• Hepoxilins (HXs) and trioxilins (TrXs) which are involved in physiological processes such as inflammation, insulin secretion and pain perception in human are metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, formed by 12-lipoxygenase (LOX) and epoxide hydrolase (EH) expressed by mammalian cells. (konkuk.ac.kr)
  • Fish oil is one of the common dietary supplements, with an abundance of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as the active ingredients, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) [ 7 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present report (key Q and A's) is provided so as to briefly summarize current knowledge on LCPUFA (long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) with an emphasis on DHA omega-3 fatty acid (docosahexaenoic acid ) as an important nutrient for enhancing the health and well-being of infants in both the short-term and well into childhood. (dhaomega3.org)
  • DHA' is the acronym for 'docosahexaenoic acid' - the unique long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid within the omega-3 family having 22 carbons in chain length and 6 unsaturation sites (6 double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms) within the molecular structure (also designated as 22:6 n-3 in scientific papers). (dhaomega3.org)
  • 2015. Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates Western diet-induced hepatic fibrosis in Ldlr-/- mice by targeting the TGFβ-Smad3 pathway. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • 2017. Docosahexaenoic acid blocks progression of western diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obese Ldlr-/- mice. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • 2019. A Lipidomic Analysis of Docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6, ω3) Mediated Attenuation of Western Diet Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Male Mice. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • In animal tissues, phosphatidylinositol is the primary source of the arachidonic acid required for biosynthesis of eicosanoids, including prostaglandins, via the action of the enzyme phospholipase A2. (hmdb.ca)
  • By analyzing the metabolic profiles of 14 different lamprey tissues, we show that two groups of metabolites in the buccal gland of lampreys, prostaglandins and the kynurenine pathway metabolites, can be injected into the host fish to assist lamprey blood feeding. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • Prostaglandins are well-known blood-sucking-associated metabolites that act as vasodilators and anticoagulants to maintain vascular homeostasis and are involved in inflammatory responses. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • Bergström stated in his 1982 Nobel lecture that, following the structural assignments of the six PGs, "These 20-carbon prostaglandins have cis -double bonds located as in certain essential fatty acids, when counting from the carboxyl. (jci.org)
  • Bergstrom laid the groundwork for the current development by isolating the first prostaglandins, showing too that originated from unsaturated fatty acids. (gerli.com)
  • Following initial reports of AA metabolism by P450 enzymes, Falck completed the first structural characterization and synthesis of 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12- and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and of 19- and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (19- and 20-HETEs), and characterized them as products of the epoxygenase and ω/ω-1 hydroxylase branches of the P450 AA Monooxygenase, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • These synthetic achievements were followed by Falck's early contributions to the: a) development of analytical methods for the identification of EETs and 19- and 20-HETE as products of endogenous metabolism of AA by P450 enzymes, b) establishment of the P450 AA Monooxgenase as a branch of the AA metabolic cascade, and c) characterization of biological activities associated with many of the P450 metabolites. (wikipedia.org)
  • The eicosanoid family encompasses thromboxanes, prostacyclins, leukotrienes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), epoxyeicosatrienic acids (EETs), lipoxins, and isoprostanes, the last of which can be generated by nonenzymatic oxidative mechanisms and may serve as markers of oxidative stress in humans. (jci.org)
  • In isolated retinas, vasodilations dependent on astrocyte metabolism of arachidonic acid by cytochrome (CYP) P450 2C11 (epoxygenase) to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) became less likely as NO levels increased and directly inhibited epoxygenase activity [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • AEA and 2-AG, which both derive from membrane phospholipid precursors and arachidonic acid, are synthesized and metabolized by different pathways from the ECS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This made us suspect that these naturally occurring acids might be precursors" (see ref. 5 and references within). (jci.org)
  • Further elucidation from the complexities of endocannabinoid fat burning capacity, along with simultaneous measurements of endocannabinoids, their precursors and metabolites, should improve our understanding of the physiological assignments of the lipid mediators in the anxious program. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • Phosphatidylinositols are acidic (anionic) phospholipids that consist of a phosphatidic acid backbone, linked via the phosphate group to inositol (hexahydroxycyclohexane). (hmdb.ca)
