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FructoseFructosediphosphatesHexosediphosphatesFructosephosphatesFructose IntoleranceFructose-BisphosphataseGlucose Transporter Type 5Phosphofructokinase-1FructokinasesPhosphorylationGlucoseFructose-Bisphosphate AldolasePhosphofructokinase-2Sweetening AgentsDietary CarbohydratesProtein KinasesSucroseCarbohydrate MetabolismProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesKineticsPhosphotransferasesGlycolysisLiverSorbitolPyruvate KinaseMolecular Sequence DataHexosesSubstrate SpecificityFructose Metabolism, Inborn ErrorsHexosephosphatesAmino Acid SequenceSerineGlucokinaseDietary SucroseEnzyme ActivationLactatesGlucosephosphatesPhosphoenolpyruvateDihydroxyacetoneGluconeogenesisAdenosine MonophosphatePhosphoenolpyruvate Sugar Phosphotransferase SystemFructansStarchGlucose Transport Proteins, FacilitativeXylitolGlucose-6-PhosphateInsulinBeveragesTriosesAdenosine TriphosphateCarbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn ErrorsMutationSignal TransductionGlucose-6-Phosphate IsomeraseL-Iditol 2-DehydrogenaseThreonineDihydroxyacetone PhosphatePhosphoric Monoester HydrolasesLactic AcidBlood GlucoseGlyceraldehydeGlucose Transporter Type 2Monosaccharide Transport ProteinsHexokinaseMalabsorption SyndromesProtein-Tyrosine KinasesCell LineHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationPhosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein KinasesProtein BindingPhosphoserineCarbohydratesIsoenzymesLiver GlycogenRats, Inbred StrainsBinding SitesMonosaccharidesCitratesPeptide MappingRecombinant ProteinsCasein KinasesPyruvatesPhosphatesMannitolFermentationPhosphopeptidesTyrosineMagnesiumPhosphoproteinsGalactoseGlucagonCyclic AMP-Dependent Protein KinasesBase SequenceGlycerolbeta-FructofuranosidaseGluconatesProtein Kinase C
SucroseEnzymeMetabolismGalactoseMannoseSugarsKetohexokinaseMonosaccharidesGlycolysisPhosphofructokinaseAbsorptionHFCSMannitolKinasePhosphorylationIntestineAllostericProteinsCompoundsIntestinalMetabolicDietaryGlutamineEnzymesCarbon sourceYieldFruitsSubstratesBeveragesMixtureFamilyChemicalCornCommonlyHighFoundFormTimeSmallGroupSignalPublicAnalysisStructureProduce
Sucrose6
Enzyme11
  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used by the enzyme phosphofructokinase to phosphorylate fructose to fructose-1-phosphate. (medscape.com)
  • Clearance requires the fructose-phosphorylating enzyme ketohexokinase. (uzh.ch)
  • 5. Phosphorylation of mouse glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2) by cAMP-dependent protein kinase increases the enzyme activity. (nih.gov)
  • Using a novel proteomic screen for phosphotyrosine-binding proteins, we have made the observation that an enzyme involved in glycolysis, the human M2 (fetal) isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2), binds directly and selectively to tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides. (rcsb.org)
  • Like glucose, it is phosphorylated by the enzyme hexokinase, forming 2-DG-6-phosphate rather than glucose-6-phosphate. (nih.gov)
  • However, in the second step, the next enzyme (6-glucose-phosphate isomerase) converts the 6-glucose-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, but cannot convert the 2-DG-6-phosphate. (nih.gov)
  • Crh is therefore not phosphorylated by PEP and enzyme I, but is phosphorylated by ATP and the HPr kinase in the presence of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. (pasteur.fr)
  • An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, an allosteric effector for the other 6-phosphofructokinase, PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this regulation system, the enzyme can phosphorylate and dephosphorylate two proteins, HPr/HPr(Ser(P)) and Crh/Crh(Ser(P)), sensing the metabolic state of the cell. (rhea-db.org)
  • An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of fructose-6-phosphate plus GLUTAMINE from GLUTAMATE plus glucosamine-6-phosphate. (lookformedical.com)
  • a) PFK-2 is a bifunctional enzyme having a kinase domain, phosphatase domain, and a regulatory domain b) Activated protein kinase A phosphorylates PFK-2 and activates the phosphatase domain c) PFK-2 catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 2-6 bisphosphate d) PFK-2 phosphatase activity is activated by the insulin signaling pathway. (medicalbiochemist.com)
Metabolism2
  • Nakagawa and colleagues [ 7 ] proposed that this happens when fructose is metabolized in the liver, its major organ for metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • Loss of fructose metabolism is also apparent in hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma (HCC) patient samples. (bvsalud.org)
Galactose2
Mannose1
  • It includes several sequenced fructose, mannose and mannitol-specific porters, as well as several putative PTS porters of unknown specificities. (wikipedia.org)
Sugars4
  • Phosphorylation - Many sugars can react in biochemical processes, such as cellular respiration, only when phosphorylated -- that is, a phosphate group is added. (angelfire.com)
  • [ 3 ] Pure, dry fructose is a very sweet, white, odorless, crystalline solid and is the most water-soluble of all the sugars. (en-academic.com)
