Pioneer neurons axonal growth pathways growth cones. Medical search. Frequent questions

Furthermore, retinal and dorsal root ganglion growth cones from p75 mutant mice are insensitive to neurotrophins but display enhanced filopodial lengths comparable with neurotrophin-treated wild-type growth cones. (jneurosci.org)

Other roles for fasII include delineating two axonal pathways in the adult ocellar sensory system (OSS) via its expression on ocellar pioneer (OP) neurons where it acts to promote neurite outgrowth from primary neurons (along with neuroglian) by activating fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling. (wikipedia.org)
Here we report that growth cones generate transient elevations of [Ca 2+ ] i as they migrate within the embryonic spinal cord and that the rate of axon outgrowth is inversely proportional to the frequency of transients. (nature.com)
L1 has been localized to growth cones and processes of postmitotic developing neurons, where it mediates cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth, and axon bundling. (jneurosci.org)

ten-1 mutants have defects in all pharyngeal neurons that we examined, and in vivo reporters show that only the long form of the ten-1 gene is expressed in the pharynx, specifically in six marginal cells and the M2 neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, the pharyngeal neurons lie directly among the pharyngeal muscles and are not separated from their muscle targets by a basal lamina. (wormatlas.org)
The pharyngeal nervous system is an autonomous network of 20 pharyngeal neurons ( NSML , which is situated within the anterior bulb, inset ). (wormatlas.org)

Later, fasII is expressed on growth cones of axons in other tracts including embryonic peripheral nervous system (PNS) motor neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Only the transmembrane isoforms are expressed by neurons, while the GPI-linked form is expressed by non-neuronal cells (mainly glial cells), where it functions as a substrate for growth cones of extending axons, directing adhesion and axon guidance. (wikipedia.org)
Growth cones at the tips of extending neurites migrate through complex environments in the developing nervous system and guide axons to appropriate target regions using local cues 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
Growth cone behaviors change in a region-specific manner as axons extend to their targets ( Mason and Erskine, 2000 ), suggesting that guidance cues regulate growth cone motility. (jneurosci.org)
Development of a functional neuronal network during embryogenesis begins with pioneer axons creating a scaffold along which later-outgrowing axons extend. (biologists.com)
We isolated loss-of-function alleles of fmi-1 , which caused strong axon navigation defects of pioneer and follower axons in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) of C. elegans . (biologists.com)
Notably follower axons, which exclusively depend on pioneer axons for correct navigation, frequently separated from the pioneer. (biologists.com)
We found that follower axon navigation depended on the extracellular but not on the intracellular domain, suggesting that FMI-1 mediates primarily adhesion between pioneer and follower axons. (biologists.com)
These ten-1 mutants are reported to have defects in the growth of several axons and in the development of the gonads and epidermis, and these defects correlated with disruptions in the extracellular matrix (ECM). (biomedcentral.com)
Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions. (lookformedical.com)
Clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. (lookformedical.com)
Growing dendrites and axons differ in their reliance on the secretory pathway. (sdbonline.org)

Myers, P. Z. & Bastiani, M. J. Growth cone dynamics during the migration of an identified commissural growth cone. (nature.com)

Godement, P., Wang, L. C. & Mason, C. A. Retinal axon divergence in the optic chiasm: dynamics of growth cone behavior at the midline. (nature.com)
BDNF treatment of retinal neurons results in reduced RhoA activity. (jneurosci.org)
Horizontal cell actions are in turn tuned by neuromodulators released by other retinal neurons. (org.es)

In the motor, somatosensory, and visual cortex, many pyramidal neurons in layer V exhibited undulating apical dendrites that did not reach layer I. The hippocampus of L1 mutant mice was smaller than normal, with fewer pyramidal and granule cells. (jneurosci.org)

The BMP homolog Gbb provides a retrograde signal that regulates synaptic growth at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. (neurotree.org)
Muscles contain the synaptic connection between lower motor neurons and muscle fibers, i.e., the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), as well as specialized sensory nerve endings (e.g., muscle spindles). (frontiersin.org)
The neurons communicate through approximately 6400 chemical synapses, 900 gap junctions, and 1500 neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). (wormatlas.org)

VNC (ventral nerve cord) motor neurons are scattered along the VNC and send processes to the DC via commissures ( arrowheads ). (wormatlas.org)

The mechanisms by which neurotrophins regulate growth cone motility are unclear. (jneurosci.org)
Axonal navigation depends on growth cone motility. (jneurosci.org)
Therefore, to understand axon guidance, it is important to determine how guidance cues regulate growth cone motility. (jneurosci.org)

This is achieved through trans-homophilic fasII-mediated adhesion and subsequent activation of downstream intracellular signaling pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and regulation of intracellular calcium levels. (wikipedia.org)
However, the signaling pathways downstream of p75 NTR that control growth cone functions, such as filopodial behavior, remain undefined. (jneurosci.org)

Administration of gene therapy viruses into skeletal muscle, where distal terminals of motor and sensory neurons reside, has been shown to result in extensive transduction of cells within the spinal cord, brainstem, and sensory ganglia. (frontiersin.org)
Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. (lookformedical.com)