  • In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. (hmdb.ca)
  • Both OT/IT and AVP/AVT are nonapeptide hormones produced from a common precursor ( 21 ) and share seven out of nine amino acids in their primary structure ( 22 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Well, the micronutrient inadequacies, it's a widespread problem in the United States and other developed countries as well, where there's about 30 to 40 essential vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids that we have to get from our diet, and if we don't get them from our diet, we are going to be inadequate in them. (ifm.org)
  • In 1996 he was awarded the Wilfred T. Doherty Recognition Award from the Dallas-Forth Worth Section of the American Chemical Society and a Recognition Award at the March 10, 2002, Winter Eicosanoid Conference (Baltimore MD) in appreciation of his significant contributions to the chemistry of natural products, and to the identification and functional characterization of the cytochrome P450 (P450) arachidonic acid (AA) monooxygenase metabolic pathway and its metabolites. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phosphatidylinositols are important lipids, both as a key membrane constituent and as a participant in essential metabolic processes, both directly and via a number of metabolites. (hmdb.ca)
  • Previous studies already demonstrated that some fatty acids are linked with inflammatory response, preventing metabolic diseases. (nature.com)
  • They treated the 3D HepG2 spheroids with AMI at different time points, obtaining 15 AMI metabolites involved in N- desethylation, hydroxylation, deiodination, and desaturation metabolic reactions. (pharmaceuticalnewswire.com)
  • OT has various effects and is involved in many physiological processes, especially reproduction. (frontiersin.org)
  • Essential FA, mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), may modulate gene expression in diverse biological processes thought regulating transcription factors (TF), including peroxisome proliferator receptors (PPAR) , liver X receptors (LXR) , and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins ( SREBP ) 3 . (nature.com)
  • 3D cell spheroid models and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) allow us to investigate various physiological and pathological processes. (pharmaceuticalnewswire.com)
  • Arachidonic acid (AA) is a key polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), which derives a great number of bioactive mediators that are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, metabolites (small molecules which act as intermediates or end products of cellular metabolism) in the buccal gland secretes have never been explored in detail. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • This trial suggests fish-oil supplementation could mitigate the PM 2.5 -induced inflammatory responses via modulating fatty acid metabolism, providing biological plausibility for the health benefits of fish-oil supplementation against PM 2.5 exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The majority of the model's selected features show consistent trends across data sets affirming its stable performance, where the suppression of arachidonic acid metabolism is identified as a shared molecular feature of ccRCC and pRCC.Together, these results indicate that signatures derived from DESI-MSI combined with machine learning may be used to rapidly determine surgical margin status with accuracies that meet or exceed those reported for IFS. (stanford.edu)
  • 2011. Fatty acid regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • These accomplishments, highlighted in independent reviews, were followed by Falck's development of synthetic EET and 20-HETE functional analogs/antagonists, which were of critical importance during the subsequent characterization of physiological and pathophysiological roles for these enzymes and their metabolites. (wikipedia.org)
  • A large number of fatty acid derivatives often present in tiny concentrations were discovered to have profound effects on cellular physiological or pathophysiological reactions. (gerli.com)
  • Treatment with the saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (PA) induced mRNA and protein expression of IL-32 and CCL20 in hepatoma cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • More importantly, this finding shattered a dogma of the time that held that fatty acids played only structural roles in cells, thus opening the way for discovery of the many other important bioactive fatty acid-derived products. (jci.org)
  • This number depends on the the precursor fatty acid, PGE1 deriving from 20:3(n-6), PGE2 from 20:4(n-6) and PGE3 from 20:5(n-3). (gerli.com)
  • Additional commentary is provided on the important role of ARA omega-6 fatty acid (arachidonic acid). (dhaomega3.org)
  • The 'omega-3' or 'n-3' designation indicates that the first of the 6 double bonds begins at the 3rd carbon down when counting from the methyl end of the fatty acid. (dhaomega3.org)
  • DHA is found in all tissues and cells throughout the human body and is by far the most abundant omega-3 fatty acid in cellular membranes. (dhaomega3.org)
  • It is interesting to note that only very minute amounts of the short-chain omega-3 fatty acid known as LNA (alpha-linolenic acid, 18:3 n-3) are found in these neural tissues. (dhaomega3.org)
