)
When delivery becomes recommended depends on how severe the pre-eclampsia and how far along in pregnancy a woman is. (wikipedia.org)
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (which include pre-eclampsia) are one of the most common causes of death due to pregnancy. (wikipedia.org)
However, because edema is a common occurrence in pregnancy, its utility as a distinguishing factor in pre-eclampsia is not high. (wikipedia.org)
In general, none of the signs of pre-eclampsia are specific, and even convulsions in pregnancy are more likely to have causes other than eclampsia in modern practice. (wikipedia.org)
Preeclampsia is a sudden increase in blood pressure after the 20th week of pregnancy. (medlineplus.gov)
Defects in placentation underlie major pregnancy disorders such as stillbirth, preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and preterm birth. (nih.gov)
Breakdown of immune tolerance may result in sterile inflammation and cause adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia, a vascular disease of the pregnancy with unpredictable course and symptoms from several organs. (frontiersin.org)
Preeclampsia is a heterogeneous vascular disease of the human pregnancy that presents in a previously normotensive woman during the second half of the pregnancy with hypertension and proteinuria, or preeclampsia-associated signs in the absence of proteinuria ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
Immunogenetic susceptibility to preeclampsia may have effect in the early stages of pregnancy whereby through loss of maternal tolerance toward the fetal components, the process of placentation is impaired. (frontiersin.org)
But you will need to tell us if you have other pre-existing medical conditions or a condition related to your pregnancy, like high blood pressure. (staysure.co.uk)
Placental dysfunction can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes including intra-uterine growth restriction, pre-eclampsia, or pre-term birth. (nature.com)
These data indicate that environmental exposure to air pollutants triggers changes in the placental cellular composition, mediating adverse pregnancy outcomes. (nature.com)
Preeclampsia is a major pregnancy complication that results in significant maternal and infant mortality, most of which occurs in low and middle-income countries. (biomedcentral.com)
We provide research grant funding to advance progress towards detection, prevention, or treatment of preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. (preeclampsia.org)
Masked Pregnancy-Associated Hypertension as a Predictor of Adverse Outcomes Pregnant women who have risk factors for preeclampsia may be advised by their health care provider to monitor their. (preeclampsia.org)
A review of the scientific literature published by Brazilian researchers shows that pregnant women infected by the novel coronavirus run a higher risk of developing pre-eclampsia, a pregnancy complication characterized by persistent high blood pressure, usually in the second half of pregnancy or shortly after delivery. (eurekalert.org)
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy associated disorder characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. (hindawi.com)
Routine first-trimester combined screening for pre-eclampsia: pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A or placental growth factor? (isuog.org)
Although the exact incidence of preeclampsia remains unknown, this pregnancy-specific syndrome has been reported to affect 5 to 8 percent of pregnancies. (aafp.org)
(23,24,25) An elevated plasma homocysteine level in early pregnancy can increase the risk of developing severe pre-eclampsia by almost threefold. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
Preeclampsia is a certain type of high blood pressure that happens during pregnancy. (msdmanuals.com)

Our results indicate a reduction in vascular placental cells, especially cells responsible for structural integrity, and increase in trophoblast proliferation in animals exposed to particulate matter. (nature.com)
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a protein that promotes growth of new blood vessels and lower levels of VEGF have been found in women with preeclampsia.Researchers speculate that increasing VEGF production by placental cells might reverse some of the pathological processes involved in preeclampsia. (preeclampsia.org)
Vascular changes in preeclampsia and eclampsia include hemoconcentration and intense vasospasm. (aafp.org)
ABSTRACT We evaluated the prognostic value of serum endostatin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. (who.int)
vasculogenesis and vascular permeability and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. (who.int)
It is thought that vascular insuf- pre-eclampsia, and 24 patients with severe ficiencies during placentation contribute pre-eclampsia). (who.int)

