Physiological gonads sex determination processes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Having regard to the essentially heterosexual character of the relationship which is called marriage, the criteria must, in my judgment, be biological, for even the most extreme degree of transsexualism in a male or the most severe hormonal imbalance which can exist in a person with male chromosomes, male gonads and male genitalia cannot reproduce a person who is naturally capable of performing the essential role of a woman in marriage. (wikipedia.org)
Of these 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 are autosomes, and one is a sex chromosome. (en-academic.com)
There are two kinds of sex chromosomes- "X" and "Y" . In humans and in almost all other mammals, females carry two X chromosomes, designated XX, and males carry one X and one Y, designated XY. (en-academic.com)
The sex chromosome in a human egg is always an X chromosome, since a female only has X sex chromosomes. (en-academic.com)
Contrary to classic theory prediction, sex-chromosome homomorphy is prevalent in the animal kingdom but it is unclear how ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes avoid chromosome-scale degeneration. (nature.com)
Molluscs constitute the second largest, Precambrian-originated animal phylum and have ancient, uncharacterized homomorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Here, we profile eight genomes of the bivalve mollusc family of Pectinidae in a phylogenetic context and show 350 million years sex-chromosome homomorphy, which is the oldest known sex-chromosome homomorphy in the animal kingdom, far exceeding the ages of well-known heteromorphic sex chromosomes such as 130-200 million years in mammals, birds and flies. (nature.com)
The long-term undifferentiation of molluscan sex chromosomes is potentially sustained by the unexpected intertwined regulation of reversible sex-biased genes, together with the lack of sexual dimorphism and occasional sex chromosome turnover. (nature.com)
The pleiotropic constraint of regulation of reversible sex-biased genes is widely present in ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes and might be resolved in heteromorphic sex chromosomes through gene duplication followed by subfunctionalization. (nature.com)
The evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes suggest a mechanism for 'inheritance' turnover of sex-determining genes that is mediated by translocation of a sex-determining enhancer. (nature.com)
On the basis of these findings, we propose an evolutionary model for the long-term preservation of homomorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Fig. 1: Phylogeny-scale profiling of scallop sexual systems and sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Fig. 3: Turnover and macroevolution of scallop sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Charlesworth, B. The evolution of sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Jablonka, E. & Lamb, M. J. The evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Daish, T. & Grützner, F. Evolution and meiotic organization of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Although sex hormones play a key role in sex differences in susceptibility, severity, outcomes, and response to therapy of different diseases, sex chromosomes are also increasingly recognized as an important factor. (biomedcentral.com)
X-degenerate sequences are single copy and broadly expressed genes which were evolved from ancestral autosomes to generate sex chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Autosomes can be described as the non-sex chromosomes that play diverse roles in the human body like harboring genes for the body's metabolism, functioning, and growth. (biologyonline.com)
An autosome is defined as any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes . (biologyonline.com)
These chromosomes exist in pairs in the somatic cells in contrast to their solo presence in germinal or sex cells , i.e. gametes . (biologyonline.com)
Human autosomes , the non-sex human chromosomes, are integral components of the human genome . (biologyonline.com)
These conditions may be caused by numerical or structural variations in sex chromosomes as well as autosomes, variations in genes involved in gonadal and/or genital development, and changes in gonadal and/or adrenal steroidogenesis. (e-apem.org)

