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Carbohydrate MetabolismCarbohydratesDietary CarbohydratesPhysiologyGlucoseLipid MetabolismEnergy MetabolismGlycolysisStarchGlycogenCarbohydrate SequenceLactatesBlood GlucoseInsulinLiverGluconeogenesisTrehaloseLiver GlycogenFructoseCarbohydrate ConformationLactic AcidSucroseHexosesMolecular Sequence DataPhosphoglucomutasePhosphofructokinase-1Citric Acid CyclePentose Phosphate PathwayPhosphofructokinasesGlucose Tolerance TestCarbon IsotopesOxidation-ReductionGene Expression ProfilingPyruvatesGalactoseMetabolic Networks and PathwaysThermoproteusPlant Tubersbeta-FructofuranosidaseOxygen ConsumptionPyruvate KinaseFructosediphosphatesFatty AcidsFatty Acids, NonesterifiedCarbonCarbon DioxideFermentationPlant LeavesPolysaccharidesStarvationMetabolismDietary FatsGene Expression Regulation, PlantPhotosynthesisKineticsModels, BiologicalPyruvic AcidGlucagonTriglyceridesNitrogenTime FactorsGlycerolLipidsFastingPhosphorylasesAmino Acid SequencePentosephosphatesMannoseFructose-Bisphosphate AldolaseFructose-BisphosphataseOligosaccharidesGlycoside HydrolasesBody WeightMuscle, SkeletalGlycerol KinaseContraceptives, Oral, SequentialDietOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisAntigens, Tumor-Associated, CarbohydrateHexosephosphatesGlucosyltransferasesCulture MediaProteomePlant ProteinsAcetatesAmino AcidsMetabolomeInsulin ResistanceRNA, MessengerLectinsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyHomeostasisMutationEnergy IntakeMaltoseGlucosephosphate DehydrogenaseSolanum tuberosumObesityDisaccharidesGene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Plant PhysiologyGlucoseInborn error of mBiochemistryNobel Prize foCatabolismLipid metabolismHumansRegulationGlycogenKetone bodiesIntakeProfessor of physiologyRatsMuscleTransgenicDietary carbohydrateOxidationAnaerobicEnduranceFatsGrowthDiabetesBioenergeticsDisordersFluid balanceGeneticsPhysiologicalKetogenicInsulinAcidFunctionalBantingDietsDietClinicalIncompleteNutritionAdenosineMolecularEnzymeSimple sugarsInduceEffectsAssessmentMacleodCropExperimentalBodyPerformance

Plant Physiology5

• Plant Physiology, 120, 887-895. (scirp.org)
• Plant Physiology, 85, 592-597. (scirp.org)
• Plant Physiology, 160, 1175-1186. (scirp.org)
• Plant Physiology, 163, 1142-1163. (scirp.org)
• Journal of Plant Physiology 169:193-205. (ttu.edu)

Glucose16

• See Figure 3-2 for an overall diagram of glucose metabolism in the lens. (aao.org)
• In the lens, energy production largely depends on glucose metabolism. (aao.org)
• In anaerobic glycolysis, substrate-linked phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) occurs at 2 steps along the pathway from glucose metabolism to lactate. (aao.org)
• This pathway is much less efficient than the aerobic citric acid cycle (also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle or the Krebs cycle), because only 2 net molecules of ATP are produced for each glucose molecule utilized, whereas the aerobic citric acid cycle produces an additional 36 molecules of ATP from each metabolized glucose molecule (oxidative metabolism). (aao.org)
• Figure 3-2 Simplified scheme of glucose metabolism in the lens. (aao.org)
• For further information on inborn errors of glucose metabolism and inborn errors of glycogen metabolism see below. (wikipedia.org)
• The metabolic pathway glycolysis is used by cells to break down carbohydrates like glucose (and various other simple sugars) in order to extract energy from them. (wikipedia.org)
• Moisa, S.S. (2013) Calcitonin Contra-Insulin Action on Glucose Metabolism. (scirp.org)
• The story is that when Gerty discovered the molecular identity of a key intermediate in glucose metabolism, now known as the Cori ester, she ran down the halls calling out, 'Carly, Carly, it's glucose-1-phosphate! (wustl.edu)
• But -- the more important finding -- these volunteers did not show a drop in blood glucose, indicating that the act of willpower did not lead to increased carbohydrate metabolism, as the model predicts. (huffpost.com)
• Daily consumption of dietary carbohydrates helps the body maintain a consistent level of blood glucose (blood sugar). (acsm.org)
• Our body's cells require energy from glucose, which comes from carbohydrate found in the diet. (acsm.org)
• All of the carbohydrates we consume-whether from a soft drink, a piece of fruit, a whole-grain slice of bread, or an energy bar-are digested in the small intestine and absorbed into the bloodstream as simple sugars, such as glucose, fructose and galactose. (acsm.org)
• Under normal circumstances, our brains use carbohydrate (glucose) to produce ATP energy. (acsm.org)
• Carbohydrates in the foods and beverages we consume also help maintain blood glucose. (acsm.org)
• The low- carbohydrate, high-fat meals were designed to induce a near hypoglycemic state, forcing the body to use ketones for fuel instead of glucose. (medscape.com)