Pre-eclampsia affects 2-8% of pregnancies worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
Preeclampsia (PE) affects 5-8% of pregnancies and is responsible for 18% of maternal deaths in the US, and for long-term complications in mother and child. (elsevierpure.com)
We determined if there is a sexual dimorphism in the placental inflammatory and apoptotic responses in preeclamptic pregnancies. (elsevierpure.com)
Preeclampsia occurs in 3% of pregnancies ( 3 ), and it is one of the most important causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
The accurate and timely diagnosis of preeclampsia is critical in management of affected pregnancies to reduce maternal and fetal/neonatal morbidity and mortality, yet difficulties remain in establishing the rigorous diagnosis of preeclampsia based on clinical parameters alone. (biomedcentral.com)
Pregnant women who are remote from term and have severe preeclampsia are best managed in a tertiary care center or in consultation with an obstetrician-gynecologist who has expertise in managing high-risk pregnancies. (aafp.org)
Association between thrombophilia and pre-eclampsia is a controversial issue as Several case-control studies found at least 1 thrombophilic defect in 40% to 72% of women with pre-eclampsia compared with 8% to 20% of control women with normal pregnancies (4,5,6) . (contemporaryobgyn.net)
But several other studies found no difference in the prevalence of thrombophilia between women with pre-eclampsia and those with normal pregnancies. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
Nine case-control studies found a significantly higher prevalence of factor V Leiden in women with pre-eclampsia (8%-26%) compared with women with normal pregnancies (2%-10%) with ORs ranging from 2 to 6 (10,11,12,13,14) In contrast, 15 other studies found no association of factor V Leiden with pre-eclampsia. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
The prothrombin gene mutation was found in 7% to 11% of women with pre-eclampsia compared with 1% to 4% of those with normal pregnancies, suggesting a 2- to 7-fold increase in risk. (contemporaryobgyn.net)

Invasion of placental trophoblast cells into the maternal spiral arteries is too shallow, leading to inadequate placental perfusion and hypoxia [ 11 , 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Recent data suggest that thrombophilia associated placental vasculopathy in the form of villous infarcts, multiple infarcts, fibrinoid necrosis of decidual vessels, fetal stem vessel thrombosis, placental hypoplasia and spiral artery thrombosis lead to inadequate fetomaternal circulation and decreased placental perfusion. (contemporaryobgyn.net)

HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count) may complicate severe preeclampsia. (medscape.com)
Preeclampsia without severe features may be asymptomatic. (medscape.com)
Magnesium sulfate may be used to prevent eclampsia in those with severe disease. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, some women may develop severe headache as a sign of pre-eclampsia. (wikipedia.org)
Prospective cohort study in Cape Town, South Africa, involving 113 women with severe pre-eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation and managed expectantly when suitable. (nature.com)
For the short-term outcome measures assessed in this study, the estimated fetal weight at the time of diagnosis is the most important prognostic factor in severe pre-eclampsia with some additional value of ductus venosus assessment. (nature.com)
Hall DR, Odendaal HJ, Steyn DW, Grové D . Expectant management of early onset, severe pre-eclampsia: maternal outcome. (nature.com)
Aggressive or expectant management for patients with severe preeclampsia between 28-34 weeks' gestation: a randomized controlled trial. (nature.com)
Aggressive versus expectant management of severe preeclampsia at 28-32 weeks' gestation: a randomized controlled trial. (nature.com)
Predictors of neonatal outcome in women with severe preeclampsia or eclampsia between 24 and 33 weeks' gestation. (nature.com)
Women with severe preeclampsia and liver involvement may develop HELLP syndrome ( h emolysis, e levated l iver enzymes, and l ow p latelet counts), which increases the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. (aafp.org)
Serum adiponectin levels in pre-eclamptic women were significantly higher than in normal pregnant women and the increase was more marked in cases of severe pre-eclampsia. (who.int)
Treatment depends on how severe your preeclampsia is. (msdmanuals.com)

Dr Hills has published many high profile original research articles on various aspects of obstetric pathology including pre-eclampsia, recurrent miscarriage, preterm labour and fetal distress as well as several articles in the area of assisted reproduction. (mdx.ac.uk)
Demographic and that this particular family of angiogenic clinical data were collected during routine proteins plays an important role in placental obstetric visits. (who.int)

This decidual vasculopathy is characterized by acute atherosis, intimal thickening, fibrinoid necrosis, and an absence of the normal physiologic changes in the spiral arteries and also has been associated with pre-eclampsia and fetal growth retardation. (contemporaryobgyn.net)

