Pigs human virus avian influenza influenza human. Medical search. Frequent questions

The most striking pandemic occurred in 1918, when the Spanish influenza (H1N1) resulted in approximately 50 million deaths worldwide. (medscape.com)
The most recent pandemic was in 2009, caused by a swine-origin influenza of the H1N1 serotype. (medscape.com)
[ 5 ] In early 2009, a recombinant H1N1 influenza consisting of a mix of swine, avian, and human gene segments spread rapidly around the world, but it was a low-pathogenicity strain. (medscape.com)
The most recent 2009 H1N1 outbreak was a result of an antigenic shift and re-assortment between human, avian, and swine viruses. (opednews.com)
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Swine Flu is a novel influenza A virus (H1N1) that is causing illness in people around the world. (animalfair.com)
In a recent paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science , researchers describe a group (termed "G4") of H1N1 swine flu viruses that have the potential to jump to people. (aaha.org)
The WHO has elected to rename it the H1N1 influenza . (yogahub.com)
Experiments testing the efficacy of several drugs on samples of the new virus have found both to be variously effective in preventing and treating this H1N1 Flu. (yogahub.com)
However, after challenge with a swine influenza virus (H1N1), no protection was observed in the vaccinated groups compared with the non-vaccinated control group. (microbiologyresearch.org)
However, in addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, we've also experienced another pandemic relatively recently: the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. (healthline.com)
Let's look at some of the similarities between the 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics. (healthline.com)
Both 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 can be transmitted in similar ways. (healthline.com)
Both 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 are respiratory infections that share many symptoms in common. (healthline.com)
The 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 can range from mild to severe. (healthline.com)
The groups at risk for complications from 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 have significant overlap. (healthline.com)
Subtypes which have in the past caused pandemics include the influenza A H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses, while the H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses continue to cause epidemics as seasonal influenza viruses. (health.govt.nz)
If you haven't heard of swine flu - Influenza A H1N1 - by now. (science20.com)
Andrew Bowman] With the emergence of the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic virus we discovered that influenza A virus surveillance in swine populations was lacking. (cdc.gov)
but in 2009, human-to-swine transmission of pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus was documented in the United States and Canada. (cdc.gov)
This was previously observed in 2009 when an influenza A H1N1 virus with swine, avian, and human genes emerged, causing the first pandemic in 40 years. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Characterizing the Countrywide Epidemic Spread of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus in Kenya between 2009 and 2018. (cdc.gov)
The H1N1 flu that reached pandemic proportions in 2009 first spent some time circulating among pigs in Asia, Europe and North America. (popsci.com)
The two influenza A virus subtypes have cocirculated in human populations since 1977: influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). (cdc.gov)
Reassortment between influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses resulted in the circulation of A (H1N2) virus during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
In April 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-which was different from currently circulating influenza A (H1N1) viruses-emerged and its subsequent spread resulted in the first pandemic of the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
In March 2009, the first case of a novel H1N1 influenza virus infection was reported in the small community of La Gloria in the Mexican state of Veracruz. (pirg.org)
Industrial pig farms have been the source of a range of disease outbreaks over recent years, the 2009 H1N1 outbreak being a case in point. (pirg.org)
For the 2016-2017 northern hemisphere influenza season, the vaccine formulation was updated in February 2016 to contain two types, A viruses (H1N1 and H3N2), and a type B virus. (who.int)
and once a pandemic virus has been established, as with the pandemic A(H1N1) in 2009, it can become a seasonal virus. (who.int)
Comparative pathogenesis of an avian H5N2 and a swine H1N1 influenza virus in pigs. (sciensano.be)
A recent study in the US enlightens that the main strain of virus circulating in the pigs were swine triple reassortant (tr) H1N1, (tr) H3N2 and (tr) H1N2. (godigit.com)
As an answer to what H1N1 is, scientists and researchers explained that it is a new strain of virus originating from pigs but spreads from person to person. (godigit.com)
In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)
Influenza A was the dominant type, 81 per cent of which were subtype H1N1 and 19 per cent were subtype H3N2. (health.gov.au)
The influenza A (H1N1) analysed were all A/New Caledonia/20/99-like strains. (health.gov.au)
After the pandemic of 1918 the H1N1 virus circulated widely in the human population until 1957. (health.gov.au)
The Asian and Hong Kong pandemics in 1957 and 1968 introduced the H2N2 and H3N2 subtypes respectively, in each case replacing the previously circulating subtype of influenza A. There have been no major 'antigenic shifts' causing pandemics of influenza since 1968, however, the H1N1 subtype reappeared in the human population in 1977 and did not replace the H3N2 subtype. (health.gov.au)
Since 1977, influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2) and influenza B viruses have co-circulated and have been widespread globally, varying in frequency temporally and geographically. (health.gov.au)
In early 2009, a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus was identified in specimens obtained from patients in Mexico and the United States. (stainingkit.com)
The genetic make-up of this swine flu virus is unlike any other: it is an H1N1 strain that combines a triple assortment first identified in 1998 including human, swine, and avian influenza with two new pig H3N2 virus genes from Eurasia, themselves of recent human origin (4). (stainingkit.com)
The distinct antigenic properties of the new swine virus compared with seasonal influenza A (H1N1) virus suggest that human immunity against new swine influenza virus is limited, although the age distribution of reported cases suggests some degree of protection in older age groups (5). (stainingkit.com)
Similarly, antibodies #5237 and #5241 are specific for the swine-origin H1N1 influenza Hemagglutinin and will not recognize the seasonal H1N1 Hemagglutinin (A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1). (stainingkit.com)
The Neuraminidase antibodies #5247 and #5249 are specific for seasonal and swine-origin H1N1 influenza Neuraminidase, respectively. (stainingkit.com)
Description: Seasonal H1N1 Hemagglutinin Antibody: Influenza A virus is a major public health threat, killing more than 30,000 people per year in the USA. (stainingkit.com)
The virus is to be a unique blend of three lineages: one similar to strains found in European and Asian birds, the H1N1 strain that caused the 2009 pandemic, and a North American H1N1 that has genes from avian, human, and pig influenza viruses. (org.ng)
Swine influenza (an influenza type A H1N1 virus) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by a type A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pig populations. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
Presently there are four main influenza type A virus subtypes that have been isolated in pigs: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and H3N1. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
The H1N1 swine flu viruses are antigenically very different from human H1N1 viruses and therefore, vaccines for human seasonal flu will not provide protection from Swine flu viruses. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
The H1N1 virus (swine flu) is an infection of the nose, throat, and lungs. (medlineplus.gov)
It is caused by the H1N1 influenza virus. (medlineplus.gov)
Earlier forms of the H1N1 virus were found in pigs (swine). (medlineplus.gov)
H1N1 is a new virus first detected in humans in 2009. (medlineplus.gov)
The H1N1 virus is now considered a regular flu virus. (medlineplus.gov)
You cannot get H1N1 flu virus from eating pork or any other food, drinking water, swimming in pools, or using hot tubs or saunas. (medlineplus.gov)
Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of H1N1 influenza are similar to that for the flu in general . (medlineplus.gov)