Inborn error of m1

• Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism are inborn error of metabolism that affect the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates. (wikipedia.org)

Biochemistry5

• The son of a Canadian-born physician, Charles Best had just completed his BA in physiology and biochemistry at University of Toronto in the spring of 1921, when his summer employer, John James Rickard Macleod , assigned him to work on a project devised by Frederick Banting . (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
• Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry (2013) 31 (2-3): 408-420. (karger.com)
• Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry (2018) 46 (2): 546-560. (karger.com)
• For prerequisite biochemistry courses taken in institutions other than UNM, to be successful in medical school, it is recommended that the course(s) include the study of molecules and metabolic reactions that take place within the cell and how these reactions are regulated by physiology. (unm.edu)
• Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology. (illinois.edu)

Nobel Prize fo1

• When Frederick Banting learned he was co-recipient (with John James Rickard Macleod ) of the 1923 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, Banting shared half of the prize money with Best. (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)

Catabolism1

• Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES. (bvsalud.org)

Lipid metabolism1

• Most interestingly, gender-specific proteome comparison showed that male and female rats displayed differential regulation of proteins involved in muscle contraction, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, as well as oxidative phosphorylation and cellular stress. (karger.com)

Humans2

• in addition glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in humans. (wikipedia.org)
• Course work should emphasize fundamental biochemical principles that maintain normal homeostasis in humans which requires learning cellular integration of biochemical pathways, regulatory mechanisms that control intermediary metabolism and how physiologic signals determine pathway utilization. (unm.edu)

Regulation4

• Transformed potato plants as a model for studying the hormonal and carbohydrate regulation of tuberization. (mpg.de)
• Moisa, S.S. and Nozdrachev, A.D. (2011) Mechanisms of Regulation of Calcium and Carbohydrate Metabolism (Monograph). (scirp.org)
• Robbins, N.S. and Pharr, D.M. (1987) Regulation of Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism in Cucumber by Light Intensity and Photosynthetic Period. (scirp.org)
• The insulin signaling pathway (ISP) has a key role in major physiological events like carbohydrate metabolism and growth regulation. (biomedcentral.com)

Glycogen5

• One strategy with the potential to accelerate muscle glycogen resynthesis and/or functional capacity beyond merely ingesting adequate carbohydrate is the co-ingestion of added protein. (nih.gov)
• While numerous studies have been instigated, a consensus that is related to the influence of carbohydrate-protein ingestion in maximising muscle glycogen during short-term recovery and repeated exercise capacity has not been established. (nih.gov)
• When considered collectively, carbohydrate intake during limited recovery appears to primarily determine muscle glycogen resynthesis and repeated exercise capacity. (nih.gov)
• Thus, when the goal is to optimise repeated exercise capacity following short-term recovery, ingesting carbohydrate at an amount of ≥1.2 g kg body mass -1 ·h -1 can maximise muscle glycogen repletion. (nih.gov)
• The addition of protein to carbohydrate during post-exercise recovery may be beneficial under circumstances when carbohydrate ingestion is sub-optimal (≤0.8 g kg body mass -1 ·h -1 ) for effective restoration of muscle glycogen and repeated exercise capacity. (nih.gov)