Some women with gestational hypertension do go on to develop preeclampsia. (medlineplus.gov)

Eclampsia is defined as seizures that cannot be attributable to other causes in a woman with preeclampsia. (medscape.com)
If left untreated, it may result in seizures at which point it is known as eclampsia. (wikipedia.org)
Eclampsia can also cause seizures, nausea and/or vomiting, and low urine output. (medlineplus.gov)
A woman with preeclampsia who has new-onset grand mal seizures is considered to have eclampsia. (aafp.org)
Eclampsia is when preeclampsia causes you to have seizures (when your body moves and jerks out of your control) and sometimes causes blood and liver problems. (msdmanuals.com)

and placental pathology (blinded to HIV and treatment status) were performed. (plos.org)
Identification of the clinical features consistently associated with PE is further complicated by the existence of cases of PE with the same underlying placental pathology, but that exhibit no signs of hypertension [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Currently, he is research interests include investigating the role of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans on the development of placental pathology and breast cancer. (mdx.ac.uk)

On the other hand, during the third trimester, underlying immunogenetic predisposition may aggravate sterile inflammation, which is exacerbated by systemic endothelial dysfunction in the mother's vasculature and result in progression of preeclampsia (( 10 ) Figure 2A ). (frontiersin.org)

Edema (especially in the hands and face) was originally considered an important sign for a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. (wikipedia.org)
Diagnosis depends on finding a coincidence of several pre-eclamptic features, the final proof being their regression within the days and weeks after delivery. (wikipedia.org)
Subjects with a clinical diagnosis of preeclampsia at the time of enrollment were excluded. (biomedcentral.com)
32 of 151 (21%) women developed a clinical diagnosis of preeclampsia within 4 weeks. (biomedcentral.com)
The Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has developed a practice bulletin on the diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. (aafp.org)

Risk factors for pre-eclampsia include obesity, prior hypertension, older age, and diabetes mellitus. (wikipedia.org)
Sometimes chronic hypertension can also lead to preeclampsia. (medlineplus.gov)
Placental insufficiency associated with hypertension accounted for most stillbirths. (plos.org)
Placental findings consistent with chronic hypertension were common among HIV-infected women who received HAART and among HIV-uninfected women (65% vs. 54%, p = 0.37), but less common among HIV-infected women not receiving HAART (28%, p = 0.003 vs. women on HAART). (plos.org)
Hypertension and placental insufficiency were associated with most stillbirths in this tertiary care setting. (plos.org)
Preeclampsia (PE), which is characterized by proteinuria and hypertension, is a potentially dangerous syndrome that occurs in pregnant women after 20 weeks of gestation [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)

If mRNA for VEGF could be introduced into placental cells, it would increase the production of VEGF. (preeclampsia.org)
knowledge, few reports have evaluated the potential role of endostatin and VEGF in Pre-eclampsia is a multi-system disorder pre-eclampsia [ 7 ]. (who.int)

The molecular processes that govern placental structure and function are poorly understood, hindering targeted therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat these disorders. (nih.gov)
Exposure to environmental pollutants contributes to the development of placental abnormalities, with poorly understood molecular underpinning. (nature.com)

This study in Egypt investigated the association between serum adiponectin levels and pre-eclampsia and between adiponectin levels and some clinical and hormonal parameters. (who.int)

Preeclampsia (PE), which has a high incidence rate worldwide, is a potentially dangerous syndrome to pregnant women and newborns. (hindawi.com)

On the other hand, the placental tissue sheds into the maternal circulation and must be adequately identified and phagocytized by the maternal immune system. (frontiersin.org)
Placental transcriptomes, at day 19 of gestation, were determined using bulk RNA-seq from whole placentas of exposed (n = 4) and control (n = 4) animals and scRNAseq of three distinct placental layers, followed by flow cytometry analysis of the placental immune cell landscape. (nature.com)