  • Based on determinations of fetal fatty acid contents of various body organs during gestational stages, the brain alone represented 23 % of the infant's DHA at 35-40 weeks. (dhaomega3.org)
  • DHA omega-3 fatty acid has numerous unique properties which other unsaturated fatty acids cannot duplicate. (dhaomega3.org)
  • Qu: What are the dietary fatty acid types that can contribute to the availability of DHA in the body for physiological and cellular functioning to support human health? (dhaomega3.org)
  • One of these is the dietary intake of the short-chain fatty acid as LNA (a precursor of DHA) and DHA itself. (dhaomega3.org)
  • 2010. Elevated hepatic fatty acid elongase-5 activity corrects dietary fat-induced hyperglycemia in obese C57BL/6J mice. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • 2014. Fatty acid elongase-5 (Elovl5) regulates hepatic triglyceride catabolism in obese C57BL/6J mice. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • Fatty acid-regulated transcription factors in the liver. (oregonstate.edu)
  • 2009. Mammalian fatty acid elongases. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • 2013. A metabolomic analysis of omega-3 fatty acid-mediated attenuation of western diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in LDLR-/- mice. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • 2008. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of hepatic gene transcription. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and cardiovascular disease. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Soraphen A, an inhibitor of acetyl CoA carboxylase activity, interferes with fatty acid elongation. (oregonstate.edu)
  • The ECS, which is sensitive to phytocannabinoids, plays a fundamental physiological role in the brain and peripheral tissues, as well as in many pathological conditions [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1993. Sulfur mustard inhalation induced respiratory lesions in guinea pigs: Physiological, biochemical and histological study. (cdc.gov)
  • Using this new method, the researchers performed high-coverage imaging of more than 1,100 endogenous metabolites. (pharmaceuticalnewswire.com)
  • However, the mechanisms by which phospholipases switch from physiological second-messenger production to phospholipid degradation remain unclear. (jneurosci.org)
  • A research team led by Professor Deok-kun Oh of the Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, has identified the possibility of development of anti-diabetic drugs through biotransformation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to bioactive hepoxilins and trioxilins by microbial enzymes. (konkuk.ac.kr)
  • On January 9, 2018, the research, named "Biotransformation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to bioactive hepoxilins and trioxilins by microbial enzymes" funded by the Mid-Career Researcher Program, through the National Research Foundation grant funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Republic of Korea, was published in Nature Communications, a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group since 2010. (konkuk.ac.kr)
  • In macrophages, 15-LOX-1 converts AA to 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (15-HpETEs), which is soon reduced by peroxidase to 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (15-HETEs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • MGL catalyzes the hydrolysis of 2-AG into arachidonic acidity (AA) and glycerol, whereas FAAH catalyzes hydrolysis of anandamide into arachidonic acidity and Panobinostat ethanolamine. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
  • Its oils are rich sources of unsaturated fatty acids, such as monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids, which are previously associated with the prevention of health disorders because of their anti-inflammatory effects and cell membrane properties and structure 2 . (nature.com)
  • In the plant kingdom, several potent derivatives from linolenic acid (octadecanoid-derived compounds) are found and have hormone-like functions (phytohormones). (gerli.com)
  • This induction was mitigated by the substitution of PA with monounsaturated oleic acid (OA), suggesting the involvement of oxidative stress. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dietary fatty acids (FA) are components of the lipids, which contribute to membrane structure, energy input, and biological functions related to cellular signaling and transcriptome regulation. (nature.com)
  • It is exceptionally abundant in nerve tissue - notably the brain and retina of the eye which relates to its important physiological roles in supporting optimal cognitive and visual functioning, respectively, amongst other functions. (dhaomega3.org)
  • Fatty acids are the main compound of lipids, which are a class of molecules present in animals and vegetal cell types. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, the term 'eicosanoids' is used as a collective name for molecules derived from 20-carbon fatty acids which may belong to all the groups cited previously. (gerli.com)
  • Cyclooxygenase is the first step of a cascade giving rise to a variety of molecules containing prostanoic acid as the central structural element. (gerli.com)
