Phthalates environmental exposure. Medical search. Frequent questions

Higher concentrations of MBP, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), MEHHP, MEOHP and the molar sum of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites (∑DEHPm) were associated with an increased risk of miscarriage exhibiting a dose-response relationship. (nature.com)
Consistently, the phthalate mixture was positively associated with the risk of miscarriage and DEHP was the predominant contributor to the joint effect in BKMR model. (nature.com)
Two phthalates, diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP), have received considerable attention recently because of specific concerns about pediatric exposures. (aap.org)
Finally, we found that the odds ratio (OR) increased with increased concentrations of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites, including mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP). (frontiersin.org)
This study first revealed that there was a positive association between exposure to DEHP metabolites and the risk of AOH. (frontiersin.org)
Examples are dioctyl phthalate (DOP), diisononyl-phthalate (DINP), or bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). (wikipedia.org)
A case study in a test house was conducted to investigate the fate and transport of benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in residential indoor environments and the influence of temperature. (acs.org)
Exposures to the phthalates subject to the permanent ban-BBzP, DnBP and DEHP-all went down. (ucsf.edu)
DEHP exposures were consistently higher in children than adults, but the gap between the age groups narrowed over time. (ucsf.edu)
They increased by 15 and 25 percent in the first two, but went up nearly 150 percent in DiNP, which industry is using to replace other phthalates like DEHP. (ucsf.edu)
A third phthalate, Di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) is found in eyelash glue, and is widely used in other consumer products. (safecosmetics.org)
Pregnant women's exposure to the phthalates DBP and DEHP has been associated with a shortened distance between the anus and genitals in their male babies, indicating a feminization had occurred during prenatal genital development. (safecosmetics.org)
[24] Exposure to phthalates, especially DBP and DEHP, can reduce fetal testosterone production, and these anti-androgenic effects may alter fetal cell differentiation and function, leading to altered male genital development. (safecosmetics.org)
The National Toxicology Program and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency report that DEHP is reasonably to be anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity of animal studies. (safecosmetics.org)
The median concentrations of the three secondary metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were greater than 20 microg/g Cr. (cdc.gov)
In a 2017 analysis of five studies, researchers from China found increased risks of fibroids in women with escalating levels of byproducts of one phthalate called DEHP-a chemical that's commonly added to plastics to make them flexible-in their urine. (nationalgeographic.com)
In a 2019 preliminary study , Ami Zota, an environmental health scientist now at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, and her colleagues found that higher levels of phthalates in urine, particularly byproducts of DEHP, were associated with larger fibroids and an enlarged uterus in Black women in the United States undergoing surgery for fibroids. (nationalgeographic.com)
4) DEHP (di-2-ethyl-hexyl-phthalate) is now prohibited by the Cosmetics Ingredient Hotlist and has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. (sustainablog.org)
The only exception was exposure to DEHP from erasers through sucking and chewing. (greenfacts.org)
The main focus of this opinion will therefore be to evaluate the potential for exposure to DEHP from uses of DEHP-containing erasers by children. (greenfacts.org)
One phthalate plasticizer, DEHP, which is not allowed for use in cosmetics under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act , was found at low levels. (utoronto.ca)
The finding of low exposure to the plasticizer DEHP is important - it shows the current regulations for this compound are working," Diamond says. (utoronto.ca)
The sorption of di-(2-ethyhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on laboratory generated ammonium sulfate particles and indoor air particles was investigated by passing the particles through a 1.2 L chamber equipped with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flooring. (lu.se)
Organic particle concentrations are often high indoors, which promotes the sorption of DEHP and other SVOCs, which in turn may contribute to increased human exposure to DEHP and other SVOCs. (lu.se)
The uptake was measured, via combined inhalation and dermal air-to-skin transfer and via air-to-skin transfer only for the gas-phase diethyl phthalate (DEP) and for particle phase DEHP. (lu.se)
Objectives: We examined the effect of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) on the metabolic profile of cardiomyocytes because alterations in metabolic processes can lead to cell dysfunction. (gwu.edu)
Methods: Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were treated with DEHP at a concentration and duration comparable to clinical exposure (50-100 μg/mL, 72 hr). (gwu.edu)
Results: Exposure to DEHP led to up-regulation of genes associated with fatty acid transport, esterification, mitochondrial import, and β-oxidation. (gwu.edu)
Conclusions: Data suggest that DEHP exposure results in metabolic remodeling of cardiomyocytes, whereby cardiac cells increase their dependence on fatty acids for energy production. (gwu.edu)
The use of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been modified since the last Monograph. (who.int)
DEHP absorbed in the body is first metabolized by the catalytic action of lipase to produce mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) (Albro et al. (who.int)

Phthalates are a family of synthetic chemicals mainly used as plasticizers, solvents and additives in a large variety of industrial and consumer products, including food packing materials, toys, gloves, medical devices and personal care products. (nature.com)
Phthalates are plasticizers that are added to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products to impart flexibility and durability. (aap.org)
There has been a lot of discussion over the past few years about phthalates, aka plasticizers, and their potential impact on our health. (yahoo.com)
This and other phthalates are used as plasticizers due to their flexibility and durability. (wikipedia.org)
DIBP can be sold as a pure substance or as a component of mixtures with other phthalate plasticizers or chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
Direct Transfer of Phthalate and Alternative Plasticizers from Indoor Source Products to Dust: Laboratory Measurements and Predictive Modeling. (acs.org)
Called "everywhere chemicals," phthalates are a family of chemical compounds that are manmade and often used as plasticizers to lend softness, flexibility, and durability to materials like polyvinyl chloride or PVC-one of the most widely used plastics-and synthetic rubber. (nationalgeographic.com)
Worried about your child's exposure to phthalates , the chemical compounds used as plasticizers in a wide variety of personal care products, children's toys, and medical devices? (science20.com)
Phthalates are used as plasticizers to soften polyvinyl chloride plastic, also known asPVC or vinyl, including a wide range of building products such as vinyl flooring, wallcovering and upholstery. (healthybuilding.net)
Phthalate plasticizers are not chemically bound to PVC. (healthybuilding.net)
The study reported higher exposures of several phthalate plasticizers, which was expected given the use of these chemicals in personal care products. (utoronto.ca)
Background: Phthalates are common plasticizers present in medical-grade plastics and other everyday products. (gwu.edu)
Phthalates are a group of chemical plasticizers found in many personal care and consumer products. (usbiotek.com)