The strain previously considered the greatest threat was H5N1, mostly because of the high associated mortality rate (up to 60%) in infected humans. (medscape.com)
H5N1 is typically a highly pathogenic virus in birds, resulting in severe disease and death. (medscape.com)
[ 4 ] A reassorted H5N1 virus has been reported in the United States among wild birds but is not considered a threat to humans. (medscape.com)
H5N1 was first reported to cause severe human disease in 1997 in an outbreak among infected chickens on Hong Kong Island. (medscape.com)
Phylogenetic analysis HA and NA genes showed that they share a common ancestor Qa/HK/G1/97 isolate which had contributed internal genes of H5N1 virus. (scialert.net)
2. With the confirmation of avian influenza in some countries of the African Region early this year, the risk of human infection due to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 will persist, as will the threats of occurrence of an influenza pandemic. (who.int)
So far, the majority of the human H5N1 (haemagluttinin type 5 and neuraminidase subtype 1) infections have been linked to close contact with infected domestic birds during home slaughtering, de-feathering, butchering and preparation for cooking. (who.int)
The H5N1 virus was first identified in Hong Kong in 1997 where it infected 18 people and caused six deaths. (who.int)
The presence of the H5N1 virus in Africa is of great concern to human and animal health due to several factors requiring urgent action by Member States. (who.int)
The number of humans infected by H5N1 is increasing. (who.int)
Let us remember that avian influenza caused by H5N1 brought a global madness at considerable cost. (flutrackers.com)
The Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population has announced two new human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection. (citizen-news.org)
The widespread persistence of H5N1 in poultry populations poses two main risks for human health. (citizen-news.org)
Of the few avian influenza viruses that have crossed the species barrier to infect humans, H5N1 has caused the largest number of cases of severe disease and death in humans. (citizen-news.org)
Unlike normal seasonal influenza, where infection causes only mild respiratory symptoms in most people, the disease caused by H5N1 follows an unusually aggressive clinical course, with rapid deterioration and high fatality. (citizen-news.org)
China´s northwestern Gansu province has reported an outbreak of the highly epidemic H5N1 bird flu virus in poultry, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) announced Wednesday. (flu.org.cn)
The National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory on Tuesday confirmed the epidemic was H5N1 bird flu after testing samples collected at the farm, the MOA said. (flu.org.cn)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to emphasize the importance of ongoing surveillance to detect human infections with novel influenza A viruses, including highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
A(H5N1) viruses continue to spread among wild birds and poultry in the United States and many regions of the world. (cdc.gov)
During this COCA call, presenters will give a comprehensive overview of novel influenza A viruses, focused on avian influenza A(H5N1) virus and variant influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Discuss the current situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus and variant influenza A viruses in the United States and worldwide, including the epidemiology of human infections with H5N1 viruses and other avian influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
Then, even more alarmingly, 34 human cases of H5N1 avian influenza-a highly pathogenic flu that has ravaged poultry stocks in several Asian countries-were confirmed in Thailand and Vietnam. (nationalacademies.org)
The chapter begins with a reconstruction of the descent of the virus that infected and killed humans in Thailand and Vietnam during the winter of 2003-2004 from the H5N1 virus first known to have infected humans (in Hong Kong in 1997). (nationalacademies.org)
These findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern China played a central role in the generation and maintenance of H5N1 and that wild birds spread the virus across Asia, to the point where it is now endemic in the region-an ecological niche from which it now presents a long-term pandemic threat to humans. (nationalacademies.org)
H5N1 Avian Flu Has Infected 21st Person in Thailand. (earthfiles.com)
The H5N1 avian flu virus has mutated into a more dangerous form that could breed more effectively in mammals. (earthfiles.com)
Early 1997 strain of H5N1 avian influenza virus shows golden-brown in this electron micrograph. (earthfiles.com)
There have been eight H5N1 outbreaks in china so far, but so far no human cases have been reported. (earthfiles.com)
But even though killing and incinerating infected birds has been standard operating procedure for nearly ten years, the H5N1 virus has continued to spread through migratory birds. (earthfiles.com)
Between November 1st and 2nd in Russia, two more birds died from H5N1, bringing the total in that country to more than 4,000 bird deaths - either from the H5N1 virus or slaughtering. (earthfiles.com)
Now scientists in Vietnam, where bird flu has killed 42 people, report their investigation shows the H5N1 avian flu virus has "mutated into a more dangerous form that could breed more effectively in mammals. (earthfiles.com)
Cao Bao Van, Director of the Molecule Biology Department of the Pasteur Institute, which is Vietnam's bird flu research center, reported this weekend that DNA analysis of 24 samples of the H5N1 virus taken from poultry and humans showed significant changes of the deadly virus's surface proteins, known as "antigen variation. (earthfiles.com)
So far, the H5N1 virus mutations have not made it possible for the virus to spread in human sneezing and coughing. (earthfiles.com)
Recently scientists announced that the 1918 virus also originated in birds and has similarities to the H5N1 now spreading through migratory birds. (earthfiles.com)
Increased monitoring for H5N1 illness in humans. (earthfiles.com)
Stockpiling anti-virals and vaccines that might work against the H5N1 virus. (earthfiles.com)
Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
During these last months, we ve assisted to the spread of the H5N1 virus across much of the globe. (scitizen.com)
So, maybe I should backtrack a little bit just to put the H5N1 situation in prospective with other highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. (scitizen.com)
Moreover, the H5N1 virus itself, the Z lineage that we re talking about here, is unusual too because it s altering its genetics as time goes on, and in certain forms is killing ducks, in certain forms is not, in most of its forms it can kill chickens as well as all sorts of other avian species. (scitizen.com)
H5N1 Z infects pigs and sickens but does not kill. (scitizen.com)
The H5N1 virus can infect humans and other mammals, but with some difficulty. (scitizen.com)
In humans this H5N1 Z virus binds better to the cells in a region deep in the lung instead of the normal site of human influenza virus infection that targets infection to the epithelial lining of the major and minor airways. (scitizen.com)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 clade 2.3.2.1c virus in migratory birds, 2014-2015. (virosin.org)
The only subtypes known to be able to cross the species barrier to humans are H5N1 and H7N9. (dailynewsegypt.com)
In 1997, the H5N1 virus first infected humans during an outbreak among poultry in Hong Kong. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Studies have indicated that industrial poultry farms can be similarly lethal amplifiers of disease, as was the case with the 2006 HPAI (highly pathogenic avian influenza) outbreak and the H5N1 avian flu in the late 1990s, both of which originated in Chinese poultry farms. (pirg.org)
Hong Kong in 1997, when the H5N1 strain involving transmission from an ill child caused severe respiratory disease in 18 to her mother and aunt [ 10 ] and several humans, of whom 6 died [ 5 ]. (who.int)
pandemic is a great public health concern, Of the 15 avian influenza virus subtypes, and for this reason our study set out to H5N1 is of particular concern for several answer some important questions related reasons: it mutates rapidly and has a docu- to present knowledge and concerns about mented propensity to acquire genes from avian influenza in one city in Saudi Arabia. (who.int)
Dr. Tim Uyeki, Chief Medical Officer of the Influenza Division at CDC, answers common questions about highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses, which have been detected in the United States in wild birds since late 2021 and commercial and backyard poultry since February 2022. (cdc.gov)
What is the extent of the current outbreak of influenza A(H5N1) in birds? (cdc.gov)
Like much of the rest of the world, the United States continues to experience outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in wild birds and poultry. (cdc.gov)
HPAI A(H5N1) virus has been circulating among birds and poultry in different parts of the world for many years and continuing to evolve into different groups that are referred to as clades. (cdc.gov)
The current clade of H5N1 virus, called clade 2.3.4.4b, appears well-adapted to spread efficiently among wild birds and poultry in many regions of the world and was first identified in wild birds sampled in the United States in late 2021. (cdc.gov)
Since then, this current clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI A(H5N1) virus has been detected in wild birds in 49 states and has caused bird outbreaks in 47 states affecting more than 58 million commercial poultry and backyard flocks. (cdc.gov)
What about H5N1 virus among humans? (cdc.gov)
Several sporadic human cases associated with poultry exposures during this outbreak of contemporary HPAI A(H5N1) viruses have been reported globally since January 2022, one of which was identified in the United States . (cdc.gov)
It is possible that some of these cases did not represent virus infection but rather detection of non-infectious H5N1 virus genetic material in respiratory specimens following prolonged exposure to infected birds. (cdc.gov)
No human-to-human spread of H5N1 virus was identified in any of these cases. (cdc.gov)
Sporadic human infections with contemporary H5N1 viruses are not surprising, especially among people who do not take recommended precautions (such as wearing personal protective equipment, including respiratory protection). (cdc.gov)
Since 1997 , more than 880 human cases, nearly all from previously circulating H5N1 virus clades, have been reported from 21 countries with high mortality, but very few cases have been identified worldwide since 2016. (cdc.gov)
A small number of sporadic human infections with H5N1 virus does not change the risk to the general public, which CDC currently considers to be low. (cdc.gov)
What about H5N1 virus among mammals? (cdc.gov)
Although H5N1 viruses primarily infect different types of wild birds and domestic poultry, H5N1 viruses also can infect other animals. (cdc.gov)
Sporadic H5N1 virus infections of mammals have been reported for 20 years in different countries that have experienced H5N1 outbreaks in poultry or wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Recently, sporadic H5N1 virus infections in different mammals, including bears, wild foxes , and skunks , have been reported in Canada , the United States , and other countries, including mink in Spain and sea lions in Peru. (cdc.gov)
Reports of sporadic H5N1 virus infections of predatory and scavenger mammals are not unexpected given widespread H5N1 virus infections in wild birds worldwide. (cdc.gov)
Does the detection of H5N1 viruses in farmed mink change the assessment of the risk to human health? (cdc.gov)
No. Analyses of the H5N1 viruses from farmed mink detected in Spain have not found any indications that would point to increased ability to infect humans. (cdc.gov)
H5N1 viruses do not currently have an ability to easily infect the human upper respiratory tract, which would be needed to increase the risk of transmission to people. (cdc.gov)
If there were mink-to-mink spread of H5N1 virus (for example in the outbreak in Spain), would that change the assessment of the risk to human health? (cdc.gov)
No. If there was mink-to-mink spread of H5N1 virus, assessment of the risk to public health would depend upon whether there were any genetic changes in the virus and what those changes were compared with H5N1 viruses circulating in birds to date. (cdc.gov)
While there was a genetic marker in the H5N1 viruses detected during the outbreak in mink in Spain that may have increased the amount of virus in infected mink, this marker is unlikely to make it easier for H5N1 virus to transmit to humans. (cdc.gov)
In 2003, one person died from bird flu virus A (H5N1) in Asia out of two reported infection. (vetcos.com)
During 2003-05 period the A (H5N1) strain of bird flu virus infected 117 people out of which 64 died. (vetcos.com)
Public health officials remain concerned that the genes of Influenza A (H5N1) strain virus which is slightly infectious to human beings could yet mix with a human strain to create a new strain that could spread widely in human population. (vetcos.com)
3 Death caused by infection and preventive measures (such as depopulation) implemented to control the spread of the HPAI H5N1 virus resulted in considerable socioeconomic burdens for many of the affected countries. (who.int)
The present results demonstrate that an H9N2 virus has the potential to acquire intravenous pathogenicity in chickens although the morbidity via the nasal route of infection is lower than that of H5N1 HPAIV. (biomedcentral.com)
The initial spread of H5N1 in poultry, which saw the death or destruction of more than 120 million birds, was accompanied by 35 human cases, of which 24 were fatal. (who.int)
As of 5 January 2005, the H5N1 virus has caused 45 confirmed human cases, of which 32 were fatal. (who.int)
10. Evidence indicates that H5N1 virus is now endemic in parts of Asia, having established a permanent ecological niche in poultry. (who.int)
Studies comparing virus samples over time show that the H5N1 strain has become progressively more pathogenic for poultry, and is now hardier than in the past, surviving several days longer in the environment. (who.int)

An early-onset, severe form of influenza A (H3N2) made headlines when it claimed the lives of several children in the United States in late 2003. (nationalacademies.org)
Then, in 2012, healthcare workers across the U.S. reported 309 human cases of influenza A (H3N2) variant, also known as H3N2v. (popsci.com)
since 1968, most seasonal influenza epidemics have been caused by H3N2 (an influenza A virus). (msdmanuals.com)
Type A virus that caused the 1968 Hong Kong flu epidemic has type 3 H protein molecules and Type 2 N protein molecules and is called A (H3N2). (vetcos.com)
One important difference was seen between An/13 and both the H3N2 human and the H7N1 avian viruses: when inoculated intranasally at a high dose, only the An/13 virus led to productive infection of the lower respiratory tract of guinea pigs. (edu.au)