  • Detecting and identifying these metabolites will improve our understanding in how lampreys ingest blood and provide new insights into the development of effective drugs in anti-inflammation and pain-relief. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • Besides, metabolomic screening identified several metabolites that could promote inflammation and hepatobiliary periductal fibrosis, such as CA7S. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Arachidonic acid plays an essential role in the growth and repair of skeletal muscle tissue and works as an essential dietary component in the muscle hypertrophy process. (realsupplements.net)
  • There are lots of contradictions in the literature with regard to the cytoprotective role of arachidonic acid. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To date, there is no solid evidence that shows the protective role of omega-6 fatty acids in Parkinson's disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overall, the results suggest the potential role of omega-6 fatty acids in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These fatty acids play a crucial role in growth development and brain function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fatty acids containing 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. (hmdb.ca)
  • Phenolic compounds, which are secondary plant metabolites, are considered an integral part of the human diet. (mdpi.com)
  • SUPPORT MUSCLE & STRENGTH GAINS - Dorado Nutrition Arachidonic Acid is one of the newest and strongest muscle building support supplement available on the market. (realsupplements.net)
  • 2020. Supplementing Ca salts of soybean oil to late-gestating beef cows: impacts on performance and physiological responses of the offspring. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • A total of 3833 metabolites were significantly associated with PM 2.5 in the sunflower-seed oil group and 1757 in the fish oil group. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present review aimed to discuss the negative effects of certain vitamin and mineral deficiencies, such as vitamin D, magnesium, and omega‑3 fatty acids, on the central nervous system. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • 2013. Novel liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method shows that vitamin E deficiency depletes arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • Results indicated that utilizing a routine dosage of Arachidonic Acid lead to greater lean body mass, increased strength, and power output compared to the placebo group. (realsupplements.net)
  • Researchers found that taking 1500mg of Arachidonic Acid over eight weeks increased lean body mass, strength, and peak power without any negatives. (realsupplements.net)
  • The survival of all cells depends on fatty acids (FAs) that deliver energy supply and provide maintenance of the integrity of structural membranes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Through its website, www.dhaomega3.org , The DHA/EPA Omega-3 Institute located within the University of Guelph Research Park, (Guelph, ON, Canada) has focused its efforts for many years on the provision of evidence-based information on the relationship between the dietary consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids throughout the human lifecycle and health outcomes. (dhaomega3.org)
  • 15-HETE, as the initial 15-LOX metabolite of AA, was first identified in human atherosclerotic plaque using high-performance liquid chromatography [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The team eventually identified the dysregulated metabolisms of arachidonic acid and glycerophospholipid, indicative of the AMI hepatotoxicity mechanism, and constructed a biomarker group of eight fatty acids that exhibited improved correlation to cell viability. (pharmaceuticalnewswire.com)
  • Indeed, evidence obtained with isotopically labeled 20-carbon fatty acids incubated with sheep vesicular glands, an abundant source of PGs, confirmed this assumption. (jci.org)
  • The tissue dose is the amount of substance in a specific tissue and the target dose is the amount of substance (usually a metabolite) bound to the critical molecule. (iloencyclopaedia.org)
  • The stearic acid moiety is derived from animal fats, coco butter and sesame oil, while the homo-g-linolenic acid moiety is derived from fish oils, liver and kidney. (hmdb.ca)
  • Oxidation of AAI to 8-hydroxyaristolochic acid I (AAIa) in the presence of Cd, Pb, Se, As ions, dibutylphthalate (DBP), butylbenzylphthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and OTA by rat liver microsomes was determined by HPLC. (nel.edu)
  • 2015. Potential for dietary ω-3 fatty acids to prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and reduce the risk of primary liver cancer. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • The active ingredient in this product is Arachidonic Acid which has been clinically proven to work. (realsupplements.net)
  • Although carcinogenic aristolochic acid I (AAI) was proven as the major cause of BEN/UUC, this nephropathy is considered to be multifactorial. (nel.edu)
  • Qu: Are there important metabolites derived from DHA that can play important functions related to health in the body? (dhaomega3.org)
  • Chronic itch in the elderly is a common problem that is often multifactorial due to physiological changes in ageing skin, including impaired skin barrier function, and changes in immunological, neurological, and psychological systems associated with age. (hindawi.com)