Furthermore, pregnant women with the disease are more susceptible to pre-eclampsia and premature delivery," said Nayara Azinheira Nobrega Cruz , first author of the article. (eurekalert.org)
The drug pregnant women in situations of chemical dependence(6), passes the placental and blood-brain barrier without prior particularly Crack users, is a frequent situation. (bvsalud.org)

Conclusion: Plasma sFLT-1 e15a is significantly increased in early-onset preeclampsia and term fetal growth restriction. (uandes.cl)
Clinical suspicion of preeclampsia was defined as presence of new-onset proteinuria, or clinical symptoms of preeclampsia. (biomedcentral.com)

Additionally, cell salvage has proven beneficial and should be considered for various indications in obstetrics including hematologic disturbances, as well as various forms of placental disorders. (karger.com)

Pre-eclampsia, which occurs in Sample feraserisingtoabove70IU/L),signsof about5%ofpregnanciesandresults A sampleof 60 pregnantwomenin clonus,HELLPsyndrome[haemolytic insubstantialmaternalandneonatal thethirdtrimesterofpregnancywere anaemia/elevatedliverenzymes/low morbidity and mortality, is a preg- recruitedfromtheoutpatientclinics plateletcount]andpapilloedema. (who.int)

However, the exact cause of shallow placental invasion is still unclear [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)

This cohort study assessed the performance of several biomarkers, including glycosylated fibronectin (GlyFn), to rule-in or rule-out preeclampsia within 4 weeks in a cohort of women at increased risk for preeclampsia. (biomedcentral.com)
In this prospective cohort, serum biomarkers of biochemical disease were effective in short-term prediction of preeclampsia, and the performance of GlyFn in particular as a POC test may meet the needs of rapid and accurate triage and intervention. (biomedcentral.com)

Pre-eclampsia increases the risk of undesirable as well as lethal outcomes for both the mother and the fetus including preterm labor. (wikipedia.org)
A large number of studies suggest hyperhomocysteinemia increases the risk of pre-eclampsia. (contemporaryobgyn.net)

HELLP syndrome, which happens when a woman with preeclampsia or eclampsia has damage to the liver and blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)

Using a newly developed ELISA, we measured maternal plasma sFLT-1 e15a levels in women with fetal growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. (uandes.cl)
Samples, selected from a prospective cohort study, consisted of 87 healthy controls, 11 cases that developed term preeclampsia and 20 cases where there was fetal growth restriction. (uandes.cl)
They also demonstrated an increased growth of placental blood vessels. (preeclampsia.org)
2020) Pathological processes in the uterine wall decidua in preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. (ntnu.edu)

There are a number of infections that can be present in both mother and baby such as Group B Strep (GBS) or chorioamnionitis (infection of the placental membranes). (cerebra.org.uk)
Only one previous study, from the pre-HAART era, has evaluated the HIV status of stillbirths to determine whether acute fetal HIV infection is associated with stillbirth events [3] . (plos.org)

Preeclampsia also includes signs of damage to some of your organs, such as your liver or kidney. (medlineplus.gov)
Laboratory tests for patients with mild preeclampsia and no progression include weekly platelet counts, liver enzyme levels, renal function evaluations, and protein levels (12- to 24-hour urine collection). (aafp.org)

Thus, when screening the placental proteome 2D-PAGE is still among the most accepted methods giving the highest coverage although this may soon change. (hindawi.com)

Placental syndecan-1 and sulphated glycosaminoglycans are decreased in preeclampsia. (mdx.ac.uk)

In order to gain the best possible protein separation on 2D-PAGE, an optimized sample preparation protocol for placental proteins was developed. (hindawi.com)
Due to the large number of proteins, no protein array platform has yet been designed that covers the entire human placental proteome. (hindawi.com)

It remains a leading endostatin as an angiogenic inhibitor in cause of maternal and neonatal mortality patients with pre-eclampsia. (who.int)

Because the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia can be heterogeneous, diagnosing preeclampsia may not be straightforward. (medscape.com)

There is no definitive known cause of pre-eclampsia, though it is likely related to a number of factors. (wikipedia.org)
Recently, genetic factors linking immunological pathways to predisposition to preeclampsia have been identified. (frontiersin.org)
In this mini-review genetic variation in immunological factors are discussed in the context of preeclampsia. (frontiersin.org)
151 women with risk factors for or clinical signs and symptoms of preeclampsia were selected from a prospective cohort. (biomedcentral.com)

