• Antheraxanthin is denoted by the "A" in the middle, between violaxanthin (V) and zeaxanthin (Z). The xanthophyll cycle takes place, along with other photopigment reactions, in the membranes of thylakoids within chloroplasts. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this process, numerous complex processes take place in the chloroplast, including the xanthophyll cycle, which involves the conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin by the enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) and the protonation of the photosystem II protein subunit PsbS. (iapn.de)
  • The main carotenes (α-carotene, β-carotene, and lycopene) are made up of only carbon and hydrogen, while the xanthophylls (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, and astaxanthin) contain oxygen. (myhdiet.com)
  • Lutein is among the xanthophyll subgroup with the carotenoid household, which in turn plays an important role in photosynthesis and photoprotection in nature. (casr-signal.com)
  • These photoprotective mechanisms are expected to contribute to the long-term functionality of the chloroplasts inside the slugs. (elifesciences.org)
  • To prevent photoinhibition, photoprotective mechanisms have evolved in plants. (iapn.de)
  • Plants with Mg deficiency suffer photooxidative stress as light energy reaching the photosystems is excessive and photoprotective mechanisms are enhanced. (iapn.de)
  • To preempt high light induced photodamage, photosynthetic organisms evolved numerous photoprotective mechanisms. (uni-konstanz.de)
  • It is a xanthophyll cycle pigment, an oil-soluble alcohol within the xanthophyll subgroup of carotenoids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antheraxanthin is an intermediate molecule of the xanthophyll cycle in most photosynthetic eukaryotes, namely plants, and some bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the xanthophyll cycle, specific carotenoid pigments are transformed via enzymatic reactions into either more or less photoprotective biological pigments. (wikipedia.org)
  • VAZ" is an abbreviation of the cycle's main pigments in order of lowest to highest photoprotection each pigment provides. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reflectance indices further indicated that the biostimulant application resulted in increased chlorophyll content (Chl NDI, P = 0.07) and either (depending on interpretation) a significantly higher Chl:carotenoid ratio or a lower proportion of xanthophyll cycle pigments in the de-epoxidated state (PRI, P = 0.02). (isa-arbor.com)
  • These pigments are grouped in carotenes and xanthophylls. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antheraxanthin is both a component in and product of the cellular photoprotection mechanisms in photosynthetic green algae, red algae, euglenoids, and plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • NPQ is considered a photoprotective mechanism because it helps to release the excitation energy absorbed in the light-harvesting complexes of photosystem II as heat, thus protecting the photosynthetic system from an excessive amount of excitation energy. (iapn.de)
  • The research aims at understanding how the photosynthetic processes are affected at a range of Mg concentrations and corresponding how photoprotection is affected by Mg supply. (iapn.de)
  • 2016). AA also takes part in the regeneration of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) in photosynthetic membranes and participates in chloroplast metabolism as a cofactor for violaxanthin de-epoxidase, an enzyme involved in xanthophyll cycle-mediated photoprotection (Smirnoff and Wheeler, 2000). (deepdyve.com)
  • Photosynthetic carbon fixation is often limited by CO 2 availability, which led to the evolution of CO 2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). (uni-konstanz.de)
  • The main way to improve photosynthetic efficiency is to optimize the light reactions, including increasing light absorption and conversion, accelerating the recovery of non-photochemical quenching, modifying enzymes in the Calvin cycle, introducing carbon concentration mechanisms into C 3 plants, rebuilding the photorespiration pathway, de novo synthesis, and changing stomatal conductance. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • A wide variety of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic species sense and respond to light, having developed protective mechanisms to adapt to damaging effects on DNA and proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In recent decades, new progress has been achieved in the study of the key mechanisms of photosynthesis, but the actual efficiency of photosynthesis in converting absorbed light energy into energy substances is very low compared to theoretical values. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The xanthophyll pool, or total xanthophyll cycle pigment levels are sometimes abbreviated as "VAZ" in scientific literature. (wikipedia.org)
  • The VPZ construct contains three genes that code for proteins of the xanthophyll cycle, which is a pigment cycle that helps in the photoprotection of the plants. (agrimarketing.com)