However, later intracellular marking techniques, in which dyes were injected from the electrode tips into the cytoplasm of the recorded neuron, revealed that horizontal cells, second order neurons postsynaptic to cones, were the source of the S-potentials (3, 4). (org.es)

During embryogenesis, fasII is dynamically expressed on a subset of axon fascicles in longitudinal nervous system pathways, including the MP1 tract. (wikipedia.org)
A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. (lookformedical.com)
The adult C. elegans hermaphrodite has 302 neurons that belong to two distinct and independent nervous systems: a large somatic nervous system (282 neurons) and a small pharyngeal nervous system (20 neurons). (wormatlas.org)
In the somatic nervous system, the neurons and their processes are generally positioned between the hypodermis and the body wall muscle and share a basal lamina with the hypodermis that isolates them from the muscles ( NeuroFIG 2 ). (wormatlas.org)

NeuroFIG 2A-C: Placement and topology of somatic neurons. (wormatlas.org)

Many axon guidance molecules regulate growth cone migration by directly regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics. (silverchair.com)

It is found in well-defined populations of NEURONS and is involved in CALCIUM SIGNALING and NEURONAL PLASTICITY. (lookformedical.com)
2 I see it as the enhanced synapses' having less resistance to passage of electrochemical neuronal circuits, so that signals take the path of least resistance from one neuron to another. (natural-universe.net)
Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is required for TrkB-dependent Akt-mediated neuronal protection and dendritic growth. (sdbonline.org)

Hernaiz-Llorens M, Roselló-Busquets C, Durisic N, Filip A, Ulloa F, Martínez-Mármol R, Soriano E . Growth cone repulsion to Netrin-1 depends on lipid raft microdomains enriched in UNC5 receptors. (neurotree.org)

Highwire regulates presynaptic BMP signaling essential for synaptic growth. (neurotree.org)
wishful thinking encodes a BMP type II receptor that regulates synaptic growth in Drosophila. (neurotree.org)

Cell bodies of most neurons are clustered in ganglia in the head or tail ( NeuroFIG 1 ). (wormatlas.org)
A few single neurons, including ALM , CAN , or small groups of neurons (lateral ganglia), are also found along the lateral body wall. (wormatlas.org)

For successful transgene expression, viruses administered into muscle must undergo a series of processes, including host cell interaction and internalization, intracellular sorting, long-range retrograde axonal transport, endosomal liberation, and nuclear import. (frontiersin.org)
The somatodendritic endosomal regulator NEEP21 facilitates axonal targeting of L1/NgCAM. (sdbonline.org)

Suppressing Ca 2+ transients by photorelease of a Ca 2+ chelator accelerates axon extension, whereas mimicking transients with photorelease of Ca 2+ slows otherwise rapid axonal growth. (nature.com)
1999 ) provided evidence that p75 NTR can regulate axon extension by signaling through the RhoA pathway, such that the unbound state of p75 NTR activates RhoA, whereas neurotrophin binding to p75 NTR terminates this mode of RhoA activation. (jneurosci.org)

Immunoperoxidase staining showed that L1 was abundant in developing neurons at embryonic day 18 (E18) in wild-type cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and corpus callosum and then declined to low levels with maturation. (jneurosci.org)

By contrast, pioneer axon navigation required the intracellular domain, suggesting that FMI-1 acts as receptor transducing a signal in this case. (biologists.com)
The lateral touch receptor neurons ( ALM in the anterior body, PLM in the posterior body) run on the peripheral side of the hypodermis, whereas VNC, DC, and canal-associated nerves run on the inside between the hypodermis and pseudocoelom. (wormatlas.org)
Dorsoventral (DV) patterning of the Drosophila embryo is initiated by a broad Dorsal (Dl) nuclear gradient, which is regulated by a conserved signaling pathway that includes the Toll receptor and Pelle kinase. (sdbonline.org)

Roselló-Busquets C, Hernaiz-Llorens M, Soriano E , Martínez-Mármol R. Nystatin Regulates Axonal Extension and Regeneration by Modifying the Levels of Nitric Oxide. (neurotree.org)

We previously isolated a C. elegans mutant where one pharyngeal neuron was frequently misplaced, and now show that it corresponds to a novel allele of ten-1 . (biomedcentral.com)
Every C. elegans neuron name consists of either two or three uppercase letters indicating class and in some cases a number indicating the neuron number within one class. (wormatlas.org)
A complete list of C. elegans neurons, their lineage, and descriptions can be found in the Individual Neuron section of the WormAtlas. (wormatlas.org)

Our research focuses on characterising the stem and progenitor cells that build the hypothalamus and characterising the molecular networks that direct hypothalamic morphogenesis, growth and differentiation. (sheffield.ac.uk)
Fu T, Towers M & Placzek M (2017) Fgf10(+) progenitors give rise to the chick hypothalamus by rostral and caudal growth and differentiation. . (sheffield.ac.uk)