of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on These factors include the dose (how much), the the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, duration (how long), the route or pathway by which personal traits and habits, and whether other you are exposed (breathing, eating, drinking, or skin chemicals are present. (cdc.gov)
As EPA evaluates phthalate is not a part of the chain of chemicals more sites, the number of sites at which diethyl (polymers) which makes up the plastics, it can be phthalate is found may change. (cdc.gov)
AMHERST, Mass. - Reliable data are lacking on whether phthalates, the plasticizing and solvent chemicals found in such products as cosmetics, shampoo, flooring and medical tubing, affect human breast cancer risk. (eurekalert.org)
Reeves and colleagues will study phthalate metabolites, which are products found in urine samples after the chemicals have passed through the body. (eurekalert.org)
The new study does not prove that phthalates- widely used in certain plastics, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, food packaging, and medical devices- cause autism, however, it adds to a growing body of evidence that prenatal exposure to certain chemicals may impair social development and suggests folic acid may protect against some of these potential impacts. (ehn.org)
The rapid rise in prevalence over the past three decades cannot be explained solely by genetic factors," the authors wrote, adding the research "provides new insights regarding the potential neurotoxicity of phthalates and … supports earlier research showing increased susceptibility of the developing brain, especially the male fetal brain, to the impact of toxic chemicals. (ehn.org)
Phthalates have previously been linked to changes in gene expression and DNA function, which is another pathway for the chemicals to impact children's brains. (ehn.org)
The Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch develops and performs unique laboratory tests to measure organic environmental chemicals in people. (cdc.gov)
Advances in analytical methods enable CDC to measure very low levels of environmental chemicals in people, but research studies of varying levels of exposure are needed to determine if specific levels cause health effects. (cdc.gov)
In case you're not familiar with them, phthalates are a group of chemicals used to make plastics more durable, and some may be used to help dissolve other materials, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (yahoo.com)
Our research has focused on early life exposures to phthalates, because we know that's a time when development can be very vulnerable to disruption by chemicals like phthalates," she says. (yahoo.com)
Phthalates are classified as "endocrine-disrupting chemicals," which means they impact the body's ability to regulate biological processes, Kaley Beins, a senior scientist at Environmental Working Group, tells Yahoo Life. (yahoo.com)
The study analyzed data from 2,174 pregnant women and found that while there were no links between several environmental chemicals and postpartum depression, having higher concentrations of phthalates in urine samples taken during pregnancy was associated with a greater risk of developing postpartum depression . (yahoo.com)
It's difficult to eliminate your exposure to phthalates, but you can reduce how often you come into contact with these chemicals, Barrett says. (yahoo.com)
Phthalates are a kind of synthetic chemicals applied to cosmetics, food packaging and medical products ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Americans are being exposed to significantly lower levels of some phthalates that were banned from children's articles in 2008, but exposures to other forms of these chemicals are rising steeply, according to a study led by researchers at UC San Francisco. (ucsf.edu)
Diethyl phthalate can be released fairly easily from these products, as it is not part of the chain of chemicals (polymers) that makes up the plastic. (cdc.gov)
National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals - Provides an ongoing assessment of the exposure of the U.S. population to environmental chemicals using biomonitoring. (cdc.gov)
A significant loophole in federal law allows phthalates (and other chemicals) to be added to fragrances without disclosure to consumers. (safecosmetics.org)
In a recent study published in Environmental Research , researchers examined the effects of prenatal exposure to chemicals on early child language ability. (chadd.org)
Phthalate acid esters, more familiarly known as phthalates, are a family of industrial chemicals that are commonly used in a variety of consumer products. (emory.edu)
Phthalates are chemicals commonly added to hundreds of plastic products to make them more flexible and durable. (nationalgeographic.com)
Scientists are just beginning to learn how these common tumors in women are linked to phthalates-chemicals found in hundreds of everyday household items and cosmetics. (nationalgeographic.com)
Common chemicals called phthalates found in hundreds of household products have been linked to uterine fibroids-non-cancerous tumors ranging from the size of a seed to a soccer ball that grow in or around the uterus. (nationalgeographic.com)
This research reinforces the link between these ubiquitous chemicals and a disease that's greatly underappreciated, says Tracey Woodruff, a University of California, San Francisco, scientist studying the impact of environmental contaminants on reproductive health who wasn't involved in Bulun's research. (nationalgeographic.com)
The chemicals can leach out of these products and enter food, air, and water, meaning people can swallow, inhale, or absorb these phthalate particles through direct skin contact. (nationalgeographic.com)
What is more, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has even revealed that toxic chemicals in household cleaners are three times more likely to cause cancer than outdoor air! (sustainablog.org)
The Danish Environmental Protection Agency investigated the exposure and possible risk of chemicals in consumer products and articles. (greenfacts.org)
WASHINGTON, D.C. - A federal appeals court has left in place the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) ban on harmful phthalate chemicals from plastic used in children's toys and childcare articles. (citizen.org)
The study, published this week in the journal Environmental Science and Technology , found that exposure to some hazardous chemicals was higher among nail technicians than among electronic waste workers. (utoronto.ca)
We were very surprised to find exposures for some chemicals up to 30 times higher among nail salon workers relative to exposures in homes, and up to 10 times higher than in e-waste handling facilities," says Miriam Diamond , co-author and professor at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health and the department of Earth Sciences in the Faculty of Arts & Science. (utoronto.ca)
Several of the chemicals studied have some restrictions on their use (or restrictions are proposed) under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act . (utoronto.ca)
The chemicals in question have been associated with adverse health effects, including neurological and reproductive effects, with some evidence that in utero exposure may be important. (utoronto.ca)
A new study led by Mount Sinai researchers in collaboration with scientists from Cornell University and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has found higher prenatal exposure to phthalates-manmade chemicals that interfere with hormonal messaging-to be connected with disruptive and problem behaviors in children between the ages of 4 and 9 years. (csn-deutschland.de)
Phthalates are part of a group of chemicals known as endocrine disruptors, that interfere with the body's endocrine, or hormone system. (csn-deutschland.de)
But what this study suggests is that it's not enough to regulate childhood exposure to these chemicals. (csn-deutschland.de)
Studies to date on phthalates have been inconsistent, with some linking exposure to these chemicals to hormone disruptions, birth defects, asthma, and reproductive problems, while others have found no significant association between exposure and adverse effects. (csn-deutschland.de)
Additionally, those who work in a setting with exposure to toxic chemicals that might affect fertility may consider requesting a Health Hazard Evaluation by NIOSH. (cdc.gov)
In 2005, the Environmental Working Group 2 tested umbilical cord blood from 10 children and found 287 chemicals: 180 of them were carcinogenic, 217 were neurotoxic, and 208 caused birth defects or abnormal development in animal tests. (ndnr.com)
In 2000, an independent panel of experts convened by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Toxicology Program found there was credible evidence that some hormone-like chemicals at very low levels can affect animals' bodily functions. (ndnr.com)
Exposure to a range of widely used chemicals may significantly increase the odds of certain hormonally driven cancers in women, according to U.S. government-funded research published Monday. (commondreams.org)
Children who live in homes with vinyl floors, which can emit phthalate chemicals, are more likely to have autism. (stopumts.nl)
Every day we are exposed to hundreds of toxic chemicals through products like pharmaceuticals, pesticides, packaged foods, household products, and environmental pollution! (drwendywells.com)
These mutations can be caused by exposure to toxic chemicals, infections, inflammation and nutritional deficiencies. (drwendywells.com)
Excess risks of hypospadias associated with occupational exposures to phthalates and hair spray suggest that anti-androgenic endocrine disrupting chemicals may play a role in hypospadias. (ecochildsplay.com)
Unfortunately, pollutants and chemicals such as benzene, toluene, parabens, phthalates, and styrenes are commonplace in our air, water, and food, as well as in many of the products we use, and ongoing exposure can have anywhere from mild to severe health consequences. (usbiotek.com)
To address the latter question, Phipps' laboratory is separately studying whether chemicals known as obesogens - such as bisphenol A (BPA), flame retardants, and phthalates - reduce Thy1 expression in human cells and promote obesity. (rochester.edu)
The chemicals of concern included bisphenols, phthalates, PFAS, PAH, and pesticides with different patterns for boys and girls. (lu.se)
Like compounds from biological sources and low-molecular-weight nonoccupational asthma, occupational asthma is probably the chemicals cause occupational asthma after a latent period of result of multiple genetic, environmental, and behavioral exposure. (cdc.gov)