The histological process of gonadal differentiation, together with the endocrine changes of sex steroid hormones and some of their precursors, was studied in hatchery-produced greater amberjack Seriola dumerili from 101 until 408 days post-hatching (dph), with samplings conducted every 50 days. (springer.com)
From the seven hormones, the only one that exhibited differences between the sexes was 11-KT and the plasma 11-KT concentration was found to be a useful indication of greater amberjack sex. (springer.com)
Aoki R, Chuda H, Washio Y, Masuma S, Kato K (2019) Sex discrimination of cultured greater amberjack Seriola dumerili using steroid hormones. (springer.com)
However, it remains unclear whether in the US population circulating concentrations of sex steroid hormones vary by race/ethnicity. (cdc.gov)
2009). These effects include changes in the concentration and ratios of sex steroid hormones (Landry et al. (researchgate.net)
Y chromosome harbors male‑specific genes, which either solely or in cooperation with their X-counterpart, and independent or in conjunction with sex hormones have a considerable impact on basic physiology and disease mechanisms in most or all tissues development. (biomedcentral.com)
Second, networks of genes and hormones regulate the advancement of sex determination and gonad differentiation, known as the gonadal sex phase. (lidsen.com)
Physiology of gut carbonate production by marine fish - roles of hypoxia and sex hormones. (exeter.ac.uk)
Gonads are the principal reproductive organs that are involved in sexual differentiation wherein they are involved in the production of sex hormones and gametes. (peerj.com)
Because of the eminent role of receptors for mediating the biological effects of steroid hormones, changes in receptor expression could alter responsiveness of the target cells and determine the physiological circumstances in which gonadal steroids become important regulators of cell function. (jneurosci.org)
During puberty, hormones which stimulate androgen production result in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, thus exhibiting greater differences between the sexes. (alchetron.com)
Time and spatially controlled transcription factors, signal molecules, and an array of different hormones are involved in the development of sex characteristics, and variations in their pathways and actions are associated with DSD. (e-apem.org)

Baroiller J-F, Guiguen Y, Fostier A (1999) Endocrine and environmental aspects of sex differentiation in fish. (springer.com)
Sex determination and sex differentiation in fish: An overview of genetic, physiological and environmental influences. (ums.edu.my)

An important point to note here is that certain autosomes do play a role in phenotypic sex determination! (biologyonline.com)
So, we can't say that autosomes have no role in phenotypic sex determination in humans because they play an integral and indispensable role! (biologyonline.com)
Consisting of 22 pairs, autosomes carry a wealth of genetic information that governs numerous biological processes. (biologyonline.com)
This is why autosomes form the backbone of human genetics as they hold the key to our intricate biological processes and susceptibility to genetic disorders. (biologyonline.com)

Anastasiadi D, Vandeputte M, Sánchez-Baizán N, Allal F, Piferrer F (2018) Dynamic epimarks in sex-related genes predict gonad phenotype in the European sea bass, a fish with mixed genetic and environmental sex determination. (springer.com)
however, overtly ambiguous genitalia may occur in one in 4,500 live births, and complete XX or XY sex reversal with unequivocal male or female phenotype at birth is estimated to exist in one in 20,000 live births [ 2 ]. (e-apem.org)
In the final stage, termed sex differentiation, the hormonal patterns in turn shape the individual phenotype, usually as an expression of male or female traits [ 4 ]. (e-apem.org)

No size dimorphism was observed between the sexes, and the sex ratio was 1:1, suggesting that there was no influence of early rearing in captivity on sex differentiation. (springer.com)
this reduction may be due to an increase in testosterone levels and testosterone to estradiol ratio, which will affect gonad maturation (Friesen et al. (researchgate.net)
Despite the lack of morphological differences between ambra1a −/− and ambra1b −/− fish lines, ambra1b homozygous mutants develop exclusively as males following the achievement of sexual maturity, whereas heterozygous adult ambra1b +/− and ambra1a mutants do not display sex ratio alterations [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The mean sex ratio values of male to female with the concentration of 0, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg were 1:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:5 respectively. (ums.edu.my)
The study shows that as the concentration of E 2 hormone increased, the female sex ratio and the growth rate of P. monodon PL also increased. (ums.edu.my)