They also analyzed 1,000 swabs from pigs with respiratory symptoms that had received treatment at CAU's veterinary teaching hospital. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Here, we report the characterization of two novel reassortant H2N3 viruses isolated from pigs with respiratory disease. (usda.gov)
Avian influenza virus was isolated from poultry farms with history of respiratory illness and increased mortality. (scialert.net)
Some avian H9 viruses have acquired receptor binding characteristics typical of human strains, increasing the potential for reassortment in both human and pig respiratory tracts ( Suzuki, 2005 ). (scialert.net)
Swine influenza is a contagious respiratory disease that affects pigs, and can be passed to farmers or worker by handling infected pigs (on pig livestock farms or barns). (animalfair.com)
Respiratory and systemic humoral and cellular immune response of pigs to a heterosubtypic influenza A virus infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Respiratory droplets containing virus can land on things like countertops and doorknobs. (healthline.com)
1 ] Influenza C is associated with mild cases of upper respiratory infection. (health.govt.nz)
Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
Avian influenza viruses replicate in the gastrointestinal tract while human influenza viruses replicate in the respiratory tract-as conveyed by their differential genetic makeup. (science20.com)
Influenza A viruses are highly infectious respiratory pathogens that can infect many species. (advancedsciencenews.com)
The nanovaccine also significantly reduced infection in pigs' respiratory tract and blocked the transmission of influenza A between animals used in the study, demonstrating its dual protection against influenza A and PCV2. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Typical features of influenza include abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough (usually nonproductive), sore throat, and coryza, as well as systemic symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. (cdc.gov)
The sharp rise in influenza-associated acute respiratory illnesses that occurs during annual seasonal epidemics results in increased numbers of visits to physicians' offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency departments. (cdc.gov)
H stands for hemagglutinin, it binds the virus to cells in the respiratory tract, for example. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Influenza is a respiratory virus that can infect the nose, throat and sometimes the lungs. (who.int)
Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
Swine influenza or flu is a respiratory disorder observed in pigs caused by the type A influenza virus. (godigit.com)
Influenza , commonly known as the " flu ," is an extremely contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza A or B viruses. (webmd.com)
The flu virus attacks the body by spreading through the upper and/or lower respiratory tract. (webmd.com)
The flu virus is spread from person to person through respiratory secretions and typically sweeps through large groups of people who spend time in close contact, such as in daycare facilities, classrooms, college dormitories, military barracks, offices, and nursing homes. (webmd.com)
Flu is spread when you inhale droplets in the air that contain the flu virus, make direct contact with respiratory secretions through sharing drinks or utensils, or handle items contaminated by an infected person. (webmd.com)
Influenza virus is a major respiratory pathogen that infects an average of 5−15% of the global population each year, with approximately 500 000 human deaths related to influenza annually. (who.int)
An/13 was found to have a low 50% infectious dose, grow to high titers in the upper respiratory tract, and transmit efficiently among cocaged guinea pigs. (edu.au)
By contrast, HAs of LPAIVs are cleaved only by trypsin-like proteases which are expressed in the cells lining the respiratory or intestinal tracts, so that the viruses cause only localized infections, resulting in mild or asymptomatic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza is an acute, self-limiting upper respiratory tract infection. (health.gov.au)
Bioaerosol sampling for respiratory viruses in Singapore's mass rapid transit network. (cdc.gov)
Surveillance for respiratory and diarrheal pathogens at the human-pig interface in Sarawak, Malaysia. (cdc.gov)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious, potentially life-threatening viral infection caused by a previously unrecognized virus from the Coronaviridae family, the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). (medscape.com)

Research led by Honglei Sun at China Agricultural University (CAU) in Beijing has identified such a strain in pigs that has already begun to infect humans. (medicalnewstoday.com)
A deadly strain of bird flu known to infect humans is spreading rapidly and silently through chicken populations across China. (abc.net.au)
arrier to infect humans. (citizen-news.org)
Other possible mechanisms for the emergence of new influenza viruses are through the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to infect humans and the re-assortment of the genomic segments of multiple viruses (ie, human, avian and pig influenza viruses). (health.govt.nz)
Can bird flu viruses infect humans? (dailynewsegypt.com)
Even if the strain does not infect humans, avian flu is can be disastrous: outbreaks kill thousands of animals at a time and impacts the livelihoods of many people, local and national economies and international trade. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Influenza B and C principally infect humans, minimizing the chance that a reassortment will change its phenotype drastically. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The resulting new virus would likely be able to infect humans and spread from person to person, but it would have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) not previously seen in influenza viruses that infect humans, and therefore to which most people have little or no immune protection. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Normally the Swine flu virus does not infect humans. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)

Influenza A virus subtype H7N7 (A/H7N7) is a subtype of Influenza A virus, a genus of Orthomyxovirus, the viruses responsible for influenza. (wikipedia.org)
These data indicate that the novel reassortant H2N3 subtype virus has the ability to infect various mammalian hosts, suggesting a potential to transmit to humans. (usda.gov)
Influenza viruses of the H2N3 subtype have not previously been isolated from swine. (usda.gov)
An influenza pandemic occurs when there is emergence of a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans. (who.int)
The new virus subtype has novel H and N surface antigens result from the mixing of genomic segments of two or more influenza A viruses. (health.govt.nz)
Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
Dominant subtype switch in avian influenza viruses during 2016-2019 in China. (virosin.org)
The H7N9 subtype first infected humans in China in March 2013. (dailynewsegypt.com)
But in 2015 PLoS One published Serological Evidence of Influenza A Viruses in Frugivorous Bats from Africa, which detected serological evidence of prior H9 influenza infection - a subtype which has infected humans - in roughly 30% of bats examined in Ghana. (blogspot.com)
Preliminary results indicate serological evidence against avian influenza subtype H9 in about 30% of the animals screened, with low-level cross-reactivity to phylogenetically closely related subtypes H8 and H12 . (blogspot.com)
As avian influenza subtype H9 is associated with human infections, the implications of our findings from a public health context remain to be investigated. (blogspot.com)
Antigenic shift is the process by which at least two different strains of a virus (or different viruses), especially influenza, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The zoonotic outbreak of H7N9 subtype avian influenza virus that occurred in eastern China in the spring of 2013 resulted in 135 confirmed human cases, 44 of which were lethal. (edu.au)

Martha Nelson, an evolutionary biologist at the National Institutes of Health's Fogarty International Center, who studies pig influenza viruses, said that in an ideal world, scientists would create a G4 vaccine in preparation for a possible outbreak. (medicalnewstoday.com)
All vaccines induced an antibody response against M2e, and the M2eNP DNA vaccine additionally induced an influenza virus-specific lymphoproliferation response. (microbiologyresearch.org)
There may be a small increased risk of fever and febrile convulsions with concomitant delivery of PCV13 and influenza vaccine in children aged 6 months to under 5 years. (health.govt.nz)
Children aged under 5 years are more likely than older children or adults to have a febrile reaction to influenza vaccine. (health.govt.nz)
Because of this ongoing antigenic drift, seasonal influenza virus vaccine formulations are reviewed by the WHO bi-annually. (health.govt.nz)
Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
In the Northern Hemisphere, all persons aged 6 months or older should receive influenza vaccine annually by the end of October, if possible. (medscape.com)
Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
Those with a history of egg allergy who have experienced only hives after exposure to egg should receive influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
However, there are multiple strains of influenza A viruses circulating in swine populations making swine flu vaccine strain selection difficult. (cdc.gov)
Researchers in China develop a novel vaccine that could pave the way to preventing cross-species transmission of influenza A. (advancedsciencenews.com)
The team proposed that such a vaccine could be derived from the influenza matrix protein 2 (M2e), which is ideal because it is the most conserved protective epitope (a small structural element or small peptide that is recognized by the binding site of an antibody) in all influenza A subtypes. (advancedsciencenews.com)
The team therefore developed a vaccine based the capside protein of PCV2-a structural protein that is part of the complex forming the protective shell around the nucleic acids of the virus-which self-assembles to form virus-like particles (see figure). (advancedsciencenews.com)
M2e‐ and PCV2‐specific immune responses were observed in mice inoculated with the new vaccine, and it was shown to protect them from a lethal challenge of various swine, human, and avian influenza A viruses. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Jason Schwartz, professor at the Yale School of Public Health, told the Atlantic earlier this month: "Had we not set the SARS vaccine research programme aside [in 2004], we would have had a lot more of this foundational work that we could apply to this new, closely related virus. (socialist.net)
Antigenic changes also necessitate frequent updating of influenza vaccine components to ensure that the vaccine is matched to circulating viruses. (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses evolve constantly, and twice a year WHO makes recommendations to update the vaccine compositions. (who.int)
The influenza vaccine should be given annually to everyone aged ≥ 6 months who does not have a contraindication. (msdmanuals.com)
Antigenic shift is contrasted with antigenic drift , which is the natural mutation over time of known strains of influenza (or other things, in a more general sense) which may lead to a loss of immunity, or in vaccine mismatch. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Scientists at Scripps Research, University of Chicago and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai have identified a new Achilles' heel of influenza virus, making progress in the quest for a universal flu vaccine. (medicalxpress.com)
A vaccine combining centralized ancestral genes from four major influenza strains appears to provide broad protection against the dangerous ailment, according to new research by a team from the Nebraska Center for Virology. (medicalxpress.com)
High-dose influenza vaccine appears to have the potential to prevent nearly one-quarter of all breakthrough influenza illnesses in seniors (≥65 y) compared with the standard-dose vaccine, according to results from a phase IIIb-IV double-blind, active-controlled trial. (medscape.com)
[ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
The Australian 2001 influenza vaccine represented a good match for the circulating viruses and 77 per cent of persons over 65 years in Australia were vaccinated in 2001. (health.gov.au)
It is one of the three viruses included in the regular (seasonal) flu vaccine . (medlineplus.gov)
Assists global and domestic experts who choose which viruses to include in seasonal vaccine production for each year's vaccine and guides prioritization of pandemic vaccine development. (cdc.gov)
CDC tracks and monitors seasonal influenza vaccine distribution. (cdc.gov)

In the pig, genetic reassortment to create novel influenza subtypes by mixing avian, human and swine influenza viruses is possible. (usda.gov)
Influenza A viruses have 16 H subtypes and 9 N subtypes. (citizen-news.org)
Only viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes are known to cause the highly pathogenic form of the disease. (citizen-news.org)
However, not all viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes are highly pathogenic and not all will cause severe disease in poultry. (citizen-news.org)
New influenza A virus subtypes emerge periodically that have caused pandemics in humans. (health.govt.nz)
The virus originates from birds, which are known carriers of all influenza A subtypes, with new strains emerging and infecting mammalian species, such as humans. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on surface proteins called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
[7] There are 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes that circulate in a variety of avian species, and a restricted subgroup of these have infected other animals, such as pigs, horses, cats, ferrets, dogs, and marine mammals (seals and whales). (cdc.gov)
A few bat species were recently shown to be infected by influenza viruses originally designated as new influenza A subtypes H17N10 and H18N11. (cdc.gov)
Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but are further broken down into 2 lineages: Yamagata and Victoria. (cdc.gov)
Avian flu outbreaks caused by non-human infecting subtypes occur quite often. (dailynewsegypt.com)