Our findings suggest that future researchers and policy makers might need to take low-dose effects of phthalates into account regarding the reproductive toxicity of phthalates exposure in humans. (nature.com)
Phthalates are animal carcinogens and can cause fetal death, malformations, and reproductive toxicity in laboratory animals. (aap.org)
Toxicity profiles and potency vary by specific phthalate. (aap.org)
The controversy exists because risk to humans must be extrapolated from animal data that demonstrate differences in toxicity by species, route of exposure, and age at exposure and because of persistent uncertainties in human exposure data. (aap.org)
This report addresses sensitive endpoints of reproductive and developmental toxicity and the unique aspects of pediatric exposures to phthalates that generate concern. (aap.org)
Phthalate exposure is considered an environmental public health concern, because of their well-documented developmental, endocrine, and reproductive system toxicity. (emory.edu)
PACHOCKI, K. A. Developmental toxicity in mice following paternal exposure to Di-N-Butyl-Phthalate (DBP). (bvsalud.org)

We used logistic regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to examine the associations of concentrations of phthalates with miscarriage. (nature.com)
Total airborne concentrations of phthalates were sensitive to indoor temperatures, and their steady-state concentration levels increased by a factor of 3 with an increase in temperature from 21 to 30 °C. Strong sorption of phthalates was observed on interior surfaces, including dust, dish plates, windows, mirrors, fabric cloth, and wood. (acs.org)

Therefore, several countries have restricted or even banned the use of certain phthalates in products. (wikipedia.org)
While the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency often uses animal studies to determine safe exposure levels for humans, research suggests that certain phthalates can cause adverse effects on human health even at levels below the defined thresholds. (nationalgeographic.com)
Recently, the government instituted regulations limiting certain phthalates in things like child care articles or toys that a young child might put in their mouth," continued Dr. Engel. (csn-deutschland.de)

It delineates trends in a decade's worth of data-from 2001 to 2010-in exposure to eight phthalates among 11,000 people who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (ucsf.edu)
In a study appearing in the Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology , researchers analyzed data collected by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and found that women exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances ( PFAS ), phenols, and parabens had higher odds of having been diagnosed with cancers of the breast, ovary, skin, and uterus. (commondreams.org)

Urinary metabolite concentrations of organophosphorous pesticides , bisphenol a, and phthalates among pregnant women in Rotterdam, the Netherlands: the Generation R study. (cdc.gov)
Concern about potential health impacts of low-level exposures to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides , bisphenol A (BPA), and phthalates among the general population is increasing. (cdc.gov)
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDC) include bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates - a chemical found in many plastics, solvents, personal care products, and even fast food. (healthnews.com)
Prenatal phthalate and early childhood bisphenol A exposures increase asthma risk in inner-city children. (suny.edu)
Prenatal and postnatal bisphenol A exposure and asthma development among inner-city children. (suny.edu)
Prenatal bisphenol A and birth outcomes: MOCEH (Mothers and Children's Environmental Health) study. (suny.edu)
Urine and serum biomonitoring of exposure to environmental estrogens I: Bisphenol A in pregnant women. (suny.edu)
However, many other factors appear to increase a person's predisposition to obesity, including endocrine disruptors (eg, bisphenol A [BPA]), gut microbiome, sleep/wake cycles, and environmental factors. (msdmanuals.com)