Banh QQ, Domingos JA, Zenger KR, Jerry DR (2017) Morphological changes and regulation of the genes dmrt1 and cyp11b during the sex differentiation of barramundi ( Lates calcarifer Bloch). (springer.com)
The zebrafish genome contains two ambra1 paralogous genes ( a and b ), both involved in development and expressed at high levels in the gonads. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, in agreement with the high expression of these genes in the testis and ovary, we found significant impairment of the reproductive process and pathological alterations, including tumors, mainly limited to the gonads. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, loss of Y chromosome and/or aberrant expression of Y chromosome genes cause sex differences in disease mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
The role of MSY genes in important cellular processes such as transcription regulation, translation, and protein stability in males is vital not only in sex determination but also in sex-dependent organ development [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Autosomal genes play a vital role in metabolic processes, regulating energy production, nutrient metabolism, and the synthesis of essential molecules which is discussed in detail in the next section of the article. (biologyonline.com)
Disruptions in autosomal genes involved in cellular homeostasis can lead to electrolyte imbalances, impaired cell signaling , and malfunctioning cellular processes. (biologyonline.com)
However, it involves complex molecular processes with many genes and networks acting synergistically or antagonistically. (biomedcentral.com)

SOX9 belongs to the SOX gene family expressed in several organisms and involved in numerous physiological processes such as sex determination and development gonad [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
sex based comparisons of pathophysiology, biomarkers, gene expression, clinical presentation and prevention and treatment of diseases The proposed research must address at least one objective from Goals 1 through 3 of the NIH Strategic Plan for Women's Health Research . (nih.gov)
Bertho S et al (2018) The unusual rainbow trout sex determination gene hijacked the canonical vertebrate gonadal differentiation pathway. (springer.com)
The finding of a novel strong restorer germplasm resource ZH91 for maize CMS-C can greatly promote the application of maize CMS-C line in maize hybrid seeds production, and the identification of candidate gene Zm00001d007531 can accelerate the backcrossing process of maize CMS-C strong restorer gene Rf12 to some extent. (bvsalud.org)
Interestingly, in the gonad, it is also the only gene that has been found expressed uniquely in the ovary compared to the testis, and likely functions as an antagonist of the testis-determining SOX9 in gonadal development [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In this review, we highlighted some of the main gene networks and regulatory mechanisms involved in the plasticity of sex-determining pathways that help to establish a functional ovary that can nurture the follicles to generate a good ovarian reserve, both in quantity and quality. (lidsen.com)
SOX9 gene) of autosome 17 has an effect on how the gonads will develop, for instance, a dysfunctional SOX9 gene has been found to be associated with sex reversals. (biologyonline.com)
Figure 2: SOX9 gene on the autosome 17 (long arm) plays an integral role in gonadal sex determination. (biologyonline.com)
Wilms' tumor suppressor gene 1 (WT1) is the gene responsible for the developmental process of AGP. (biomedcentral.com)

Expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis and related applications are useful to elucidate the mechanisms of resistance and virulence and to reveal physiological aspects of this non-model insect, with its poorly understood genetic background. (biomedcentral.com)
Rice planthoppers have been studied from ecological and physiological viewpoints but they have remained poorly investigated in genetic terms. (biomedcentral.com)
Studies demonstrated that the Y chromosome is not a 'genetic wasteland' and can be a useful genetic marker for interpreting various male-specific physiological and pathophysiological characteristics. (biomedcentral.com)
In mammals, the genotype first determines the sex in the genetic sex phase. (lidsen.com)
In mankind, the sex of an individual is generally determined at the time of fertilization by the genetic material carried in the sperm cell. (alchetron.com)
This is referred to as the XY sex-determination system and is typical of most mammals, but quite a few other sex-determination systems exist, including some that are non-genetic. (alchetron.com)
All individuals with a suspected disorders of sex development need to undergo a thorough diagnostic evaluation, including extensive whole-body and genital physical examinations, biochemical and genetic investigations, and imaging studies. (e-apem.org)

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV), as the pathological process of the invasion of abnormal blood vessels into the subretinal space of the mammalian eye, is known as a feature of the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
In the last four decades, transgenic and knockout mouse models have helped to understand the mechanisms of mammalian sex determination, germ cell development, and adult gonad functions. (lidsen.com)
Nevertheless, it negatively affects the ontogenesis of male gonads and brain areas homologous to the mammalian hippocampus, as well as body size and fitness. (frontiersin.org)