Avian influenza is a slightly misleading term, as influenza is among the natural infections found in birds. (medscape.com)
The term avian influenza used in this context refers to zoonotic human infection with an influenza strain that primarily affects birds. (medscape.com)
Although all strains of influenza A virus naturally infect birds, certain strains can infect mammalian hosts such as pigs and humans. (medscape.com)
How do pandas, birds, pigs and seals get the flu? (abc.net.au)
A new study has found that bird flu virus could survive for up to two years in the carcasses of buried birds. (abc.net.au)
Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. (who.int)
Avian influenza, or "bird flu", is a contagious disease of animals caused by viruses that normally infect only birds and, less commonly, pigs. (citizen-news.org)
As infected birds shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, opportunities for exposure to infected droppings or to environments contaminated by the virus are abundant under such conditions. (citizen-news.org)
Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
Wild aquatic birds are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses. (powershow.com)
Tens of millions of birds died of influenza and hundreds of millions were culled to protect humans. (nationalacademies.org)
But what worries authorities is the virus's persistence and increasing virulence, killing infected birds within 24 hours and killing some humans within five days who have picked up the virus from birds. (earthfiles.com)
Not only is the latest bird flu virus more virulent in lab animal tests, it seems to be increasing its virulence among wild water birds. (earthfiles.com)
This is unprecedented as it hasn t been seen in history before, where highly pathogenic avian influenza has spread so extensively and is gotten back into the wild bird and is sort of cycling back and forth between farm poultry and wild birds. (scitizen.com)
This general ability to infect and kill a broad spectrum of avian and mammalian species is very unusual even in highly pathogenic avian influenza virus which can kill one or two species but not this broad range of poultries or wild birds. (scitizen.com)
From a virus stand point, a life cycle always begins with receptor binding to susceptible the cell, the specificity of the virus receptor interactions are a component of host range, and so it s known that human influenza viruses bind to receptors that are slightly different from those sialic acid containing receptors that are in birds. (scitizen.com)
Genetically divergent highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) viruses in wild birds, eastern China. (virosin.org)
These neurological symptoms are consistent with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), and though it is late in the season for the virus to be circulating, Slaterus and his colleagues have noticed a disturbing number of sick and dead birds during their counts this year (and last year, too). (thebulletin.org)
Avian flu can cause neurological symptoms in birds, such as the loss of balance this barnacle goose in the Netherlands displayed in May. (thebulletin.org)
Like humans who unwittingly carried SARS-CoV-2 on airplanes from Wuhan to Seattle and from Wuhan and Italy to Belgium and soon from virtually everywhere else to virtually everywhere else in early 2020, infected wild birds are often asymptomatic, so they can migrate carrying the virus. (thebulletin.org)
Avian influenza - also called bird flu or fowl plague - is a viral disease that infects birds, especially wild geese and ducks. (dailynewsegypt.com)
But any influenza A virus may cause bird flu - it only has to adapt itself to birds as a host. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Most of the major pandemics of recent decades can ultimately be traced back to birds, bats or other wildlife, but because these creatures are so genetically different from us it's difficult for viruses to jump directly to humans without some other species acting as an intermediary. (pirg.org)
In particular, it's believed that pigs are the primary source of influenza pandemics, because they can pick up the virus from both birds and humans and act as incubators for new strains that combine genetic traits from both, and thus make the relatively easy jump to humans. (pirg.org)
Avian flu spreads quickly in chickens and is thought to have been picked up and carried further afield by migratory birds in the vicinity of these farms. (pirg.org)
Recent findings by the Medical Research Council in London reveal that the Spanish flu-the influenza virus that killed more than 20 million people between 1918 and 1920- started in birds . (thetrumpet.com)
According to Science magazine, the 1918 flu jumped from birds to humans with minimal change, much like today's avian bird flu (February 6). (thetrumpet.com)
To date, sustained do not normally infect species other than person-to-person transmission has not been birds and pigs [ 3 ]. (who.int)
Studies at the ge- form of a pandemic among birds, many netic level further determined that the virus countries have been affected and there is had been transmitted directly from birds to some evidence of alarm and panic affecting humans. (who.int)
This Influenza virus is infectious to all species of animals and birds: Human Influenza, Swine Influenza, Equine Influenza, Avian Flu etc are the different names. (vetcos.com)
There are 3 general types of flu viruses distinguished with their capsid (inner membrane) proteins as Type A, B and C. Type A flu virus cause most serious flu epidemics in humans, other mammals and birds. (vetcos.com)
Affected species include other mammals and birds, giving influenza A the opportunity for a major reorganization of surface antigens. (influenzavirusnet.com)
1 Currently all known influenza A viruses are naturally maintained in aquatic birds. (who.int)
5 The transmission of these viruses over long distances by migrating birds is a concern for countries such as Papua New Guinea that have large poultry populations with few biosecurity precautions. (who.int)
Influenza , commonly referred to as the flu , is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses), that affects birds and mammals. (medicalxpress.com)
Most influenza viruses don't spread in people, but spread in animals, especially wild birds and pigs. (cdc.gov)

Reassortment is a process in which influenza viruses exchange genes during replication. (cdc.gov)
When different strains of a virus occupy the same animal, they can swap genes to create new strains with the potential to infect new hosts. (medicalnewstoday.com)
All internal genes except PA were similar to influenza virus gene segments found in contemporary triple reassortant (human, swine, avian) SIVs in the United States. (usda.gov)
For example, if a pig was infected with a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus at the same time, an antigenic shift could occur, producing a new virus that had most of the genes from the human virus, but [additional genes] from the avian virus. (opednews.com)
Andrew Bowman] So, pigs can be infected with human, swine, and avian origin influenza A viruses, and if they are infected with influenza A viruses from different species at the same time it is possible for the eight genes segments from each of these viruses to mix and then create a novel virus that could impact human or animal health. (cdc.gov)
The neuraminidase (NA), and internal genes, were also highly divergent from previously known influenzas. (blogspot.com)
Because the internal genes of bat flu viruses are compatible with human flu viruses, it is possible that these viruses could exchange genetic information with human flu viruses through a process called "reassortment. (blogspot.com)
New strains of flu virus arise not through mutation but through recombination of genes. (vetcos.com)
If this happens, it is possible for the genes of these viruses to mix and create a new virus (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
Robert Gordon Webster, a retired influenza investigator from St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital disclosed that pandemic strains of flu arise from genes in flu virus strains in nonhuman, called it a "guessing game" as to the strain's capabilities of potentially being able to transmit to humans. (org.ng)
As part of their life cycle, influenza viruses in all species invade cells, rearrange their genes and emerge slightly different than they were initially. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)

Antibodies were found in over half of 500 people tested according to the final official report by the Dutch government: As at least 50% of the people exposed to infected poultry had H7 antibodies detectable with the modified assay, it was estimated that avian influenza A/H7N7 virus infection occurred in at least 1000, and perhaps as many as 2000 people. (wikipedia.org)
This suggests that the population at risk for avian influenza was not limited to those with direct contact to infected poultry, and that person to person transmission may have occurred on a large scale. (wikipedia.org)
H9N2 viruses circulate widely in the Middle East and are associated with serious disease in poultry. (scialert.net)
In domestic poultry, infection with avian influenza viruses causes two main forms of disease, distinguished by low and high extremes of virulence. (citizen-news.org)
On present understanding, H5 and H7 viruses are introduced to poultry flocks in their low pathogenic form. (citizen-news.org)
When allowed to circulate in poultry populations, the viruses can mutate, usually within a few months, into the highly pathogenic form. (citizen-news.org)
This is why the presence of an H5 or H7 virus in poultry is always a cause for concern, even when the initial signs of infection are mild. (citizen-news.org)
The first is the risk of direct infection when the virus passes from poultry to humans, resulting in very severe disease. (citizen-news.org)
Direct contact with infected poultry, or surfaces and objects contaminated by their faeces, is presently considered the main route of human infection. (citizen-news.org)
To date, most human cases have occurred in rural or periurban areas where many households keep small poultry flocks, which often roam freely, sometimes entering homes or sharing outdoor areas where children play. (citizen-news.org)
Viruses are also transmitted between pigs and humans, and from poultry to humans. (powershow.com)
In the past when highly pathogenic avian influenza showed up in a farm they killed all the poultry, cleaned up the facilities and started again. (scitizen.com)
Authorities in southern Germany have discovered the H5N2 bird flu virus on a poultry farm. (dailynewsegypt.com)
It can spread easily among domestic poultry like chicken and turkeys and if they contract more serious forms of the virus most animals will die of bird flu. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Such cases might occurr in people who had contact with sick or dead poultry that were infected with these viruses. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Avian flu practically decimated the Asian poultry industry. (thetrumpet.com)
WHO has taken several steps toward by the same strain, in Hong Kong's poultry global pandemic influenza planning, includ- population [ 2,5 ]. (who.int)
During 1997, 1.5 million poultry were culled and destroyed in Hong Kong within 3 days, which would have averted a human pandemic. (vetcos.com)
We investigated the circulation of avian influenza viruses in poultry populations throughout Papua New Guinea to assess the risk to the poultry industry and human health. (who.int)
This study demonstrated that avian influenza viruses were not circulating at detectable levels in poultry populations in Papua New Guinea during the sampling period. (who.int)
However, avian influenza remains a significant risk to Papua New Guinea due to the close proximity of countries having previously reported highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and the low biosecurity precautions associated with the rearing of most poultry populations in the country. (who.int)
The interspecies transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus to poultry populations often results in devastating disease outbreaks. (who.int)
4 The recent emergence of a novel H7N9 virus in China (March 2013) has increased fears about the spread of influenza viruses with pandemic potential from poultry populations. (who.int)
Poultry production accounts for 45% of the total annual livestock production in Papua New Guinea, and poultry consumption is second only to pigs. (who.int)
Relatively few poultry farms are commercialized and therefore do not have high biosecurity settings to reduce potential introduction of influenza viruses into the poultry population. (who.int)
In this paper we report a cross-sectional study to determine the presence of circulating avian influenza viruses and the seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies to avian influenza viruses in poultry populations across Papua New Guinea. (who.int)
Outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) caused by infection with low pathogenic H9N2 viruses have occurred in poultry, resulting in serious economic losses in Asia and the Middle East. (biomedcentral.com)
Epidemiological investigations, conducted with WHO support, linked most human cases to direct contact with diseased poultry in household, as opposed to commercial, flocks. (who.int)
Massive control efforts were introduced in most countries with the aim of eliminating the virus from its poultry host. (who.int)
Although the number of affected poultry has been much smaller in this second wave (less than one million), there have again been human cases. (who.int)