How does prenatal exposure to phthalates, organophosphate esters, and organophosphorus pesticides influence children's language ability? (chadd.org)
The assertion that phthalate esters, which are used to make vinyl soft and flexible, pose considerable health and environmental hazards, is completely untrue. (healthybuilding.net)
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are known to have hormone-like properties, and there is a growing trend of children expressing a gender identity different from assigned sex. (biomedcentral.com)

We measured levels of six dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of OP pesticides , a chlorpyrifos-specific metabolite (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, TCPy), BPA, and 14 phthalate metabolites in urine samples of 100 pregnant women from the Generation R study, the Netherlands. (cdc.gov)
In general, these metabolites were detectable in the urine of the women from the Generation R study and compared with other groups, they had relatively high-level exposures to OP pesticides and several phthalates but similar exposure to BPA. (cdc.gov)
Although some occupational exposures have been shown to impair fertility (e.g., lead, some pesticides, and some solvents), the overall contribution of occupational exposures to male and female infertility is unknown. (cdc.gov)
Early life exposure to lead, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybromide diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), and phthalates have been associated with lowered IQ in children. (biomedcentral.com)
Toxins include pesticides/herbicides, heavy metals, air and noise pollution, non-ionizing radiation, radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from laptops and cellphones, and natural gas/oil exposure. (healthnews.com)
Other studies now show a link between children's exposure to pesticides and autism. (stopumts.nl)

The State of California and other authoritative bodies have classified dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as a reproductive and developmental toxicant, and the European Union banned the use of this ingredient in cosmetics and personal care products. (ewg.org)
DIBP has lower density and freezing point than the related compound dibutyl phthalate (DBP). (wikipedia.org)
Two are widely used in personal care products: 1) dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is used in nail polish, and is listed by the EU as an endocrine-disrupting compound of high concern. (safecosmetics.org)

A shorter version, the ToxFAQsTM is diethyl phthalate, several factors will determine also available. (cdc.gov)
Diethyl phthalate disagreeable taste. (cdc.gov)
Diethyl phthalate is which is located in Guam. (cdc.gov)
Because diethyl evaluated for diethyl phthalate. (cdc.gov)
These important for you to know because diethyl phthalate plastics are found in products such as toothbrushes, may cause harmful health effects and because these automobile parts, tools, toys, and food packaging. (cdc.gov)
Diethyl phthalate is also used in cosmetics, exposure to diethyl phthalate. (cdc.gov)
Diethyl phthalate may enter the environment in You can be exposed to a chemical only when you industrial waste waters, by evaporation into the air come into contact with the chemical. (cdc.gov)
In air, diethyl phthalate may break weight, such as one gram, of a chemical, in down into other products. (cdc.gov)
Diethyl phthalate soil). (cdc.gov)
Diethyl phthalate has been found in drinking may also enter the environment by sticking onto water at concentrations of 0.00001-0.0046 ppm, in dust particles. (cdc.gov)
If released into water, diethyl industrial waste waters at 0.00001-0.060 ppm, in phthalate may travel great distances in swiftly river waters at 0.00006-0.044 ppm, and in moving rivers. (cdc.gov)
The amount of diethyl phthalate in soil products. (cdc.gov)
Diethyl phthalate is a colorless liquid that has a bitter, disagreeable taste. (cdc.gov)
Diethyl phthalate is also used in cosmetics, insecticides, and aspirin. (cdc.gov)

Diisononyl phthalate, a general use vinyl plasticizer. (healthybuilding.net)

The study, which is the first to examine the effects of prenatal phthalate exposure on child neurobehavioral development, will be published January 28, on the Environmental Health Perspectives website. (csn-deutschland.de)
Gender-specific effects of prenatal mixed exposure to serum phthalates on neurodevelopment of children aged 2-3 years:the Guangxi Birth Cohort Study. (bvsalud.org)

Infants with low birth weight had consistently higher levels of phthalates. (science20.com)

Data on AOH and urinary phthalate metabolites were collected, and univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were adapted to evaluate the association. (frontiersin.org)

Flight attendants are an understudied occupational group, despite undergoing a wide range of adverse job-related exposures, including to known carcinogens. (biomedcentral.com)
Like the human carcinogens vinyl chloride and dioxin, phthalates are uniquely associated with PVC [ 7 ]. (healthybuilding.net)
To date, the dangers of prenatal or postnatal exposure to this complex mixture of carcinogens, developmental toxins, and neurotoxins have not been studied. (ndnr.com)
Environmental carcinogens : methods of analysis and exposure measurement. (who.int)

Also, because the researchers will have three stored urine samples, from baseline, Year 1 and Year 3 for analysis, they will be able to address variation in phthalate exposure. (eurekalert.org)
Phthalates are commonly found in human urine samples. (safecosmetics.org)
For the study, phthalate metabolite levels were analyzed in prenatal urine samples of a multiethnic group of 404 women who were pregnant for the first time. (csn-deutschland.de)