Testosterone promotes the development of the secondary sex characteristics in men and serves to maintain the function of the prostate and seminal vesicles. (cdc.gov)
A sex difference is a distinction of biological and/or physiological characteristics associated with either males or females of a species. (en-academic.com)
The term primary sexual characteristics denotes the kind of gamete the gonad produces: the ovary produces egg cells in the female, and the testis produces sperm cells in the male. (alchetron.com)

Histological processing showed that sex differentiation began at 101 dph with the formation of the ovarian cavity in females, while the presumptive males did not yet contain any germ cells in their gonad. (springer.com)
We have gained crucial insights into molecular factors and pathways of the cells generating either the supporting gonadal cells or germ cells of both sexes. (lidsen.com)
An error during these developmental steps in females may lead to defective gonads, affecting the differentiation and/or function of the gonads and the development, differentiation, and maturity of the germ cells. (lidsen.com)
The role of DNA methylation on sexual determination and development in zebrafish germ cells. (exeter.ac.uk)

The most obvious differences between males and females include all the features related to reproductive role, notably the endocrine (hormonal) systems and their physiological and behavioural effects, including gonadal differentiation, internal and external genital and breast differentiation, and differentiation of muscle mass, height, and hair distribution. (en-academic.com)
Furthermore, in many fish species, low DO levels result in changes to energy allocation, leading to endocrine dis-ruption and the impairment of male reproductive processes (Wu et al. (researchgate.net)
If trade-offs exist between somatic growth and reproduction for this species, a reduction in the physiological condition of swamp fish should be accompanied by reduced development of reproductive tissue (gonad mass), as found in other fish (Wu et al. (researchgate.net)
Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of congenital conditions of the urogenital tract and reproductive system. (e-apem.org)

It has been proposed that racial/ethnic variation in prostate cancer incidence may be, in part, due to racial/ethnic variation in sex steroid hormone levels. (cdc.gov)
To address this, concentrations of testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, androstanediol glucuronide (a metabolite of dihydrotestosterone) and estradiol were measured in stored serum specimens from men examined in the morning sample of the first phase of NHANES III (1988-1994). (cdc.gov)
Most of the circulating testosterone is bound to carrier proteins (SHBG = sex hormone-binding globulin). (cdc.gov)
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is the blood transport protein for testosterone and estradiol. (cdc.gov)
Even if the feeding effects of aphids are not apparent, they may affect plant hormone balances, changing host metabolism to their advantage, thus essentially hijacking the plant's physiological functions. (studylib.net)
FSH, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone, is produced by the anterior pituitary gland, and is widely considered to function in the regulation of sex hormone synthesis in the gonads. (nature.com)
Our findings reveal that silk sericin can reduce the stress caused by photoperiod disorders regarding testicular function, sex hormone levels, and sperm quantity and quality. (biomedcentral.com)

Therefore, we evaluated the effect of osmotic regulation of VP and OT release on ER-β expression in SON and PVN to provide insight into the physiological role of gonadal steroids in the regulation of VP and OT secretion. (jneurosci.org)
This difference in the relative amounts of these sex steroids is largely responsible for the physiological differences that distinguish men from women. (alchetron.com)

Over the last three decades, an increasing interest in how climate change will affect life on earth has motivated many comparative physiologists to focus their research on the effects of Anthropogenic drivers (mainly represented by climate change and pollution) on the physiological performance of their study organisms in order to identify critical thresholds and tipping points for their sustainable existence or mere survival. (easychair.org)
Autophagy is a selective physiological process through which organisms eliminate toxic intracellular aggregates. (mdpi.com)
What are all organisms called which bear both the sex organs in the same individual. (assignmentsbag.com)
Organisms which bear both male and female sex organs in the same individual are called bisexual. (assignmentsbag.com)