  • For this reason, the xanthophyll cycle is sometimes called the violaxanthin cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • As being a bioactive phytochemical, lutein offers vital physiological capabilities, delivering photoprotection versus harming azure gentle, along with the neutralization involving oxidants and also the maintenance with the constitutionnel and also useful honesty of cellular walls. (casr-signal.com)
  • In the present review, molecular and physiological mechanisms explaining the observed beneficial effects plant derive from the Si supplementations, more particularly in horticultural species have been discussed. (researchsquare.com)
  • Dissipation of absorbed light energy as heat energy is induced by the molecular mechanism of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and can be determined from measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence. (iapn.de)
  • Amongst these, energy-dependent fluorescence quenching (qE) provides a rapid mechanism to thermally dissipate excessively absorbed energy. (uni-konstanz.de)
  • Bilger W, Björkman O (1990) Role of the xanthophyll cycle in photoprotection elucidated by measurements of light-induced absorbance changes, fluorescence and photosynthesis in leaves of Hederacanariensis. (vegetosindia.org)
  • Xanthophyll cycle reactions, where antheraxanthin is an intermediate stage, are usually responses to changes in light or radiation exposure, which cause changes in the internal pH of thylakoids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lessening or heightening photoprotection through the xanthophyll cycle allows plants to regulate their own light uptake for photosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Response of green reflectance continuum removal index to the xanthophyll de-epoxidation cycle in Norway spruce needles. (wikipedia.org)
  • The xanthophyll cycle, its regulation and components. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we test whether the laser return intensity of green (532-nm) TLS correlates with changes in the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle and photoprotective non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and compare the ability of TLS to quantify these parameters with the passively measured photochemical reflectance index (PRI). (peptidescost.com)
  • These mechanisms comprise movement of leaves and chloroplasts, photorespiration, cyclic electron flow around photosystem I, screening of photoradiation, thermal energy dissipation of absorbed light energy, and detoxification of reactive oxygen species. (iapn.de)
  • Redekop P, Rothhausen N, Rothhausen N, Melzer M, Mosebach L, Dülger E, Bovdilova A, Caffarri S, Hippler M and Jahns P (2020) PsbS contributes to photoprotection in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii independently of energy dissipation. (hhu.de)
  • The photoprotective role of plastoquinone-9 [ 1 ] and the dissipation of absorbed light as heat involving xanthophyll [ 2 ] are examples. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, when the leaves are shaded (by other leaves, clouds, or the sun moving in the sky) this photoprotection needs to switch off so the leaves can continue the photosynthesis process with a reserve of sunlight. (agrimarketing.com)
  • Here, molecular mechanism involved in the Si uptake by root and subsequent transport to areal tissues is also illustrated. (researchsquare.com)
  • However, Si uptake mechanism at molecular level poorly studied in horticulture crops. (researchsquare.com)
  • Cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I (PSI) is an important mechanism for photoprotection in higher plants under environmental stresses. (kib.ac.cn)
  • This mechanism may underlie ascorbate release, signalling phenomena, apoplastic redox reactions, iron acquisition, and control the ionic and electrical equilibrium (together with K+ efflux via GORK channels). (deepdyve.com)
  • Sacoglossan sea slugs are able to maintain functional chloroplasts inside their own cells, and mechanisms that allow preservation of the chloroplasts are unknown. (elifesciences.org)
  • First, when exposed to light the stolen chloroplasts can quickly switch on a mechanism that dissipates light energy to heat, which is less damaging. (elifesciences.org)
  • 摘要: An experimental investigation of the thermodynamic performance of a counter-flow spray humidifier was conducted on the basis of theoretical analysis of the heat and mass transfer mechanism inside the humidifier. (engineering.org.cn)
  • Greater comprehension of this kind of connections might inform potential analysis to determine components through which introversion refers to health.Seasonal variants plant and bacterial nitrogen (In) buy are believed to become main mechanism in which boosts ecosystem N maintenance. (casr-signal.com)
  • Supercapacitors store electrical energy by two mechanisms [7, 8]: electrochemical double-layer capacitance (EDLC) and pseudocapacitance. (fxragonists.com)