The exposure levels of phthalates in humans have dropped dramatically. (nature.com)
Our findings contribute to the awareness of the reproductive toxic potential of phthalates at low levels in humans and support the ongoing efforts to further reduce exposure to phthalates. (nature.com)
Frederiksen H, Skakkebaek NE, Andersson AM. Metabolism of phthalates in humans. (nature.com)
We have lots of evidence from experimental models and, more recently, humans to show that phthalates interfere with normal hormone activity in the body," Emily Barrett, a professor and vice chair of the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the Rutgers School of Public Health, tells Yahoo Life. (yahoo.com)
Two determinations must be made when a physician responds to a patient's concerns about a specific exposure: (1) whether any quantity of the toxicant has known adverse effects on reproduction in humans and (2) whether the substance is present in sufficient quantity to affect the patient or population exposed. (medscape.com)
To test whether environmental pollutants could affect fertility in humans. (springer.com)
Humans are exposed through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure during their whole lifetime, starting in the womb. (healthybuilding.net)
In June 2005, HBNews discussed recent research findings that the cumulative impact of different phthalates leads to an exponential increase in associated harm, and documenting levels of phthalates found in humans at levels higher than levels shown to cause adverse health effects. (healthybuilding.net)
3] "Aggregate Exposures to Phthalates in Humans," Health Care Without Harm, July 2002. (healthybuilding.net)
Exposure to air pollution is associated with adverse health effects in humans, with special concern for exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). (lu.se)

Paradoxically, exposures went up in the phthalates that Congress banned pending further study-DnOP, DiDP and DiNP. (ucsf.edu)
The Consumer Product Safety Commission has noted that one phthalate formula common to certain building materials -- DINP [ 2 ] -- is a mixture of up to 100 chemical variants, of which only five have been minimally studied [ 3 ]. (healthybuilding.net)

In field research, the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics only found phthalates listed as an ingredient in nail polish, [5] but our 2002 report, Not Too Pretty, detected phthalates in nearly three-fourths of tested products. (safecosmetics.org)
Phthalates are also used as solvents in cosmetics and other personal care products and to coat or encapsulate certain pharmaceutical pills and dietary supplements . (nationalgeographic.com)
The phthalates that we found most strongly related to neurodevelopment were those commonly found in cosmetics, perfumes, lotions and shampoos. (csn-deutschland.de)

The study will also evaluate whether associations between phthalate metabolite levels and breast cancer vary by disease characteristics such as hormone receptor status and personal factors including age, postmenopausal hormone therapy use and body mass index. (eurekalert.org)
The mothers were not informed of their phthalate metabolite levels and the researchers were unaware of their exposures when testing the children. (csn-deutschland.de)

Among the phthalate metabolites, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) had the highest concentration (8.10 ng/mL), followed by mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP, 2.68 ng/mL) and monobutyl phthalate (MBP, 2.24 ng/mL). (nature.com)

Due to the increase in human exposure to phthalates, in 1999 the European Union restricted the use of some of them in children's toys. (wikipedia.org)
Six of the phthalates have been banned from use in children's articles, such as toys. (ucsf.edu)
California now joins the EU [ 5 ] in restricting the use of phthalates in the use of children's products, and many other US states are expected to take up legislation similar to that signed by Governor Schwarzenegger [ 6 ]. (healthybuilding.net)
The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), the Environmental Justice Health Alliance for Chemical Policy Reform (EJHA) and Breast Cancer Prevention Partners (BCPP) sued the agency in 2016 to compel it to finalize its proposed ban of children's toys and childcare articles, like pacifiers, containing five types of dangerous phthalates. (citizen.org)
Objectives: This study evaluates the association, considering sex-specific effects, between prenatal exposure to EDC mixture and children's body fat at seven years of age. (lu.se)
Discussion: Borderline significant associations were found between prenatal exposure to a mixture of EDCs and children's body fat. (lu.se)
The associations in opposite directions suggests that prenatal exposure to EDCs may present sex-specific effects on children's body fat. (lu.se)

Exposure to environmental toxins. (healthnews.com)
In recent years she has concentrated on the relationship between nutrition and health, tackling such topics as Alzheimer's, autism, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as the impact of nutritional deficiencies and environmental toxins on human health. (stopumts.nl)
In this article, Dr. Meletis presents scientific literature and case studies that support the strategic removal of EPs such as parabens, phthalates, and other toxins to reduce inflammation and improve gut. (usbiotek.com)
Toxins are associated with neurological disorders such as autism, ADHD and Alzheimer's disease: 3 A's linked to environmental pollutants. (usbiotek.com)
With the grant funding, Nguyen will lead a research team with two key goals: enrolling the first all-Asian pregnancy cohort with the aim of enhancing the number and diversity of Asian Americans currently enrolled in the ECHO program so that it better reflects the nation's heterogeneous Asian American population, and investigating the role of certain environmental toxins (including phthalates) on the health of Asian Americans. (umn.edu)

Many people assume that any kind of environmental exposure to phthalates is bad even if the scientific evidence is unclear, Reeves points out, "but with this study we hope to provide not more uncertainty, but instead either reassurance or solid evidence of cause for concern. (eurekalert.org)
CDC's laboratory methods are intended to evaluate population exposures and to support states in situations considered a public health concern. (cdc.gov)
We were excited to see that exposure to some of the phthalates that are of public health concern actually went down," said Ami Zota, ScD, MS, an assistant professor of environmental and occupational health at the George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, who did the research when she was a postdoctoral fellow at UCSF's Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment. (ucsf.edu)
Preterm birth is a significant public health concern and exposure to phthalates has been shown to be associated with an increased odds of preterm birth. (biomedcentral.com)

To examine the association between exposure to phthalates individually or as a mixture and early miscarriage. (nature.com)
Another study published in August in the journal Molecular Psychiatry found an association between exposure to phthalates in pregnancy and lower IQs in children born to those mothers. (yahoo.com)
However, little is known about the association between exposure to phthalates and the risk of AOH. (frontiersin.org)

LIFEWORK, a prospective cohort study on occupational and environmental risk factors and health in the Netherlands. (lu.se)
The Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study (TMICS) of phthalate exposure and health risk assessment. (lu.se)

Although exposure levels of phthalates of pregnant women have declined sharply over the past few decades, phthalates exposure was still associated with an increased risk of early miscarriage. (nature.com)
Phthalate exposures to adult men have been linked to DNA damage in sperm and lower sperm quality, while exposures to pregnant women have been linked to alterations in the genital development of their male children, as well as cognitive and behavioral problems in boys and girls. (ucsf.edu)