This strain has drawn more attention than other HPAI strains because of ongoing reports of bird-to-human transmissions that result in severe disease in the human host. (medscape.com)
At this time there is no data demonstrating any risk of dogs and cats contracting this strain of the virus," said Dr. Louise Murray, Director of Medicine at the ASPCA's Bergh Memorial Hospital in New York City. (animalfair.com)
When two different species' influenza strains (for example pig and human) recombine, the novel viral strain that emerges potentially has a better chance of evading the immune system and persisting in the host organism than the pre-existing viral strains. (science20.com)
The strain normally infected pigs and was rarely seen in humans. (popsci.com)
In addition, all of the cases recorded across the state were more than 99.5 percent similar to one another genetically, indicating that it was just one flu strain that took residence in humans and swine alike. (popsci.com)
If someone is infected with an avian influenza strain, the illness is unusually aggressive. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Subsequent tests, however, traced the genetic lineage of the virus to a strain that had emerged in an industrial hog farm in Newton Grove, North Carolina, in the late 1990s, where it had circulated and evolved among pigs before crossing to humans. (pirg.org)
A pandemic occurs when an influenza virus emerges that most people do not have immunity from because it is so different from any previous strain in humans. (who.int)
Because of the potential for avian flu to combine with a strain of human influenza, and the fact that scientists believe we are overdue for the next global epidemic, many scientists and government health officials fear that the next outbreak could be worse that the 1918 epidemic that killed millions. (thetrumpet.com)
In 1999 a different strain of bird flu virus identified as A (H9N2) infected two people in Hong Kong. (vetcos.com)
In April 2003, a Dutch veterinarian working in a farm infected with bird flu virus of H7 strain died of pneumonia. (vetcos.com)
Even if you develop antibodies against a flu virus one year, those antibodies are unlikely to protect you against a new strain of the flu virus the next year. (webmd.com)
Because the human immune system has difficulty recognizing the new influenza strain, it may be highly dangerous. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Medical Xpress)-A new study in the U.S. has shown that pigs vaccinated against one strain of influenza were worse off if subsequently infected by a related strain of the virus. (medicalxpress.com)
We report here that, in the guinea pig model, a human isolate of novel H7N9 influenza virus, A/Anhui/1/2013 (An/13), is highly dissimilar to an H7N1 avian isolate and instead behaves similarly to a human seasonal strain in several respects. (edu.au)
Given the constantly changing nature of influenza viruses, the occurrence of pandemics defies precise predictions concerning timing, causative strain, and severity of the disease and its international impact. (who.int)
According to reports, a group of infectious diseases researchers have discovered a new strain of viruses amongst pigs in China, where Coronavirus started from and fear that it might mutate to readily transmit between humans. (org.ng)

Avain Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease caused by type A influenza viruses which have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes that encode at least ten proteins including two surface glycoproteins [haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)], nucleoprotein (NP), three polymerase proteins [polymerase basic (PB1), (PB2) and polymerase acidic (PA)], two matrix (M1 and M2) proteins and two non-structural (NS1 and NS2) proteins. (scialert.net)
Researchers divide flu viruses into three general categories: types A, B, and C. All three types can mutate, or change into new strains, and type A influenza mutates often, yielding new strains of the virus every few years. (webmd.com)

On rare occasions, these bird viruses can cross over and infect other species, including cats, pigs and humans and can be a potential cause of pandemics. (who.int)
Three influenza pandemics were recorded in 1918, 1957 and 1968, with the first one resulting in 40-50 million deaths globally. (who.int)
A viruses can cause pandemics. (citizen-news.org)
There is particular pressure to recognize and heed the lessons of past influenza pandemics in the shadow of the worrisome 2003-2004 flu season. (nationalacademies.org)
So what is it about Influenza A that makes it a top candidate for pandemics? (science20.com)
Every 10 to 15 years, influenza undergoes a dramatic genetic change ( antigenic shift ) which as described, is responsible for epidemics/pandemics. (science20.com)
These results indicate that the PCV2 and universal influenza A nanovaccine is an economical and promising synergistic tool with the potential to block cross‐species transmission, and hopefully minimize future pandemics. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Influenza viruses can be divided into 4 types: A, B, C, and D. Influenza type C viruses are not associated with severe disease, epidemics, or pandemics, and influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people, so neither will be discussed further here. (cdc.gov)
Most recent pandemics, including the one we're currently experiencing, have been the result of zoonotic viruses " spilling over " to humans from animals. (pirg.org)
Viruses that have caused past pandemics typically originated from animal influenza viruses. (who.int)
Some aspects of influenza pandemics can appear similar to seasonal influenza while other characteristics may be quite different. (who.int)
However, the impact or severity tends to be higher in pandemics in part because of the much larger number of people in the population who lack pre-existing immunity to the new virus. (who.int)
Influenza pandemics occur every 10 to 30 years. (health.gov.au)
During these pandemics, a quarter or more of the global population may be affected within a short period and the rates of illness and death from influenza can increase dramatically. (health.gov.au)
Four influenza pandemics have occurred in the past 100 years. (cdc.gov)

Because of this, pigs also can serve as hosts in which influenza viruses from different species can change by undergoing reassortment if a pig is infected with two or more different influenza A viruses at the same time. (cdc.gov)
Genetic reassortment between avian and human influenza A viruses in Italian pigs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Co-infection of both human and avian viruses within the same pig can lead to genetic reassortment, which results in mixing of influenza viral segments, and new influenza A strains. (advancedsciencenews.com)
[8,9] However, these viruses were shown to be incompetent for reassortment with other influenza A viruses, a hallmark of the species, indicating that they are not true influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
Reassortment occurs when two or more flu viruses infect a single host cell, which allows the viruses to swap genetic information. (blogspot.com)
Reassortment can sometimes lead to the emergence of new flu viruses capable of infecting humans. (blogspot.com)
However, the conditions needed for reassortment to occur between human flu viruses and bat flu viruses remain unknown. (blogspot.com)
A different animal (such as pigs, horses, dogs or seals) would need to serve as a "bridge," meaning that such an animal would need to be capable of being infected with both this new bat flu virus and human flu viruses for reassortment to occur. (blogspot.com)
Since the discovery of bat flu, at least one study has been conducted to assess the possibility of reassortment events occurring between bat flu and other flu viruses (3). (blogspot.com)
Although unlikely, one plausible scenario would involve the reassortment of a bat and a mammalian virus in an intermediate host, such as a pig. (blogspot.com)
In this instance, the new virus is thought to have arisen from a " reassortment " of bird, swine and human influenza viruses combined with a Eurasian pig flu virus. (pirg.org)

In 2004, an outbreak of an HPAI H7N3 in Canada resulted in mild human disease. (medscape.com)
In the end, the real flu outbreak we experienced was of porcine origin, which is the most common link for the passage of a flu virus from animals to humans. (flutrackers.com)
In the present outbreak, more than half of those infected with the virus have died. (citizen-news.org)
Although this process can take a period of months it s never failed to control the outbreak (although the Mexican trails with HPAI H5N2 avian influenza have been somewhat protracted since the mid 1990 s) whereas in Asia, since 2003, the virus has spread into new countries that are beyond China s borders. (scitizen.com)
A new genetic study finds just how closely related human and pig flu viruses were during a 2012 outbreak. (popsci.com)
Samples of flu viruses taken from pigs and from people in Ohio during the 2012 outbreak were genetically close to one another, according to the study, which involved swabbing the insides of 834 pigs's noses. (popsci.com)
That means the outbreak really did come straight from infected pigs. (popsci.com)
In 2014, the US also reported an outbreak of the virus. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Early reports suggested that the source of the outbreak lay in the factory-style pig farms in the area around its epicenter in Veracruz. (pirg.org)
Similarly, in the 1990s, factory farms were at the epicenter of a deadly Nipah virus outbreak , believed to have been the result of pigs in CAFO operations in Malaysia contracting the virus from bats and passing it on to farm workers, causing an outbreak of fatal encephalitis among pig farmers. (pirg.org)
During this outbreak, there were signs of human-human transmission of the disease - a rare event. (vetcos.com)

Overall, 65.4% of the participants said they ex- pected there to be cases of avian influenza in Saudi Arabia this year. (who.int)

Scientists are to create mutant forms of the H7N9 bird flu virus that has emerged in China so they can gauge the risk of it becoming a lethal human pandemic. (abc.net.au)
The new avian influenza (H7N9) emerging in China is to reboot the fear of animal influenza by a media epidemic. (flutrackers.com)
The novel avian influenza H7N9 virus has caused severe diseases in humans in eastern China since the spring of 2013. (biomedcentral.com)
On January 18th 2014, a doctor working in the emergency department of a hospital in Shanghai died of H7N9 virus infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Viral sequence identity percentages between the patient and two LPM-H7N9 isolates were fewer than between the patient and another human case in shanghai in January of 2014. (biomedcentral.com)
Important reasons for the patient's death might include late treatment with oseltamivir, and the infected H7N9 virus carrying both mammalian-adapted signature (HA-Q226L) and aerosol transmissibility (PB2-D701N). (biomedcentral.com)