Therefore, photoperiodism is a firmly established mechanism evolved to optimize species' physiological processes and regulate diurnal/seasonal activity for success [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
For example, men tend to be taller than women, but there are many people of both sexes who are in the mid-height range for the species. (alchetron.com)

The determination of testosterone in women is helpful in the diagnosis of androgenic syndrome (AGS), polycystic ovaries (Stein-Leventhal syndrome) and when an ovarian tumor, adrenal tumor, adrenal hyperplasia or ovarian insufficiency is suspected. (cdc.gov)
Although this level of plasticity is still found in the fully differentiated gonads, errors like mutations or epigenetic modifications impact ovarian development and, later, folliculogenesis, resulting in infertility. (lidsen.com)
In this review, we focused on the molecular mechanisms of ovarian sex determination and on understanding mutual cross-talks between central molecules in sex development which might impact fertility later in adult life. (lidsen.com)
In the next period, called sex determination (lasting from approximately 6 to 8 weeks of gestation), the bipotent gonadal anlagen eventually develops into ovarian or testicular cells. (e-apem.org)

All of the medical experts agreed that there were at least four medical criteria to be used in assessing the sex of an individual, namely: Chromosomal factors Gonadal factors (i.e. presence or absence of testes or ovaries) Genital factors (including internal sex organs) Psychological factors Some of the expert witnesses also included: 5. (wikipedia.org)

The Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH) announces the availability of administrative supplements to support research highlighting the impact of sex/gender differences (or similarities) and/or sex and gender factors in human health and illness, including basic, preclinical, clinical and behavioral studies. (nih.gov)
Direct sex differences follow a binary distribution . (en-academic.com)
The complimentary result for the X-chromosome follows, either a double or a single X. Therefore, direct sex differences are usually binary in expression (although the deviations in complex biological processes produce a menagerie of exceptions). (en-academic.com)
Indirect sex differences are general differences in class, as quantified by empirical data and statistical analysis. (en-academic.com)

Additionally, SIRT1 can regulate the acetylation of sex determining region Y- (SRY-) box 9 (SOX9) through nuclear translocation [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)

DSDs range from common disorders like cryptorchidism to very rare and complex conditions like complete XX or XY sex reversal. (e-apem.org)

Addressing those 'big questions' of high societal relevance have the merit of creating high visibility and also funding opportunities, however, classic comparative physiology and biochemistry is running the risk of becoming marginalized in this process, if the underlying physiological and biochemical processes cannot be visualized accordingly. (easychair.org)

A single cell of the somatic gonad, the anchor cell, organizes the development of the vulva from epidermal precursors as well as the physical connection of the epidermis with the uterus. (wormbook.org)

In mammals, the adrenal cortex and gonads share the exact developmental origin: the adreno-gonadal primordium (AGP). (biomedcentral.com)

Despite the variety of clinical and laboratory manifestations, female endocrine infertility is always associated with a violation of the ovulation process: anovulation, luteal phase insufficiency, luteinization syndrome of a non-ovulating follicle. (clomid-info.com)

Plasma concentrations of adrenosterone (Ad), androstenedione (Δ4), 11-ketotestosterone (11ΚΤ), testosterone (Τ), estradiol (Ε 2 ), progesterone (P4) and 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20βP) were measured in males and females with the use of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to examine their role in the sex differentiation process. (springer.com)

He explained: It is common ground between all the medical witnesses that the biological sexual constitution of an individual is fixed at birth (at the latest), and cannot be changed, either by the natural development of organs of the opposite sex, or by medical or surgical means. (wikipedia.org)
it could also cause longer gonad development rate and consequently result in asynchronous breeding seasons between hypoxic and normoxic populations (Friesen et al. (researchgate.net)
Its action overlaps that of SOX9, though they are antagonistic in female vs male gonadal sex determination but conjoint in cartilage and skeletal development. (biomedcentral.com)
The sex chromosome combination, particularly the presence of a Y chromosome, triggers a male pattern of development while its absence promotes female development. (lidsen.com)
Indeed, WT1 and its target steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) are present early in the AGP development process. (biomedcentral.com)
Sex development starts with the initial setting of either a 46,XX or a 46,XY karyotype. (e-apem.org)
Sex development of the human embryo is divided into 3 stages. (e-apem.org)