Kozulin, P. and Richards L.J. (2016) Axonal Guidance: Making Connections. (edu.au)
Muthu V, Eachus H, Ellis P, Brown S & Placzek M (2016) Rx3 and Shh direct anisotropic growth and specification in the zebrafish tuberal/anterior hypothalamus . (sheffield.ac.uk)

2011). Nak regulates localization of clathrin sites in higher-order dendrites to promote local dendrite growth. (sdbonline.org)

The signaling pathways activated by neurotrophins can regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, which in turn determine growth cone behaviors (Gallo and Letourneau, 1998 , 2000 ). (jneurosci.org)

Now we know horizontal cells to be true neurons that make true, if unique, synapses and exhibit most of the structural and ultrastructural characteristics of neurons. (org.es)

Exceptions are URX , URY , BAG , and FLP neuron processes that run in the sensillar nerves but do not end in the sensillar endings. (wormatlas.org)

The frequency of Ca 2+ transients is cell-type specific and depends on the position of growth cones along their pathway. (nature.com)

Gomez, T. M., Snow, D. M. & Letourneau, P. C. Characterization of spontaneous calcium transients in nerve growth cones and their effect on growth cone migration. (nature.com)

Additionally, we describe how neuropathology can negatively influence these pathways, and conclude by discussing opportunities to optimize the intramuscular administration route to maximize gene delivery and thus therapeutic potential. (frontiersin.org)

Figure 4: Growth cones directly approaching the VLF generate increased frequencies of Ca 2+ transients and stall before turning onto. (nature.com)
They generate spatial opponency in both cones and bipolar cells. (org.es)
They also generate color opponency in cones, bipolar cells, and chromatic horizontal-cell subtypes. (org.es)

Kater, S. B. & Mills, L. R. Regulation of growth cone behavior by calcium. (nature.com)
To further analyze neurotrophin regulation of growth cone behaviors, we examined the role of p75 NTR in regulating filopodial dynamics in peripheral and CNS neurons. (jneurosci.org)

Decapentaplegic,which is expressed at the onset of terminal branching, restricts dorsal extension of the terminal branch and ensures its monopolar growth. (silverchair.com)
Orthogonal expression of Hedgehog and Decapentaplegic in the epidermis instructs monopolar extension of the terminal branch along the posterior compartment,thereby matching the pattern of airway growth with that of the epidermis. (silverchair.com)

RNA transport and regulated local translation play critically important roles in spatially restricting gene expression in neurons. (frontiersin.org)
We showed previously that cytoplasmic release of mtDNA activates the cGAS STING TBK1 pathway resulting in interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression that promotes antiviral immunity4. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. (lookformedical.com)

Cell/Neuron 72/10 , 77-98 (1993). (nature.com)
These biological nanopores have been designed to protect the interior of the bacterial cell from leakage of toxic compounds while selectively allowing the entry of the molecules needed for cell growth and function. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Our findings indicate that FMI-1 is a cell-type dependent axon guidance factor with different domain requirements for its different functions in pioneers and followers. (biologists.com)
None of the body neurons examined show any defects in the ten-1(ok641) mutant, but genetic interaction studies reveal that ten-1(ok641) is synthetic lethal with sax-3, unc-34 and unc-73 , and examination of the hypodermal cells in embryos of the ten-1(ok641) mutant point to a role of ten-1 during hypodermal cell morphogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
The mechanism of axon growth: what we have learned from the cell adhesion molecule L1. (sdbonline.org)
If the neurons are radially symmetrical, each cell has a three-letter name followed by L (left), R (right), D (dorsal), or V (ventral). (wormatlas.org)
D. At a slightly more medial level, multiple labial neuron and support cell nuclei become visible anterior to the NR around the anterior bulb, whereas more lateral ganglion nuclei are visible posterior to the NR. Magnification, 600x. (wormatlas.org)

2002 ) demonstrated that NT-3 binding to p75 NTR in cortical subplate neurons increases neurite length and filopodial formation. (jneurosci.org)

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. (lookformedical.com)

The lab investigates the development of the largest fibre tract in the brain, called the corpus callosum, that connects neurons in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. (edu.au)
The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways. (lookformedical.com)

Horizontal cells are second order neurons contacting photoreceptors directly all across the plane of the retina's outer plexiform layer. (org.es)

Anatomy76

Organisms23

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs63

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes42

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities10

Information Science4

Health Care2

Dorsal root gan1

Outgrowth3

Pharyngeal neurons3

Axons12

Commissural1

Retinal3

Visual cortex1

Neuromuscular3

Ventral nerv1

Motility3

Downstream2

Sensory2

Postsynaptic1

Nervous system4

Somatic1

Regulate growth cone1

Neuronal3

Repulsion1

Synaptic growth2

Ganglia2

Endosomal2

Axon extension2

Embryonic1

Receptor3

Regeneration1

Elegans3

Differentiation2

20162

Regulates1

Cytoskeletal dynamics1

Synapses1

Processes1

Depends1

Migration1

Negatively1

Generate3

Regulation2

Extension2

Gene2

Consists1

Cell7

Increases1

Vitro1

Cerebral2

Directly1