These serotypic differences result in much of the species specificity due to differences in the receptor usage (specifically sialic acid, which binds to hemagglutinin and which is cleaved by neuraminidase when the virus exits the cell). (medscape.com)
Crossing the species barrier to mammals highlights the pandemic potential of H9N2 virus. (scialert.net)
Animal flu Have you have wondered about flu infections in species other than humans? (abc.net.au)
Viruses by species are the most numerous of any biological entity on earth. (opednews.com)
When influenza from different species infects pigs, the viruses can generate new strains that are a mix of swine, human and/or avian influenza. (animalfair.com)
In other words, the host organism's immune system doesn't have antibodies for viruses indigenous to other species and thanks to the original virus that is indigenous to the host, molecular features necessary for "optimal" host infection are retained. (science20.com)
What researchers don't know is if viruses that jump the species barrier are already compatible with the new host or if they evolve compatibility after the fact. (science20.com)
In a recent report , Professor Gaiping Zhang of the Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and coworkers propose that effective control of swine influenza viruses is a key strategy for reducing the probability of cross-species transmission and future influenza outbreaks. (advancedsciencenews.com)
It could occur with primate viruses and may be a factor for the appearance of new viruses in the human species such as HIV. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Because pigs are susceptible to avian, human and swine influenza viruses, they potentially may be infected with influenza viruses from different species (e.g., ducks and humans) at the same time. (influenzavirusnet.com)
2 Occasionally these influenza viruses of avian lineage cross natural species barriers and infect other susceptible bird species and/or mammals including humans, pigs and horses. (who.int)

Phylogenetic tree of selected swine, human, and avian H1 hemagglutinin 1 sequences. (cdc.gov)
Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
The pH of fusion of the hemagglutinin (HA) and the binding of virus to fixed guinea pig tissues were also examined. (edu.au)
Influenza A virus has one of sixteen possible Hemagglutinin (HA) surface proteins and one of nine possible Neuraminidase (NA) surface proteins. (stainingkit.com)

Bird flu viruses are just a few genetic steps away from the flu virus that caused the deadly 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, a new study shows. (abc.net.au)
Experts agreed to publish mutant bird flu paper only after author explained that the virus was 'much less lethal' than previously feared. (abc.net.au)
But such surface protein changes can lead to human-to-human transmission of the bird flu virus, similar to what happened in 1918 when the Spanish Flu killed more than 50 million people around the planet. (earthfiles.com)
Which viruses cause bird flu? (dailynewsegypt.com)
First human case of bird flu infection occurred in May 1997, in a 3 year old boy who died of the disease. (vetcos.com)
The Vet did not take any medication against bird flu or human flu. (vetcos.com)
Again in 2003 bird flu virus A (H7N7) infected 80 people in Netherlands killing one. (vetcos.com)
Bird flu virus is an RNA virus, which resembles a short rod studded with two kinds of protein spikes such as the Haemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N). (vetcos.com)
The bird flu virus, which passed to humans directly from bird, is with Type 5 H protein and type 1 N protein. (vetcos.com)

Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
Influenza epidemics occur each year. (health.govt.nz)
Influenza B has two lineages of viruses: B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, which are also associated with outbreaks and epidemics, and account for a significant proportion of the overall burden of influenza. (health.govt.nz)
That's arguably a good year considering Influenza A also makes a recurring appearance every 10 to 15 years as a highly virulent form that is responsible for epidemics. (science20.com)
In between epidemics, minor influenza genetic changes occur (antigenic drift). (science20.com)
Influenza causes widespread sporadic illness yearly during fall and winter in temperate climates (seasonal epidemics). (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza B viruses may cause milder disease but often cause epidemics with moderate or severe disease, either as the predominant circulating virus or along with influenza A. (msdmanuals.com)
Most influenza epidemics are caused by a predominant serotype, but different influenza viruses may appear sequentially in one location or may appear simultaneously, with one virus predominating in one location and another virus predominating elsewhere. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza spreads around the world in seasonal epidemics, resulting in the deaths of between &10000000000250000000000250,000 and &10000000000500000000000500,000 people every year, up to millions in some pandemic years. (medicalxpress.com)
Influenza viruses are successful human pathogens because of their ability to vary their two external proteins, haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Mutations cause a gradual change in these proteins called 'antigenic drift', which results in annual epidemics of influenza. (health.gov.au)

The work comes as a salutary reminder that we are constantly at risk of new emergence of zoonotic pathogens and that farmed animals, with which humans have greater contact than with wildlife, may act as the source for important pandemic viruses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
With the emergence of non-human H9N2 isolates with avian characteristics, it is important to study the H9N2 isolates from avian hosts in addition to those obtained from humans for pandemic influenza understanding and preparedness. (scialert.net)
This 'antigenic drift' leads to the emergence of new antigenic variants or virus strains. (health.govt.nz)
Mike Miler] Why are pigs considered a threat for emergence of novel influenza virus A? (cdc.gov)
Real-Time Genomic Surveillance during the 2021 Re-Emergence of the Yellow Fever Virus in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. (cdc.gov)
Emergence of dengue virus serotype 2 in Mauritania and molecular characterization of its circulation in West Africa. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic shift is important for the emergence of new viral pathogens as it is a pathway that viruses may follow to enter a new niche (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
These 'shifts' result in the emergence of a new influenza virus. (health.gov.au)
Conditions favouring the emergence of a pandemic virus are, however, well known, and are increasingly being met. (who.int)

The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
Because influenza seasons are unpredictable and often fluctuate in length and severity, the overall burden seasonal influenza varies from year to year. (cdc.gov)
For example, both seasonal and pandemic influenza can cause infections in all age groups, and most cases will result in self-limited illness in which the person recovers fully without treatment. (who.int)
However, typical seasonal influenza causes most of its deaths among the elderly while other severe cases occur most commonly in people with a variety of medical conditions. (who.int)
For both seasonal and pandemic influenza, the total number of people who get severely ill can vary. (who.int)
What is seasonal influenza? (who.int)
Seasonal influenza (or "flu") is most often caused by type A or B influenza viruses. (who.int)
In tropical and subtropical countries, seasonal influenza can happen all year round. (who.int)
Is seasonal influenza linked to pandemic flu? (who.int)
Seasonal influenza outbreaks are caused by small changes in viruses that have already circulated, and to which many people have some immunity. (who.int)
A weekly surveillance report of seasonal influenza in the US is available at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's FluView . (msdmanuals.com)
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that seasonal influenza is responsible for an average of more than 20,000 deaths annually. (medscape.com)
The Serum Ige Seasonal Allergies reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. (stainingkit.com)
It is thought to occur in the same way as seasonal flu occurs in people, which is mainly person-to-person transmission through coughing or sneezing of individuals infected with the influenza virus. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
CDC programs protect the United States from seasonal influenza, as well as pandemic influenza which occurs when a new flu virus emerges that can infect people and spread globally. (cdc.gov)
CDC uses its scientific expertise and resources to address the continuing threat posed by seasonal and pandemic influenza. (cdc.gov)

Minimizing the transmission of influenza viruses between pigs and people can protect the health of swine workers and is in the best interest of animal and human public health. (cdc.gov)
Good hand hygiene should consist of washing with soap and water for 20 seconds or the use of other standard hand-disinfection procedures as specified by state government, or industry to limit the possibility of transmission of influenza viruses and other pathogens. (cdc.gov)
Mike Miler] You discuss `bidirectional, interspecies transmission of influenza virus A between humans and pigs' in your article. (cdc.gov)
Andrew Bowman] Pig-to-person transmission of influenza A virus is still believed to be a relatively uncommon event. (cdc.gov)

More than 75% of chickens inoculated intravenously with the passaged virus, rgY55sub-P10 (H9N2), died, indicating that it is pathogenic comparable to that of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) defined by World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). (biomedcentral.com)

This prolonged mixing of pigs and people provides ample opportunity for pathogens to spread among pigs and possibly to humans. (cdc.gov)
In these industrial-scale facilities, the proximity of thousands of genetically similar animals, packed together in unsanitary, overcrowded spaces and vulnerable to disease due to the stress placed on their immune systems by these living conditions, provides the ideal environment for viruses and other pathogens to circulate, mutate, and evolve the ability to cross over to human populations. (pirg.org)
There are 18 H types and 11 NA types, giving 198 possible combinations, but only a few are human pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)

All of which brings us to a new study, published in the Journal of Virology, that describes the isolation and characterization of a genetically distinct Influenza A H9- like virus from Egyptian fruit bats which already demonstrate the ability to replicate in the lungs of experimentally infected mice. (blogspot.com)

Interspecies influenza virus infections between people and pigs are most likely to occur when people are in close proximity to pigs, such as in swine production barns. (cdc.gov)
Surveillance can also identify human infections with swine influenza A viruses, which are referred to as variant influenza A virus infections. (cdc.gov)
These sporadic infections typically occur during the summer and early fall after exposures to pigs at agricultural fairs. (cdc.gov)
Given the pandemic risk posed by novel influenza A virus infections, healthcare providers should remain alert to the possibility of human infections with influenza viruses that can spread between animals and people. (cdc.gov)
Presenters will also address patient exposure histories and review questions to ask patients to help guide clinical diagnosis and testing for novel influenza A virus infections. (cdc.gov)
Describe diagnostic testing for novel influenza A viruses, limitations of commercially available influenza diagnostic tests, and recommended antiviral treatment for novel influenza A virus infections. (cdc.gov)
Mike Miler] Are pigs inspected for infections or diseases at these fairs? (cdc.gov)
Before 2012, outbreaks of so-called "influenza A variant" infections in the U.S. only popped up once in a while in the medical literature. (popsci.com)
People should ideally get vaccinated just before the influenza season begins for the most effective coverage, although getting vaccinated at any time during the influenza season can still help prevent flu infections. (who.int)
Diseases, viruses and infections simply did not exist. (thetrumpet.com)
Type B and C viruses are restricted to humans and cause only mild infections. (vetcos.com)
The greater the change in these proteins, the less likely it is that the virus will be recognised by immune cells primed by exposure to earlier infections or vaccines, and the greater the epidemic potential. (health.gov.au)
However, sporadic human infections with swine flu have occurred, and more commonly occur in persons with direct exposure to pigs. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
Infections may also occur by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)

More than 6,200 chickens at a farm in a village in Luyang, a town in Jingtai county, showed symptoms of suspected avian flu Friday, and 260 of them have died, according to the MOA. (flu.org.cn)
It's also possible for a person to pass both viruses when they don't have any symptoms. (healthline.com)
Peak virus shedding usually occurs from 1 day before onset of symptoms to 3 days after. (cdc.gov)
On January 11th 2014, he showed symptoms of an influenza-like illness. (biomedcentral.com)
On January 11th 2014, the patient showed symptoms of an influenza-like illness (ILI) (fever, cough, sore throat, dizziness, headache and myalgia) and self-treated with Analginum (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Flu symptoms start to develop from one to four days after infection with the virus. (webmd.com)
Infected pigs get symptoms similar to humans, such as cough, fever, and runny nose. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Influenza may produce nausea and vomiting, particularly in children, but these symptoms are more common in the unrelated gastroenteritis, which is sometimes, inaccurately, referred to as "stomach flu. (medicalxpress.com)
Symptoms of the Swine flu are similar to those of regular human flu which includes fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)