Two-year feeding studies in rats showed no significant deviations from normal physiological responses nor any evidence of interference with mineral metabolism at levels of calcium EDTA up to 250 mg per kilogram body weight. (europa.eu)

The larva undergoes transformation into the adult by the process of metamorphosis. (biologydiscussion.com)
The significant presence of degenerative and apoptotic processes could be related to the occurrence of a sort of metamorphosis when an adult medusa transforms itself into a polyp. (researchgate.net)
In the current study, we sequenced two small non-coding RNA libraries made from the gonads of adult male and female budgerigars using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. (peerj.com)

In physiological concentrations, androgens have no specific effects in women. (cdc.gov)

In 2018 a Bill to change this law was developed, and has now been through a rigorous process including two Select Committee reports, robust examination of advice from officials, and public submissions. (genderminorities.com)

Our results support FOXL2 as a master transcription factor in a spectrum of developmental processes, including growth, cartilage and bone formation. (biomedcentral.com)
A common feature shared by all juvenile vertebrates is the quiescent state of activity of the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis that characterizes the post-embryonic developmental period until the onset of puberty. (biomedcentral.com)

AMBRA1 is an intrinsically disordered protein, working as a scaffold molecule to coordinate, by protein-protein interaction, many cellular processes, including autophagy, mitophagy, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)

Abbink W, Blanco Garcia A, Roques JAC, Partridge GJ, Kloet K, Schneider O (2012) The effect of temperature and pH on the growth and physiological response of juvenile yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi in recirculating aquaculture systems. (springer.com)

As a major part of differentiation, sperm undergo extensive post-meiotic maturation en route to the oocyte. (silverchair.com)
In Caenorhabditis elegans , this process is called sperm activation, and it transforms immotile spermatids into migratory fertilization-competent cells. (silverchair.com)

Variations were observed in the mean values of Ad, Δ4, 11-KT, T, P4 and 17,20βP over time in one or both sexes, indicating their involvement in the sex differentiation process. (springer.com)

SHBG is a useful supplementary parameter in the determination of androgen where a relatively high concentration of free androgen (e.g. testosterone) is suspected. (cdc.gov)

These include, most conspicuously, male (vs female) gonads. (en-academic.com)

Considering the different effects of ambra1a and ambra1b on sexual differentiation, we decided to investigate the role of Ambra1 in this process. (biomedcentral.com)

2001. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter? . (nationalacademies.org)

An egg's sex chromosome is always an X, so it is the sperm's sex chromosome that determines an individual's sex. (en-academic.com)

Collectively, our data suggest a link between Shh pathway activity and the physiological properties of mitochondria in hippocampal neurons. (janelia.org)

They affect human physiological activities by regulating the metabolic activities of various tissue cells. (cusagivd.com)

The common belief is that they don't have any role to play in sex determination. (biologyonline.com)

Through the process of meiosis and fertilization (with rare exceptions), each individual is created with zero or one Y-chromosome. (en-academic.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms13

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs18

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes27

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Humanities2

Information Science3

Health Care3

Chromosomes23

Hormones12

Differentiation in fish2

Autosomes4

Phenotype3

Ratio5

Genes8

Gene9

Genetic7

Mammalian3

Characteristics3

Germ cells4

Reproductive4

Hormone7

Steroids2

Organisms4

Species2

Ovarian4

Ovaries1

Differences4

Regulate1

Reversal1

Biochemical1

Somatic1

Mammals1

Endocrine1

Females1

Development7

Deviations1

Adult3

Concentrations1

20181

Developmental2

Autophagy1

Aquaculture1

Sperm2

Variations1

Concentration1

Female1

Sexual1

20011

Determines1

Pathway1

Metabolic1

Role1

Exceptions1