  • 1996). Glucose and fructose are the major sugars in berry and grape-must, with concentrations ranging from 150 to 300 g l-1. (moam.info)
  • Kdo), 4-aminosugars, or charged species like phosphorylated sugars which may arise in a hydrolysate. (stenutz.eu)
Ketohexokinase1
  • The ability to break down fructose is dependent on ketohexokinase (KHK) that phosphorylates fructose to fructose-1-phosphate (F1P). (bvsalud.org)
Monosaccharides1
Glycolysis3
Phosphofructokinase1
  • Phosphofructokinase-2 is bifunctional: the dephosphorylated form is a kinase and the phosphorylated form is a phosphatase that breaks down fructose-2,6-bisphosphate to yield fructose-6-phosphate. (bvsalud.org)
Absorption1
HFCS1
Mannitol6
  • The PTS Fructose-Mannitol (Fru) Family (TC# 4.A.2) is a large and complex family that is part of the PTS-GFL superfamily. (wikipedia.org)
  • The IIA, IIB and IIC domains of the fructose- and mannitol-specific porters are demonstrably homologous. (wikipedia.org)
  • The IIB and IIC domains of the fructose porters appear to be dissimilar from each other as those of the mannitol porters. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further, the IIC domains of the mannitol and fructose porters are as dissimilar from each other as they are from the glucose or lactose families. (wikipedia.org)
  • As of this edit, this article uses content from "4.A.2 The PTS Fructose-Mannitol (Fru) Family", which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, fructose gives an equimolar mixture of glucitol and mannitol. (stenutz.eu)
Kinase1
  • 12. AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylates glutamine : fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 at Ser243 to modulate its enzymatic activity. (nih.gov)
Phosphorylation2
  • 16. Overexpression of the complementary DNA for human glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase in mesangial cells enhances glucose-induced fibronectin synthesis and transcription factor cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element binding phosphorylation. (nih.gov)
  • The well-known relationship between oxidation and phosphorylation has been further consolidated and extended, and some completely new reactions involving phosphate transfer have been discovered, such as the cleavage of thio-ether linkages by adenosine- triphosphate, and the ability of the latter to phosphorylate pyridoxal. (nih.gov)
Intestine5
  • Here we use isotope tracing and mass spectrometry to track the fate of glucose and fructose carbons in vivo, finding that dietary fructose is cleared by the small intestine. (uzh.ch)
  • Low doses of fructose are ∼90% cleared by the intestine, with only trace fructose but extensive fructose-derived glucose, lactate, and glycerate found in the portal blood. (uzh.ch)
  • We propose that the small intestine shields the liver from otherwise toxic fructose exposure. (uzh.ch)
  • 9) Which of the following glucose transporter (GLUT) is important in fructose transport in the intestine? (medicalbiochemist.com)
  • During intestine, the bacterial aromatase VII kidney ends occur in an phosphorylated fulfilment. (erik-mill.de)
Allosteric1
  • We show that binding of phosphotyrosine peptides to PKM2 results in release of the allosteric activator fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, leading to inhibition of PKM2 enzymatic activity. (rcsb.org)
Proteins5
  • Therefore, Song and colleagues have developed sensitive and efficient methods (targeted proteomics) to systemically identify oxidized, nitrated and phosphorylated proteins in rodent models of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases caused by chronic alcohol and nonalcoholic substances, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • The results so far indicated that many cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins are oxidized, nitrated, and/or phosphorylated at early time points following exposure to alcohol, APAP, or CCl 4 . (nih.gov)
  • The specific methods for identifying oxidized, nitrated, and phosphorylated proteins are being applied to translational research in evaluating the effectiveness of or response to treatment with potentially beneficial agents (e.g., anti-oxidants from natural and synthetic origins), as demonstrated with a diet containing polyunsaturated fatty acids that prevents protein oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction and ultimately alcoholic fatty liver in rats. (nih.gov)
  • As the download Windows 7 Annoyances of times is to public end, defects can bind involved an phosphorylated citron of the IL1R and IL18R leading structures, capping dermatan medicine influencing to endothelial end proteins known by reverse isoforms( TLRs). (evakoch.com)
  • Type IX proteins with the nation of aromatic family T II enzymes in fructose and the acetylcholine( Wu et al. (erik-mill.de)
Compounds2
  • Therefore, fructose potentially may contribute to changes in food palatability, as well as other nutritional effects, such as excessive browning, volume and tenderness reduction during cake preparation, and formation of mutagenic compounds. (en-academic.com)
  • In addition, Song and colleagues have investigated the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis signaling pathway in liver injury caused by potentially toxic compounds, including binge alcohol (ethanol), acetaminophen (APAP, a major ingredient of Tylenol), carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ), high-fat diets and fructose. (nih.gov)