Thus, we conducted this study to explore the relationship between exposure to phthalate metabolism and AOH using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database in 2013-2016. (frontiersin.org)
However, the effect of phthalates on cardiac metabolism remains largely unknown. (gwu.edu)

Detecting levels of an environmental chemical in a person's blood or urine does not necessarily mean the chemical will cause adverse health effects or disease. (cdc.gov)
In animal studies, exposure to DBP during gestation causes infertility, cryptorchidism and problems in sperm development, adverse effects similar to human testicular dysgenesis syndrome. (ewg.org)
Unfortunately, our data also suggest that these are being replaced by other phthalates with potential adverse health effects. (ucsf.edu)
Minimal Risk Levels (MRL) - The MRL is an estimate of the daily human exposure to a hazardous substance that is likely to be without appreciable risk of adverse, non-cancer health effects over a specified duration of exposure. (cdc.gov)
The information in this MRL serves as a screening tool to help public health professionals decide where to look more closely to evaluate possible risk of adverse health effects from human exposure. (cdc.gov)
Phthalates have been shown to have adverse effects on neurodevelopment, which may be gender -specific. (bvsalud.org)

Phthalates impact human health: epidemiological evidences and plausible mechanism of action. (nature.com)
Huang S, Qi Z, Ma S, Li G, Long C, Yu Y. A critical review on human internal exposure of phthalate metabolites and the associated health risks. (nature.com)
emphasize the human health effects that may result from exposure to it. (cdc.gov)
Now epidemiologist Katherine Reeves at the University of Massachusetts Amherst is leading the largest study to date investigating a possible relationship with a three-year, $1.5 million grant from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. (eurekalert.org)
But recent studies have also connected phthalate exposure to several serious health complications, including postpartum depression and low IQ in children. (yahoo.com)
While research has shown that some types of phthalates have impacted the reproductive systems of animals, the CDC says that human health effects from exposure to low levels of phthalates are "not as clear," noting that more research is needed. (yahoo.com)
However, in recent years, concerns have been raised about the potential health risks of exposure to phthalates, including DIBP. (wikipedia.org)
The paper, published in Environmental Health Perspectives , is the first to examine how phthalate exposures have changed over time in a large, representative sample of the U.S. population. (ucsf.edu)
If you are giving a presentation about an environmental health topic or just looking for general information about environmental health research or the institute, this page will help. (nih.gov)
NIEHS is committed to conducting the most rigorous research in environmental health sciences, and to communicating the results of this research to the public. (nih.gov)
NIEHS research uses state-of-the-art science and technology to investigate the interplay between environmental exposures, human biology, genetics, and common diseases to help prevent disease and improve human health. (nih.gov)
NIEHS offers a broad range of job opportunities, career enhancement programs, and research training grants and programs in environmental health sciences and administration. (nih.gov)
The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) is expanding and accelerating its contributions to scientific knowledge of human health and the environment, and to the health and well-being of people everywhere. (nih.gov)
The complex interplay of (1) genetic, (2) environmental, and (3) social factors requires sophisticated and thoughtful interventions on the part of health care providers. (medscape.com)
To coincide with the Joint Annual Meeting of the International Society of Exposure Science and the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology ( ISES-ISEE 2018 ), Environmental Health has published this collection to highlight top accessed articles in line with the conference theme: Addressing complex local and global issues in environmental exposure and epidemiology - Selected articles for ISES-ISEE 2018. (biomedcentral.com)
Phthalates are known to interfere with hormones and have been the subject of health research for over a decade. (nationalgeographic.com)
The resulting exposure estimates for some of the identified substances were integrated in a health risk assessment . (greenfacts.org)
The conclusion in the report is that, in general, the investigated exposures do not present a health risks for the children. (greenfacts.org)
To protect the health of our state's children," California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed legislation on October 14, 2007 prohibiting the use of phthalates (pronounced thall eights) in childcare products designed for babies and children under three years of age. (healthybuilding.net)
Phthalates have been shown to have negative effects on human health including, interference with the natural functioning of the hormone system, reproductive and genital defects. (healthybuilding.net)
It is this triple threat from PVC that distinguishes it as the worst plastic for environmental health and green building. (healthybuilding.net)
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. (healthybuilding.net)
Mi PROTECT: A personalized smartphone platform to report back results to participants of a maternal-child and environmental health research cohort program in Puerto Rico. (nih.gov)
NIOSH contributed to this Action Plan, specifically related to reducing exposures to occupational agents that can harm reproductive health and fertility in women and men. (cdc.gov)
Environmental and occupational hazards account for an unknown proportion of infertility cases, but are known to affect reproductive health and fertility in women and men, and suspected of causing declining human sperm quality in industrialized countries. (cdc.gov)
The report also emphasizes that actions taken to protect the reproductive health of workers and the general health of their families from harmful exposures should be based on sound, scientific measurements of (1) the hazardous exposures, (2) reproductive health parameters, and (3) the efficacy of the intervention methods being considered. (cdc.gov)
Today, NIOSH researchers use state-of-the-art research methods - including biomonitoring techniques - to determine whether exposure to specific occupational hazards affect the reproductive health of working women and men and the health of their families. (cdc.gov)
Research on the effect of pesticide exposure on health has been largely focused on occupational settings. (biomedcentral.com)
Few reviews have synthesized the associations between dietary pesticide exposure and health outcomes in. (biomedcentral.com)
Learn how to become a savvier consumer and an effective environmental and public health advocate with these toolkits and how-tos. (nrdc.org)
Environmental Health Perspectives, 120 (9). (gwu.edu)
As adults, our health can be influenced by a range of lifestyle and environmental factors, increasing the risk for developing a series of non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and obesity. (mdpi.com)
Supported by epidemiological data and experimental studies, specific mechanisms have been defined linking environmental perturbations, disrupted fetal and neonatal development and adult ill-health. (mdpi.com)
Women exposed to hairspray in the workplace in their first trimester of their pregnancy have more than double the risk of having a son with the genital birth defect hypospadias, according to a new study published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives . (ecochildsplay.com)
The full peer-reviewed study is available at Environmental Health Perspectives. (ecochildsplay.com)
University of Minnesota School of Public Health (SPH) Associate Professor Ruby Nguyen has been awarded a $13.6 million grant as part of the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program, which is one of the largest and most significant national research programs focused on enhancing the health of children. (umn.edu)
The ECHO program, supported by NIH, aims to understand the effects of a broad range of early environmental influences on child health and development. (umn.edu)
That study is funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. (rochester.edu)
The AZAR cohort, a health-oriented research model in areas of major environmental change in Central Asia. (lu.se)
WHO Task Group on Environmental Health Criteria for Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride. (who.int)
Polychlorinated dibenzo- p- dioxins and dibenzofurans pollution in China: sources, environmental levels and potential human health impacts. (who.int)
From athe Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Immunol 2009;123:531-42. (cdc.gov)