US researchers believe they have found a way that influenza makes people more prone to potentially deadly pneumonia. (abc.net.au)
Virus-specific CD8+ T cells in primary and secondary influenza pneumonia. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Complications of influenza infection include secondary bacterial pneumonia and exacerbation of underlying chronic health conditions. (cdc.gov)

The current outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, which began in South-East Asia in mid-2003, are the largest and most severe on record. (citizen-news.org)
The past decade has seen increasingly frequent and severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, as described in the Summary and Assessment. (nationalacademies.org)

In 1918, the world was struck by the Nice Influenza, which killed between 25 and 100 million individuals over three years. (dogsofwargg.com)
Natural medicines have had an excellent track record in the treatment of influenza in general, but also pandemic outbreaks in particular, such as the Influenza Pandemic of 1918, which was responsible for the deaths of over 50 million people worldwide. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)

Pathogenesis and transmission of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 and h5n8 viruses in ferrets and mice. (virosin.org)

Scientists have likened pigs to "mixing vessels" for generating pandemic influenza viruses because they host both mammalian and avian flu viruses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Influenza A virus can infect different mammalian animals. (usda.gov)
The HA protein revealed a Q226L mutation when compared with the putative parental avian HA protein, indicating a preferential binding to SA'2,6Gal, the mammalian influenza receptor. (usda.gov)
A leucine at HA position 226 indicates preferential binding to the mammalian virus receptor. (usda.gov)
Our findings indicate these H2N3 viruses can infect various mammalian hosts without adaptation, suggesting they may be transmissible to humans. (usda.gov)
In sum, An/13 was found to retain fusion and attachment properties of an avian influenza virus but displayed robust growth and contact transmission in the guinea pig model atypical of avian strains and indicative of mammalian adaptation. (edu.au)

They also detected antibodies to the virus in the blood of people who work at pig farms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The human body makes rare antibodies effective against all flu viruses and these might be boosted to design a better universal flu treatment, researchers report. (abc.net.au)
Antibodies to HA neutralize virus. (powershow.com)
In mice, vaccines inducing antibodies to the extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) can confer protection to influenza A virus infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In this study, the protection conferred by vaccines inducing antibodies to M2e was evaluated in a challenge model for swine influenza in pigs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In addition, a DNA construct expressing a fusion protein between M2e and influenza virus nucleoprotein (M2eNP) was evaluated to see if the broad-spectrum protection conferred by antibodies could be further enhanced by T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
As a result of these antigenic changes, antibodies produced to influenza viruses as a result of infection or vaccination with earlier strains may not be protective against viruses circulating in later years. (cdc.gov)
This may lead to novel combinations of H and N spikes unrecognizable by the human antibodies which are specific for the old configuration. (vetcos.com)
Neither influenza A viruses nor antibodies were detected in any of the samples. (who.int)
Exposure to the Swine flu virus will cause ones immune system to form antibodies against it however, starting with IgM and later IgG. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)

The neuraminidase stalks regions in these viruses had no deletion as compared to that A/Dk/HK/ Y280/97 lineage (Ck/Bei-like viruses) and the 2 human isolates A/HK/1073/99, A/HK/1074/99. (scialert.net)
The hemadsorbing site of neuraminidase had up to 3 amino acid substitutions and is different from those of earlier Iranian viruses. (scialert.net)
N is the abbreviation for neuraminidase, a protein that is required for virus replication. (dailynewsegypt.com)
The Neuraminidase (N) help the daughter virus break free of host cell once the virus Replication is completed. (vetcos.com)

A few of these animal influenza viruses can spread to people, and in rare cases, cause a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
Periodically, more instances of animal influenza viruses infecting people are reported. (cdc.gov)
Works with domestic and global health partners to monitor both human and animal influenza viruses to know what and where viruses are spreading and what kind of illness they are causing. (cdc.gov)
Studies both human and animal influenza viruses in the laboratory to better understand the characteristics of these viruses, including conducting genetic sequencing on more than 6,000 viruses each year. (cdc.gov)

The virus is highly contagious, spreads rapidly, and has a remarkable ability to quickly evolve, which leads to its great variability. (advancedsciencenews.com)

This guidance is issued with the goal of preventing the spread of influenza viruses from people to pigs and from pigs to people. (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses are thought to spread from infected pigs to people primarily via large infectious droplets expelled by a sick infected pig during coughing or sneezing to a person in close contact with infected pigs. (cdc.gov)
The relative contributions of these three modes of transmission to the spread of swine influenza viruses to humans are not fully understood. (cdc.gov)
While G4 is not yet able to spread from person to person, the scientists say that it has "all the essential hallmarks" of a future pandemic virus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Dr. Alice Hughes from the Centre for Integrative Conservation at the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden in Yunnan, China, noted that intensive farming practices in Asia might promote the spread of zoonotic viruses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Hygiene standards and feeds, including hormones and steroids across Asia, are likely to be contributory factors to compromised immune systems and the potential of viruses to spread," she said. (medicalnewstoday.com)
So far, the virus has not acquired the ability to spread effectively among humans. (who.int)
To rein in the rapid spread of the virus, the WHO is advising that standard personal health precautions be observed. (yogahub.com)
The wildfire spread of this new virus is certainly alarming. (yogahub.com)
And then maybe, how the heck did Wilbur the pig, a distantly related creature, manage to spread his cooties to humans? (science20.com)
The virus quickly spread through Mexico and the United States, and in June 2009 the World Health Organization officially declared it a pandemic. (pirg.org)
Research shows that these farms can act as "amplifiers" for the spillover and spread of viruses. (pirg.org)
Influenza can spread quickly between people when an infected person coughs or sneezes, dispersing droplets of the virus into the air. (who.int)
It can be also spread by hands contaminated by the virus. (who.int)
Health experts have been most worried about the possibility of the disease combining with human influenza virus to create a more lethal version that could spread between people-giving rise to a global pandemic" ( msnbc , February 7). (thetrumpet.com)
Usually they do not spread to humans. (vetcos.com)
Then read on to learn more about influenza -- what it is, how it's spread, and who's at greatest risk for getting it. (webmd.com)
That's why frequent and thorough handwashing is a key way to limit the spread of influenza. (webmd.com)
It is easier to spread the influenza virus (flu) than previously thought, according to a new University of Maryland-led study released today. (medicalxpress.com)
Enhanced surveillance with daily temperature taking and prompt reporting with isolation through home medical leave and segregation of smaller subgroups decrease the spread of influenza. (medscape.com)
In the absence of immunity to these new viruses, there is rapid spread of influenza with dramatically increased rates of morbidity and mortality. (health.gov.au)
The virus spread quickly around the world and on June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization declared it a pandemic. (stainingkit.com)
While the number of cases reported to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) has been minimal, since 2005 the number of reported cases have increased suggesting that the viruses are better able to adapt and spread. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention coordinates surveillance of influenza among humans with close collaboration from state, local, and territorial health departments. (cdc.gov)
USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), coordinates surveillance of influenza among pigs through the National Swine Influenza Virus (SIV) Surveillance Program. (cdc.gov)
More information about influenza surveillance in swine, including a Swine Procedures Manual, is available at Influenza Surveillance in Swine . (cdc.gov)
b Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States of America. (who.int)
Qualified field officers from the Papua New Guinea National Agriculture Quarantine and Inspection Authority carried out the sampling during their routine surveillance programme, adhering to the guidelines of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) for avian sampling. (who.int)
This article published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 26, No 2, June 2002 contains the annual report of the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme for 2001. (health.gov.au)
Surveillance of influenza in Australia in 2001 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. (health.gov.au)
In 2001, laboratory-confirmed influenza became a notifiable disease and was reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). (health.gov.au)
The resolution urged Member States to draw up and implement national preparedness plans, and requested the Director-General to continue to provide leadership in pandemic preparedness, particularly by strengthening global influenza surveillance. (who.int)
Provides direct support to state, local, and territorial public health departments for influenza surveillance and laboratory work. (cdc.gov)
Globally, CDC supports more than 50 countries to build surveillance and laboratory capacity to find emerging influenza threats and respond to them. (cdc.gov)

Avian Flu Epidemic 2003: Public health consequences. (wikipedia.org)
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus HPAI H7N7 - 2003 Epidemic in Europe. (wikipedia.org)
Flu is a dangerous disease, and viruses crossing from animals to humans are unpredictable, but the probability of an avian influenza epidemic becoming a human pandemic remains low. (flutrackers.com)
Another six confirmed human deaths occurred in Vietnam during a resurgence of the epidemic during the summer of 2004, as this report was being prepared (ProMED-mail, 2004a,b). (nationalacademies.org)
The authors concluded that a human influenza epidemic due to a new virus could be amplified in a local community and beyond by the presence of a factory farm in that community. (pirg.org)
The infection other familial clusters have been recognized of humans coincided with an epidemic of [ 11 ]. (who.int)

The H2N3 virus was able to replicate in pigs, mice, and ferrets and transmissible among pigs and ferrets. (usda.gov)

In their paper, the scientists warn that existing flu vaccines are unlikely to protect human populations from G4. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Australian scientists have found that two different vaccines used to control an infectious disease in chickens can recombine to create new lethal virus strains. (abc.net.au)
5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)
There are commercially available swine flu virus vaccines. (cdc.gov)
Just like human flu vaccines, the swine vaccines need to be periodically updated. (cdc.gov)
Most human influenza vaccines do not protect people from viruses circulating in pigs, and given the high mutation rates of influenza A viruses, current vaccines only provide protection against matched strains. (advancedsciencenews.com)
CDC develops candidate viruses used by manufacturers to make flu vaccines. (cdc.gov)