Intestinal1
Metabolic3
  • Despite strong ties between fructose and disease, the metabolic fate of fructose in mammals remains incompletely understood. (uzh.ch)
  • The phosphorylated hexoses are then involved in metabolic processes (DavidSchwartz et al. (dhfrinhibitor.com)
  • We talk about the difference between glucose and fructose that we talk about the eight modern diseases that he talks about in his book of those being glycation, oxidative, stress, metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance, membrane, integrity, inflammation, epigenetics, and autophagy. (hellobetty.club)
Dietary1
  • In a study from Switzerland, dietary fructose was found to predict an increased level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in children. (medscape.com)
Glutamine2
  • 8. Functional regulation of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1 (GFAT1) of Drosophila melanogaster in a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and cAMP-dependent manner. (nih.gov)
  • 14. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin 2 (MTOR2) and C-MYC Modulate Glucosamine-6-Phosphate Synthesis in Glioblastoma (GBM) Cells Through Glutamine: Fructose-6-Phosphate Aminotransferase 1 (GFAT1). (nih.gov)
Enzymes1
Carbon source2
  • In S. cerevisiae, glucose and fructose are the preferred carbon source and are transported into the cell by facilitated diffusion. (moam.info)
  • Fructose was the most suitable carbon source and high BC concentrations up to 31 g l -1 were achieved in substrates with 60 g l -1 fructose under static culture conditions. (matthey.com)
Yield2
  • For example, the ATP yield of glucose 6-phosphate is 32 - (-1) = 33 ATP, because glucose 6-phosphate doesn't need to be phosphorylated and therefore doesn't need the 1st ATP from above. (greek.doctor)
  • The ATP yield of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is 32 - (-2) = 34 ATP. (greek.doctor)
Fruits3
  • In contrast to the role of fructose in fruits, fructose in other foods serves as a source of sweetness, often without much, if anything, in the way of other nutrients. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] From plant sources, fructose is found in honey , tree and vine fruits, flowers, berries and most root vegetables. (en-academic.com)
  • All forms of fructose, including fruits and juices, are commonly added to foods and drinks for palatability, taste enhancement and improved browning of some foods, such as baked goods. (en-academic.com)
Substrates1
  • D -Sorbose, D -tagatose and 5-dehydro- D -fructose and a number of other ketoses and their analogues can also act as substrates [4]. (enzyme-database.org)
Beverages2
Mixture1
  • In solution, fructose exists as an equilibrium mixture of 70% fructopyranose and about 22% fructofuranose, as well as small amounts of three other forms, including the acyclic structure. (en-academic.com)
Family2
Chemical1
Corn1
  • Commercially, fructose is usually derived from sugar cane, sugar beets and corn and there are 3 commercially important forms. (en-academic.com)
Commonly1
  • The purpose of this analysis was to (1) investigate correlations between factors influencing AMPK activation and the magnitude of change in AMPK activity during cycling exercise, (2) investigate correlations between commonly reported measures of AMPK activation (AMPK-α2 activity, phosphorylated (p)-AMPK, and p-acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (p-ACC), and (3) formulate linear regression models to determine the most important factors for AMPK activation during exercise. (springer.com)
High1
Found1
  • Fructose , or fruit sugar, is a simple monosaccharide found in many plants. (en-academic.com)
Form1
  • Because fructose exists to a greater extent in the open-chain form than does glucose, the initial stages of the Maillard reaction occurs more rapidly than with glucose. (en-academic.com)
Time3
  • All evidence suggests that fructose ingestion has been rising steadily for a long time [ 2 , 3 ] ( Table ), but analyses have been hampered in part by the lack of good data. (medscape.com)
  • Uniformly deuterating [2-13C]-fructose and dissolving in D2O increased its spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) fivefold, enabling detection of F1P and its loss in models of HCC. (bvsalud.org)
  • Figure 4 in [24] shows time course data for PEP and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate for carbon starvation. (microrna21.com)
Small1
Group1
Signal1
Public1
  • The article by Vos and associates [ 1 ] in this issue of The Medscape Journal of Medicine focuses our attention once again on the amount of fructose that is consumed by the American public. (medscape.com)
Analysis1
  • It is clear from the analysis that Americans are getting a lot of fructose in their diet. (medscape.com)
Structure1
  • Crystalline fructose adopts a cyclic six-membered structure owing to the stability of its hemiketal and internal hydrogen-bonding. (en-academic.com)
Produce1
  • Glucose 6-phosphate is converted into fructose 6-phosphate, which doesn't consume or produce ATP. (greek.doctor)