Phthalate exposure and female reproductive and developmental outcomes: a systematic review of the human epidemiological evidence. (nature.com)

Further, by measuring excreted products rather than phthalates themselves, the researchers say they can be confident that they are measuring personal exposure rather than laboratory or other contamination. (eurekalert.org)
Phthalates could also reduce testosterone in baby boys, which could also explain the difference the researchers saw between the sexes. (ehn.org)
The study was also limited in that it looked at mostly white, higher income mothers and children, the researchers only tested the women once for phthalates, and the tests to tease out autistic traits in the children are not always accurate and don't represent an autism diagnosis. (ehn.org)
Researchers found that exposure to phthalates during pregnancy was linked with a lower IQ in children at age 14, as well as lower gray matter volume. (yahoo.com)
Researchers have developed a three-dimensional model that shows how exposure to cadmium might lead to congenital heart disease. (newswise.com)
The researchers analyzed samples of the infants' meconium, the first bowel movement that occurs after birth, and cord blood to determine phthalate levels. (science20.com)
The researchers found that mothers with higher concentrations of low molecular weight phthalates consistently reported poorer behavioral profiles in their children. (csn-deutschland.de)
Researchers from the University of Southern California, University of Michigan, and University of California, San Francisco linked exposure to PFAS compounds PFDE, PFNA, and PFUA with a doubling or near-doubling in the odds of a previous melanoma diagnosis and, for PFNA, an elevated risk of uterine cancer. (commondreams.org)
The study was conducted by researchers from Imperial College London, University College Cork (Ireland), and Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (Spain) and is the first to show a significant link between hairspray and hypospadias, which is one of the most common birth defects of the male genitalia. (ecochildsplay.com)

Benjamin S, Pradeep S, Josh MS, Kumar S, Masai E. A monograph on the remediation of hazardous phthalates. (nature.com)

We aimed to assess the associations of use of personal care products with urine biomarkers levels of phenols and paraben exposure, and whether urine levels (reflecting body burden of this chemical exposures) are associated with eczema, rhinitis, asthma, specific IgE and body mass index. (biomedcentral.com)

Journal article published in Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 2012. (cdc.gov)
Aldrin and dieldrin: a review of research on their production, environmental deposition and fate, bioaccumulation, toxicology, and epidemiology in the United States. (springer.com)

5 6 Some strong evidence supports that disparities in birth outcomes are largely attributable to environmental, as opposed to genetic variation. (bmj.com)

Research suggest that between 12% and 18% of couples struggle with infertility, [1] which may be caused by a wide variety of factors including genetic abnormalities, aging, acute and chronic diseases, treatments for certain conditions, behavioral factors, and exposure to environmental, occupational , and infectious hazards. (cdc.gov)
If you have concerns that your fertility may be affected by workplace exposures you can find an occupational clinic in your area by using the directory on the Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics (AOEC) website . (cdc.gov)
DOC*X: a nationwide Danish occupational cohort with eXposure data - an open research resource. (lu.se)
Wolff MS. Occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). (who.int)
Environmental factors that can detect specific IgE antibodies against most low-molecular- affect the initiation of occupational asthma include the intrinsic weight agents has resulted in a search for alternative or characteristics of causative agents as well as the influence of the complementary physiopathologic mechanisms leading to airway level and route of exposure at the workplace. (cdc.gov)
In contrast, the mechanism of the type of occupational asthma that occurs without latency after high-level exposure to irritants remains undetermined. (cdc.gov)

Because phthalates have been shown to interfere with these hormones, postpartum depression may also plausibly be affected. (yahoo.com)
[30] One of the ways that phthalates interfere with reproductive function is by reducing the levels of sex hormones, which are critical for development and functioning of the sex organs, including breasts. (safecosmetics.org)

The primary exposures include diagnostic radiographs, radiopharmaceuticals, workplace exposures, and environmental exposures such as those that occurred after the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear reactor accidents. (medscape.com)

Other studies have documented links between childhood asthma and phthalate exposure from vinyl flooring . (healthybuilding.net)
Environmental pollutants can contribute to allergies, asthma, and altered microbiome ecology. (usbiotek.com)
Methods: A total of 26 EDCs were assessed in prenatal urine and serum samples from first trimester in pregnancy from 737 mother-child pairs participating in the Swedish Environmental Longitudinal, Mother and child, Asthma and allergy (SELMA) study. (lu.se)

Phthalate exposure can begin in the womb and has been associated with negative changes in endocrine function. (science20.com)

Daily exposure to different classes of EDCs demands for research with mixtures approach. (lu.se)

According to Dr. Ge, "The results showed that phthalate exposure was ubiquitous in these newborns, and that prenatal phthalate exposure might be an environmental risk factor for low birth weight in infants. (science20.com)