Ketone bodies1

• Developed 20 years ago, ketone esters are precursor molecules that the body quickly breaks down into ketone bodies when carbohydrates aren't available. (medscape.com)

Intake5

• Carbohydrate intake advice is independent of body weight as well as training status. (nih.gov)
• These new guidelines may replace the generic existing guidelines for carbohydrate intake during endurance exercise. (nih.gov)
• 2. It is important to match dietary carbohydrate intake to activity level as consuming excess energy can contribute to weight gain, whereas not enough carbohydrates can hinder exercise performance. (acsm.org)
• C-reactive protein level had a significant association with body mass index (r = 0.18), adiposity (r = 0.23), smoking (r = 0.20), carbohydrate intake (r = 0.19) and saturated fatty acid (r = 0.20). (who.int)
• These states can include uncontrolled diabetes mellitus , insufficient intake of carbohydrates owing to starvation or weight reduction, pregnancy, or vomiting. (medscape.com)

Professor of physiology2

• After completing his graduate training in England, Best succeeded John James Rickard Macleod as professor of physiology at the University of Toronto in 1929. (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
• Figure 1 Professor James JR Macleod, Professor of Physiology, University of Totonto. (rcpe.ac.uk)

Rats2

• Butakova (Moisa), S.S. (2005) Calcitonin Secretion under the Different State of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Ontogenesis in Rats. (scirp.org)
• Butakova (Moisa), S.S. (2007) Serum Calcitonin Activity and Total Calcium Content under the Different State of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Ontogenesis in Rats. (scirp.org)

Muscle7

• Fasted training has become a popular way to manage your body composition and promote aerobic adaptations in muscle, but exercising with low carbohydrate availability can mean the body is more prone to using BCAAs for energy metabolism (4) . (scienceinsport.com)
• Consuming BCAAs before and/or during low carbohydrate training may help prevent muscle breakdown. (scienceinsport.com)
• JENKINS, D. Muscle metabolism during sprint exercise in man: influence of sprint training. (unicamp.br)
• GIBALA, M. J. Effect of short-term sprint interval training on human skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise and time trial performance. (unicamp.br)
• What's more, proponents of this theory have reported evidence that the brain -- again like a muscle -- is fueled primarily by simple carbohydrates, like sugar, and that depleted willpower can be replenished simply by refueling. (huffpost.com)
• All carbohydrates contain calories - 4 kilocalories (kcal) per gram - that can be used to fuel cells in the body, including those in the brain and muscle tissue. (acsm.org)
• Examples of carbohydrates that fuel everyday brain and muscle function include whole-grain cereal for breakfast, a whole-grain peanut butter and jelly sandwich for lunch, a CLIF BAR ® Nut Butter Filled Energy Bar for an on-the-go snack, and a dinner of lean meat, vegetables and fruit. (acsm.org)

Transgenic2

• Engineering carbohydrate metabolism in transgenic plants. (mpg.de)
• Introduction of polyphosphate as a novel phosphate pool in the chloroplast of transgenic potato plants modifies carbohydrate partitioning. (mpg.de)

Dietary carbohydrate2

• Although information in the media about dietary carbohydrate requirements can appear complicated, the advice that health professionals provide to clients should be clear and simple: the majority of carbohydrate in the diet should come from a nutritious mix of whole-grain, real food carbohydrates (oats, breads, pastas, cereals), vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds. (acsm.org)
• Interluekin-6 concentration was significantly correlated with dietary carbohydrate (r = 0.15), saturated fatty acid (r = 0.15) and glycaemic load (r = 0.15). (who.int)

Oxidation3

• Carbohydrate ingested at such high ingestion rates must be a multiple transportable carbohydrates to allow high oxidation rates and prevent the accumulation of carbohydrate in the intestine. (nih.gov)
• The source of the carbohydrate may be a liquid, semisolid, or solid, and the recommendations may need to be adjusted downward when the absolute exercise intensity is low and thus carbohydrate oxidation rates are also low. (nih.gov)
• Research has suggested that BCAA supplementation (particularly leucine enriched protein feeding) does not impair free fatty acid availability or fat oxidation during exercise in a carbohydrate restricted state. (scienceinsport.com)