We also measured sFLT-1 and sFLT-1 e15a plasma concentrations in a separate cohort: 15 cases of preterm preeclampsia and 24 healthy controls. (uandes.cl)

Women who have had pre-eclampsia are at increased risk of high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke later in life. (wikipedia.org)
Further, those with pre-eclampsia may have a lower risk of breast cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Who is at risk for preeclampsia? (medlineplus.gov)
Is there an effective test for identifying women at risk for preeclampsia? (aafp.org)
A few studies suggested a homozygous MTHFR C677T mutation confers a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of pre-eclampsia. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
Homocysteine levels greater than 9 to 11 µmol/L conferred a 4- to 5-fold increased risk of pre-eclampsia compared with lower levels. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
Elevated levels significantly increased risk more than severity of pre-eclampsia. (who.int)

Common features of pre-eclampsia which are screened for during pre-natal visits include elevated blood pressure and excess protein in the urine. (wikipedia.org)

We suggest that reduced L-arginine levels, rather than increased ADMA levels, contribute to the development of preeclampsia, and also that decreased placental eNOS expression constitutes a characteristic finding in preeclamptic placentas. (ewha.ac.kr)
In particular one needs to understand the complex cellular and signaling patterns underlying placental development. (nature.com)

Although they have not been substantiated by research, the diagnostic criteria for preeclampsia developed by the National Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group are traditionally used in clinical practice and frequently employed in research protocols. (aafp.org)

What are the symptoms of preeclampsia? (medlineplus.gov)

In this study, we measured L-arginine and ADMA in normal and preeclamptic women, and also investigated the association between the Glu298Asp eNOS gene polymorphism and preeclampsia. (ewha.ac.kr)
Few studies have performed pathologic placental examinations among HIV-infected women [10] - [15] , and none to our knowledge have focused specifically on stillbirth, or the relationship between HAART and stillbirth. (plos.org)
Another study found the MTHFR C677T mutation in 41% of women with pre-eclampsia and hyperhomocysteinemia compared with 5.6% of preeclamptic women with normal levels (OR 12). (contemporaryobgyn.net)
Women with pre-eclampsia/eclampsia were more likely to have heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation, heterozygous G20210A prothrombin gene mutation, homozygous MTHFR C677T mutation, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency or activated protein C resistance compared with controls. (contemporaryobgyn.net)

Antia IU, Yagnik DR, Pantoja Munoz L, Shah AJ, Hills FA (2017).Heparan sulfate disaccharide measurement from biological samples using pre-column derivatization, UPLC-MS and single ion monitoring. (mdx.ac.uk)
Método: se realizó una revisión integrativa, en las bases de datos Lilacs y Pubmed, considerando estudios publicados entre 2006 y 2017, en los idiomas portugués, inglés y español, a partir del cruce de los descriptores: reducción de daños, Cocaína, Crack y Gestación. (bvsalud.org)

cardiovascular disease and preeclampsia. (ntnu.edu)
The results support the theory that adiponectin might be part of a feedback mechanism improving insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular health in pre-eclamptic patients. (who.int)

Anatomy3

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes3

Information Science2

Health Care1

Placenta12

Abruption10

PlGF1

Mild pre-eclampsia4

Preterm pre-eclampsia1

Pregnancy23

Vascular6

Pregnancies10

Perfusion2

Severe13

Obstetric2

Fetal Growth Retardation1

Gestational1

Seizures5

Pathology3

Dysfunction1

Diagnosis5

Hypertension6

VEGF2

Poorly understood2

Association between serum1

Incidence1

Immune2

Pregnant women2

Onset2

Disturbances1

Occurs1

Shallow1

Biomarkers2

Increases2

Syndrome1

Growth4

Infection2

Liver2

Accepted methods1

Decreased in preeclampsia1

Proteins2

Neonatal1

Manifestations1

Factors4

Concentrations1

Risk7

Visits1

Development2

Clinical1

Symptoms1

Women4

20172

Cardiovascular2