We found a striking pattern of associations between low molecular weight phthalates - which are commonly found in personal care products - and disruptive childhood behaviors, such as aggressiveness and other conduct issues, and problems with attention. (csn-deutschland.de)

Phthalates, including DIBP, were first introduced in the 1920s to make plastics more flexible, transparent and long-lived. (wikipedia.org)
Phthalates, which are used to soften plastic, can be found in nail polish, fragrances, plastics and building materials, as well as the food supply. (ucsf.edu)
Other phthalates are used to increase the flexibility and durability of plastics such as PVC, or included as coatings on medications or nutritional supplements to make them timed-release. (csn-deutschland.de)

However, only a handful of small studies have looked at whether phthalates affect human breast cancer risk and none have measured phthalate metabolites before a cancer diagnosis. (eurekalert.org)
They are produced in high volume and generate extensive though poorly defined human exposures and unique childhood exposures. (aap.org)
Widespread application of phthalates could lead to pervasive human exposure ( 8 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
Assessing Human Exposure to SVOCs in Materials, Products, and Articles: A Modular Mechanistic Framework. (acs.org)
But they said it is hard to know for sure how changes in industry preference and consumer behavior are affecting human exposures, given how little is known about the chemical composition of consumer products. (ucsf.edu)
Glyphosate (GLY) is the most heavily used herbicide worldwide but the extent of exposure in human pregnancy remains unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
Consumer products containing phthalates can result in human exposure through direct contact and use, indirectly through leaching into other products, or general environmental contamination. (healthybuilding.net)
A 2007 study concluded that the exposure of children to phthalates exceeds that in adults, warning, "Current human biomonitoring data prove that the tolerable intake of children is exceeded to a considerable degree, in some instances up to 20-fold" [ 4 ]. (healthybuilding.net)
The overall aim of the research presented in this thesis was to characterize the physicochemical properties of indoor aerosols from cookstoves, candles, and phthalate sources, and to assess their contribution to human exposure. (lu.se)
A human exposure study was conducted to elucidate the dermal and inhalation uptake in 16 volunteers from exposure to airborne gas- and particle phase phthalates, with participants wearing clean clothing. (lu.se)

Little is known about the individual and joint effects of phthalates exposure at low levels on the risk of early miscarriage. (nature.com)
In addition, some studies in recent years looking at mid to late pregnancy have not found links between mothers' phthalate levels and autism traits in their children later in life. (ehn.org)
DIBP has been found to be relatively non-toxic, but high levels of exposure to the compound may cause irritation to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. (wikipedia.org)
[6] Our 2008 follow-up testing found that phthalate levels had dropped in some - though not all - of the products tested previously in 2002. (safecosmetics.org)
[9] While levels of DEP have declined over time, disparities in exposure persist. (safecosmetics.org)
They found quantifiable levels of phthalate and phthalate metabolites in more than 70% of the samples. (science20.com)
It's not clear whether Thy1 levels are different in people at birth, or whether they change with time and exposure to various environmental agents. (rochester.edu)
We measured 15 prenatal serum phthalate levels and evaluated children 's neurodevelopmental indicators using Gesell Developmental Schedule (GDS) (n = 750). (bvsalud.org)
Title : Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and blood glucose levels during pregnancy Personal Author(s) : Robledo, Candace A.;Peck, Jennifer D.;Stoner, Julie;Calafat, Antonia M.;Carabin, Hélène;Cowan, Linda;Goodman, Jean R. (cdc.gov)

Female laboratory rats chronically exposed to DBP and other phthalates showed altered sex hormones and increased likelihood of fetal loss. (safecosmetics.org)

This article provides a summary of many psychosocial and environmental risks during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] A number of modalities may be required for diagnosis and treatment of exposures in pregnancy. (medscape.com)
DDT and DDE exposure in mothers and time to pregnancy in daughters. (springer.com)

When it comes to excretion, DIBP is first converted into the hydrolytic monoester monoisobutyl phthalate (MIBP). (wikipedia.org)
the median concentrations of mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) were above 50 microg/g Cr. (cdc.gov)

Two decades of research suggest that phthalates disrupt hormones, which can lead to harm during critical periods of development. (safecosmetics.org)

Samples were analyzed for phthalate concentration using HPLC-MS/MS . Descriptive statistics and univariate analysis was conducted on natural log transformed metabolite concentrations to determine differences in exposure among feminine hygiene product users and non-users. (emory.edu)
They found a significant positive association between phthalate exposure and ADHD, meaning that the higher the concentration of phthalate metabolites in the urine, the worse the ADHD symptoms and/or test scores. (csn-deutschland.de)

You're exposed to phthalates by eating and drinking foods that have been in contact with products that contain phthalates, and you can even breathe in phthalate particles in the air, the CDC says. (yahoo.com)

Anatomy7

Organisms4

Diseases19

Chemicals and Drugs57

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes15

Disciplines and Occupations6

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture12

Information Science2

Named Groups1

Health Care37

Geographicals9

DEHP31

Plasticizers13

Chemicals49

Toxicity7

Concentrations of phthalates2

Certain phthalates3

Centers for Diseas2

Bisphenol8

Esters3

Pesticides6

Dibutyl3

Diethyl14

Diisononyl1

Effects of prenatal2

Higher levels of phthalates1

Urinary phthalate metabolites1

Carcinogens4

Urine samples3

Humans10

DINP2

Cosmetics3

Metabolite levels2

Monobutyl phthalate1

Children's7

Toxins5

Concern4

Association between exposure3

Cohort study2

Pregnant women2

Metabolism2

Adverse6

Health42

Reproductive and developmental1

Researchers9

Hazardous1

Chemical Exposures1

Epidemiology2

Outcomes1

Occupational6

Interfere2

Workplace exposures1

Asthma3

Womb1

Mixtures1

Ubiquitous1

Commonly1

Plastics3

Human10

Levels9

Laboratory1

Pregnancy3

MIBP2

Hormones1

Concentration2

Particles1