Anaerobic3

• Lens metabolism maintains a clear lens and derives most of its energy from anaerobic glycolysis. (aao.org)
• The more active of the 2 pathways, anaerobic glycolysis provides most of the high-energy phosphate bonds required for lens metabolism. (aao.org)
• Anaerobic metabolism in roots of the seedlings of invasive exotic Lepidium latifolium. (arccjournals.com)

Endurance2

• There have been significant changes in the understanding of the role of carbohydrates during endurance exercise in recent years, which allows for more specific and more personalized advice with regard to carbohydrate ingestion during exercise. (nih.gov)
• Thus, carbohydrate ingestion can be utilised to influence the restoration of endurance capacity following exhaustive exercise. (nih.gov)

Fats1

• Metabolism of carbohydrates and fats generates 15,000 to 20,000 mmol of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) daily. (msdmanuals.com)

Growth1

• These results contribute to a better more biomass-derived carbohydrates are also used for produc- understanding of the aromatic metabolism of P. putida in tion of chemicals, a further valorization of lignin is an essential terms of growth and uptake rates, which will be helpful for component. (lu.se)

Diabetes3

• Gender differences in physiology and metabolism have important potential implications with regards to the development of new approaches for the intervention of metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity [ 1 ]. (karger.com)
• This study was carried out at the Faiha Specialized Diabetes, Endocrine, and Metabolism Center, Basrah Province, Iraq, from September 2020 to September 2021. (bvsalud.org)
• But the epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States have revived interest in low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets. (medscape.com)

Bioenergetics1

• Graduate programs in exercise physiology, clinical exercise physiology and a PhD program in Human Bioenergetics allow students to focus on an area of specialization that suit their interest and abilities. (bsu.edu)

Disorders1

• Three autosomal recessive disorders impair fructose metabolism in liver cells. (wikipedia.org)

Fluid balance1

• The HPL has been involved in a variety of applied research topics since its inception including carbohydrate metabolism, heat stress, fluid balance, over-training and tapering in runners, swimmers, and cyclists. (bsu.edu)

Genetics1

• To address these longstanding problems we combine population genetics and population genomics, functional genetics, transcriptomics, physiology, and experimental evolution and apply them to natural and laboratory populations of D. melanogaster that are phenotypically differentiated for fitness-related traits. (unifr.ch)

Physiological2

• Photosynthesis, the most important physiological process in plants, can produce not only ATP and NADPH used in other processes but also carbohydrate, the key factor for crop yield. (scirp.org)
• He co-authored a widely used physiology textbook, The Physiological Basis of Medical Practice (1937). (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)

Ketogenic1

• We review the possible roles for calorie restriction (CR) and very low carbohydrate ketogenic diets (KDs) in modulating the five R's of radiotherapy to improve the therapeutic window between tumor control and normal tissue complication probability. (springer.com)

Insulin2

• Athletes must supposedly eat the perfect ratio of Protein, carbohydrate and fat at each meal and snack to control the hormonal systems and thus reach their maximum performance and ideal weight .The carbohydrate/protein/fat ratio of the 40-30-30 diet allegedly maintains the proper balance between the hormones insulin and glucagon. (researchgate.net)
• Cocoa can improve insulin sensitivity and carbohydrate metabolism, imparting better blood sugar control at rest as well as during exercise. (guenergy.com)

Acid1

• In carbohydrate-deficient states, fatty-acid metabolism spurs acetoacetate accumulation. (medscape.com)

Functional1

• [ 4 ] Ketonuria ensues in actual or functional carbohydrate-deficient states when metabolism switches from using carbohydrates to using fat to produce energy. (medscape.com)

Banting1

• In 1923, Banting and Macleod were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. (rcpe.ac.uk)

Diets1

• This is one reason why low-carbohydrate diets are not recommended for active people. (acsm.org)