Humans or other potential viral hosts are constantly exposed to viruses, yet most viral exposure has no effect. (opednews.com)
The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
If new viral strains are transmitted to humans and spreads from person-to-person, a new influenza pandemic can occur. (advancedsciencenews.com)
At irregular intervals, there are more dramatic changes in the viral proteins, called 'antigenic shift', which are a result of either direct introduction of avian influenza viruses into the human population or a re-assortment between human and avian viruses which is believed to occur in intermediate hosts such as pigs. (health.gov.au)

and T.M. Ellis, K. Dyrting, W. Wong, P. Li, and C. Li of the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation of Hong Kong for their support of field work, and W. Lim, for virus isolates. (nationalacademies.org)
Influenza viruses which have undergone antigenic shift have caused the Asian Flu pandemic of 1957 , the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 , and the Swine Flu scare of 1976. (influenzavirusnet.com)

Influenza A infects approximately 10% of the population in the US each year and causes approximately 35,000 deaths annually. (science20.com)
Antigenic drift occurs in all types of influenza including influenza virus A, influenza B and influenza C. Antigenic shift, however, occurs only in influenzavirus A because it infects more than just humans. (influenzavirusnet.com)

The virus also had the ability to infect ferrets, which researchers often use to model human influenza, and to transmit from animal to animal via tiny airborne droplets called aerosols. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The H2N3 virus also infected ferrets and transmitted efficiently to contact sentinel ferrets. (usda.gov)

Thailand has confirmed another four deaths (ProMED-mail, 2004c,d), with one case possibly having been transmitted from human to human (ProMED-mail, 2004e). (nationalacademies.org)
Kuwait is also fumigating farms and bird markets and are trying to monitor bird migratory routes for any signs of unusual avian deaths. (earthfiles.com)
An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)
Antiviral drugs for influenza can reduce severe complications and deaths although influenza viruses can develop resistance to the drugs. (who.int)
Despite advances in flu prevention and treatment, the CDC estimates that deaths related to influenza range from 3,000 to 49,000 deaths in the United States each year. (webmd.com)
Each year, influenza causes millions of illnesses, hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations, and tens of thousands of deaths. (cdc.gov)

If this new virus causes illness in people and can be transmitted easily from person to person, an influenza pandemic can occur. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Influenza outbreaks usually occur during winter months in temperate climates (peaking between December and March in the Northern Hemisphere and June and September in the Southern Hemisphere), but may occur throughout the year in tropical regions. (health.gov.au)
As a rule, most outbreaks occur during the late fall and winter months similar to outbreaks in humans. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
Human-to-human transmission of swine flu as has been mentioned, can also occur. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)

Avian influenza has low-pathogenic (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) strains. (medscape.com)
This was followed several years later by the first isolation of a HPAI virus, A/Brescia/1902 (H7N7). (scitizen.com)

The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that people who are susceptible to complications from the flu - such as young kids, older adults and pregnant women - avoid pig barns at fairs. (popsci.com)

On the contrary, vaccinated pigs showed more severe clinical signs than the control pigs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The M2eNP DNA-vaccinated pigs showed the most severe clinical signs and three out of six pigs died on days 1 and 2 post-challenge. (microbiologyresearch.org)
However, influenza can cause severe illness or death in high risk groups (see Who is most at risk? (who.int)
Although it is often confused with other influenza-like illnesses, especially the common cold, influenza is a more severe disease than the common cold and is caused by a different type of virus. (medicalxpress.com)

Outbreaks of influenza in pigs from infection with swine influenza A viruses are common. (cdc.gov)

Bottom line Influenza virus somehow manages to make frequent minor changes and sudden major changes which permit temporary evasion of a population's immunity. (powershow.com)
Modified M2 proteins produce heterotypic immunity against influenza A virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Influenza pandemic occurs when a new influenza virus emerges and spreads around the world, and most people do not have immunity. (who.int)
This means that you can never develop a permanent immunity to influenza. (webmd.com)
People may have little or no immunity to pandemic influenza so the consequences can be much greater. (cdc.gov)

In addition, the H2N3 virus infected mice, inducing lung lesions, clinical disease and death. (usda.gov)

Novel avian influenza a (h5n6) viruses isolated in migratory waterfowl before the first human case reported in China, 2014. (virosin.org)

However, some human cases have occurred without contact with pigs or places they inhabited. (animalfair.com)
contact with pigs is not necessary. (yogahub.com)
What we do know is that the majority of the people who have become infected have had significant direct or indirect contact with pigs at the fairs. (cdc.gov)
Veterinarians at Cornell, along with physicians at the Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital in Cooperstown, N.Y., have identified what they believe is the first U.S. case of meningitis resulting from contact with pigs. (cornellsun.com)

In addition, pigs are uniquely susceptible to infection with influenza viruses of human, swine, and avian origin. (cdc.gov)

We need to be vigilant about other infectious disease threats even as COVID is going on because viruses have no interest in whether we're already having another pandemic. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Human influenza is transmitted by inhalation of infectious droplets and droplet nuclei, by direct contact or indirectly. (who.int)
A second risk, of even greater concern, is that the virus - if given enough opportunities - will change into a form that is highly infectious for humans and spreads easily from person to person. (citizen-news.org)
Our conversation is based on his study about flu virus at agricultural fairs, which appears in CDC's journal, Emerging Infectious Diseases . (cdc.gov)
Public health departments should monitor pigs closely for influenza A viruses, the study authors wrote in their paper, which was published in the September issue of the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases . (popsci.com)
So far, the results of these studies continue to indicate that bat flu viruses are very unlikely to reassort with other flu viruses to create new and potentially more infectious or dangerous viruses. (blogspot.com)
Influenza poses one of the world's greatest infectious disease challenges. (cdc.gov)

Bidirectional, interspecies transmission refers to both swine-to-human and human-to-swine transmission. (cdc.gov)
Pigs play an important role in influenza virus ecology and are involved in interspecies transmission, as they are susceptible to infection with both avian and human influenza A viruses. (advancedsciencenews.com)

the transformation of viruses from benign to pathogenic occurs via two processes more specific to viruses: antigenic drift and antigenic shift (antigenic drift being the more common). (opednews.com)
The term antigenic shift is more often applied specifically (but is not limited) to the influenza literature, as it is the best known example (e.g. visna virus in sheep). (influenzavirusnet.com)
Illustration of potential influenza antigenic shift. (influenzavirusnet.com)
One increasingly worrying situation is the possible antigenic shift between avian influenza and human influenza. (influenzavirusnet.com)
This antigenic shift could cause the formation of a highly virulent virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)

The resultant new hybrid influenza A virus could be highly transmissible among animals and to people, possibly leading to an influenza pandemic. (cdc.gov)
The African Region is highly vulnerable given its inadequate transport and other communication infrastructure, underdeveloped general administration and logistics systems, widespread poverty, and disruption of trade due to the socioeconomic impact of avian influenza. (who.int)
Since that time there s been outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian flu in many parts of the developed world, Europe, North America, Australia, and South America. (scitizen.com)
They started to have highly pathogenic avian influenza in the early-mid nineties. (scitizen.com)
Pathobiological features of a novel, highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus. (virosin.org)
The current study aims to control influenza A in pigs by simultaneously targeting influenza A as well as the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a virus that pigs are highly susceptible to, which suppresses the animal's immune system and increases the risk of influenza A infection. (advancedsciencenews.com)
That's why many virus types are considered "highly pathogenic. (dailynewsegypt.com)

Here we characterize genetically similar reassortant H2N3 viruses isolated from pigs from two farms in the U.S. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HA, NA, and PA gene segments are similar to those of avian influenza viruses of the American lineage, whereas other segments are similar to those of contemporary swine influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
Detection of an avian lineage influenza A(H7N2) virus in air and surface samples at a New York City feline quarantine facility. (cdc.gov)

Influenza A viruses that circulate in pigs are different from the influenza viruses circulating in people. (cdc.gov)
Swine are susceptible to avian, human and swine flus, and these virus can circulate inside pigs for varying lengths of time with no signs of illness. (popsci.com)
Generally the Swine flu virus will cause high levels of illness and low death rates and may circulate among swine throughout the year. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)

[1-5] Aspirin and other salicylate-containing medications are contraindicated for children and adolescents with influenza-like illness, as their use during influenza infection has been associated with the development of Reye syndrome. (cdc.gov)
Fatalities are high: about 60 percent of people infected with the virus have died from their illness. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Influenza C virus infection does not cause typical influenza illness and is not discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)

Pig populations can also be infected by avian (bird) influenza and human influenza viruses in addition to their own swine influenza viruses. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)

More than 20 strains of Influenza A viruses are identified, based on their difference in protein spikes. (vetcos.com)

Since January 2004, events affecting both human and animal health have brought the world closer to an influenza pandemic than at any time since 1968. (who.int)

Swine are susceptible to avian, human and swine flus, which makes them a great meet-market for flu viruses to exchange genetic material. (popsci.com)
This makes them great meet-markets for flu viruses to exchange genetic material. (popsci.com)

Anatomy17

Organisms74

Diseases17

Chemicals and Drugs41

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes46

Disciplines and Occupations5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Humanities1

Information Science4

Health Care26

Geographicals12

H1N155

H5N183

H3N25

Respiratory31

Infect humans9

Subtype13

Vaccine27

Subtypes11

Birds36

Genes11

Poultry30

Strain17

Type A influen2

Pandemics15

Reassortment11

Outbreak11

Cases of avian influenza1

H7N96

Species11

Hemagglutinin4

Bird flu9

Epidemics10

Emergence9

Seasonal16

Transmission of influenza4

Pathogenic avian influenza viruses1

Pathogens3

Virology1

Infections14

Symptoms9

Pneumonia3

Outbreaks of highly pathogeni2

19182

H5N21

Mammalian6

Antibodies10

Neuraminidase4

Animal influenza4

Contagious1

Spread23

Surveillance11

Epidemic6

Among pigs1

Vaccines7

Viral4

Hong Kong2

Infects2

Ferrets2

Deaths6

Occur4

HPAI2

Centers for Diseas2

Severe4

Swine influenza A viruses1

Immunity5

Infected mice1

Novel avian influenza1

Contact with pigs4

Infection with influenza viruses1

Infectious7

Interspecies2

Antigenic shift5

Highly7

Lineage2

Circulate3

Illness3

Populations1

Strains of influenza A viruses1

19681

Genetic2