Diet2

• Carbohydrates account for a major portion of the human diet. (wikipedia.org)
• Survival could be extended by several further months by the rigorous application of a very low calorie and carbohydrate diet, as advocated by the American physician Frederick Allen, but the diet was miserably restrictive and ultimately the patient and their family faced a stark choice between death from starvation or death from diabetic ketoacidosis. (rcpe.ac.uk)

Clinical1

• Adler's Physiology of the Eye: Clinical Application. (aao.org)

Incomplete1

• Essential fructosuria is a clinically benign condition characterized by the incomplete metabolism of fructose in the liver, leading to its excretion in urine. (wikipedia.org)

Nutrition6

• What are the basic concepts in exercise physiology and sport nutrition science? (wur.nl)
• This is certainly true when it comes to nutrition recommendations surrounding carbohydrates. (acsm.org)
• Nutrition experts experience an uphill battle in their efforts to explain carbohydrates to the public. (acsm.org)
• AN - PRENATAL NUTRITION is also available HN - 2008 BX - Mother Nutrition BX - Nursing Mother Nutrition FX - Maternal Nutrition Physiology DH - Prenatal Nutrition DI - 052506 MN - SP6.021.082 MS - Nutrition of FETUS and mother during PREGNANCY. (bvsalud.org)
• AN - check the tag INFANT HN - 2008 FX - Child Nutrition FX - Infant Nutrition Physiology FX - Milk FX - Milk, Human DH - Adolescent Nutrition DI - 052508 MN - SP6.021.067 MS - Nutrition of persons 10 through 19 years of age. (bvsalud.org)
• check the tag ADOLESCENCE HN - 2008 BX - Nutrition in Adolescence FX - Adolescent Nutrition Physiology MH - Peritoneal Stomata UI - D054048 MN - A01.047.025.600.700 MN - A10.810 MS - Natural openings in the subdiaphragmatic lymphatic plexus in the PERITONEUM, delimited by adjacent mesothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)

Adenosine1

• 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, metabolism and exercise. (unicamp.br)

Molecular2

• Intriguingly, many of these mechanisms utilize the same molecular pathways that are altered through calorie and/or carbohydrate restriction. (springer.com)
• BOOTH, F. W. Application of molecular biology in exercise physiology. (unicamp.br)

Enzyme1

• The most common is caused by mutations in the gene encoding hepatic fructokinase, an enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the metabolism of dietary fructose. (wikipedia.org)

Simple sugars1

• We consume carbohydrates in foods and beverages as simple sugars, starches, and non-digestible fibers. (acsm.org)

Induce1

• The higher MLSS at 105 than at 60 rpm combined with an invariance of I MLSS and RER close to 1 at MLSS supports the hypothesis that higher cadences can induce a preservation of carbohydrates at given BLC levels during low-intensity, high-volume training sessions. (humankinetics.com)

Effects1

• Park MR, Baek S-H, De los Reyes BG, Yun SJ, Hasenstein KH (2012) Transcriptome profiling characterizes phosphate deficiency effects on carbohydrate metabolism in rice leaves. (ttu.edu)

Assessment1

• The laboratory is used by the exercise physiology and fitness assessment classes. (bsu.edu)

Macleod1

• Macleod had an international reputation in carbohydrate metabolism. (rcpe.ac.uk)

Crop1

• As highlighted in recent reports, these nutrients perform individual as well as coordinated functions in crop physiology and development. (ifdc.org)

Experimental1

• He and a team of colleagues have been using new laboratory methods and novel experimental designs to reexamine the role of carbohydrate metabolism in self-discipline -- and to offer a competing theory of how willpower plays out in the brain. (huffpost.com)

Body1

• Research in the Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory (IEPL) investigates the functioning of individual cells, systems, and organs as they apply to our understanding of the functioning of the entire human body. (bsu.edu)

Performance3

• Studies have shown that during exercise lasting approximately 1 h in duration, a mouth rinse or small amounts of carbohydrate can result in a performance benefit. (nih.gov)
• The Human Performance Laboratory (HPL) at Ball State University was founded in 1965 and has a long history of applied exercise physiology research and training graduate students at the master and doctoral level. (bsu.edu)
• Reserve simple carbohydrates (sugars) for targeted use to fuel performance before, during, and after vigorous exercise. (acsm.org)