• A hemizygous deletion or mutation of the STS gene in a male results in complete absence of enzyme activity, while a female carrier of a mutation or deletion is heterozygous and still has a normal copy of the STS gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] In addition, a female could be affected if she were the offspring of an affected male and a carrier female and inherited a deletion or mutation of the STS gene on both X chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The concept of cutaneous mosaicism is important for gene mapping because here we have the opportunity to study two populations of cells differing only with regard to the mutation causing mosaicism. (nih.gov)
  • Mutation gene sequencing has shown several gene associations that may account for its carcinogenesis, revealing a promising research direction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pancreatic cancer is the third most common cancer related to early-onset gene mutation in breast cancer (BRCA, breast cancer susceptibility genes) as well as ovarian cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • XLI manifests with dry, scaly skin and is due to deletions or mutations in the STS gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • XLI can occur through new deletions or mutations of the STS gene but is more commonly inherited from a carrier mother. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two major genetic categories are functional mosaics resulting from X inactivation and genomic mosaics caused by autosomal mutations. (nih.gov)
  • Usurping these processes to deregulate functional pathways is likely simpler than generating mutations or chromosomal aberrations (unless DNA repair is deficient and genetic instability is present). (aacrjournals.org)
  • 3. Advances in genetics have identified new gene mutations in which have clarified the causes of several conditions previously thought to be "idiopathic. (frontiersin.org)
  • To maximize the potential disease relevance, genes with a genome-wide significant excess burden of loss-of-function mutations in NPDs such as intellectual disability/developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia are the focus. (nih.gov)
  • Whithout mutations we would know very little about inheritance and the existence of genes. (intechopen.com)
  • Epistasis between genes is traditionally studied with mutations that eliminate protein activity, but most natural genetic variation is in cis-regulatory DNA and influences gene expression and function quantitatively. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mutations of this gene are associated with the formation of HEREDITARY BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER SYNDROME. (edu.au)
  • Mutations in this gene predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancer. (edu.au)
  • Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder caused, in most classic cases, by mutations in the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 gene (MECP2). (nih.gov)
  • No pathogenic MECP2 mutations were found in this family, and the Xq28 region that contains the MECP2 gene was not shared by the affected siblings. (nih.gov)
  • These results also suggest that mutations in CDKL5 can lead to a clinical phenotype that overlaps RTT. (nih.gov)
  • The most prominent target gene is BRCA, in which mutations were first identified in breast cancer and ovarian cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pancreatic cancer has also been reported to have a strong relationship with BRCA gene mutations, which indicates that pancreatic cancer patients may benefit from PARP inhibitors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As the range of targets for compensation is much broader, compensatory mutations are more likely than the reversion of resistance mutations. (elifesciences.org)
  • Be it for development, differentiation, stemness, or sex chromosome dosage compensation, stable, cell specific regulation of gene expression is essential for normal function ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Finally, since H4K16ac is important for X chromosome dosage compensation, the skillful scientists tasked themselves with understanding how maternal loss of MSL impacts sex chromosomes, via single-embryo ChIP-seq and RNA-seq. (epigenie.com)
  • The theory yields new predictions about the genetic architecture of local adaptation, and the genomic basis of evolutionary differentiation between populations of geographically widespread species. (genestogenomes.org)
  • However in recent years with the development of epigenesis, genomic imprinting and the horizontal transferences of the genes, Lamarck's ideas have resurfaced. (intechopen.com)
  • Variation Database of Genomic Structural Variation (dbVar) Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP) Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP) SNP Submission Tool All Variation Resources.Bayramli X, Kocagoz Y, Sakizli U, Fuss SH. (centralparkcarriagesofficial.org)
  • Thus, the pathophysiologic principles that distinguish genetic disease focus not so much on the affected organ system as on the mechanisms of genetic and genomic changes, inheritance, and molecular pathways from genotype to phenotype. (mhmedical.com)
  • According to some comprehensive genomic analyses, four major driver genes have been identified in pancreatic cancer: KRAS, CDKN2A, TP53, and SMAD4. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we report that the GA-repeat sequences that recruit the conserved MSL dosage compensation complex to the Drosophila X chromosome are also enriched across mammalian X chromosomes, providing genomic support for the Ohno hypothesis. (marksteinlab.org)
  • In population genetics, the emergence of large-scale genomic data for various species and populations has provided new opportunities to understand the evolutionary forces that drive genetic diversity using statistical inference. (deepdyve.com)
  • Genomic imprinting refers to the parent-of-origin expression of genes, which originates from epigenetic events in the mammalian germ line. (deepdyve.com)
  • Despite significant advances in understanding nephron segment patterning, many questions remain about the underlying genes and signaling pathways that orchestrate renal progenitor cell fate choices and regulate differentiation. (mdpi.com)
  • This research often requires the tissue-specific expression of transgenes to better mirror human diseases, to visualize pathways being studied or to modulate the expression of a disease-related gene. (nature.com)
  • In retrospect, the fact that cancer was viewed as a genetic disease for so long was likely an artifact of focus and technology: Chromosomal changes began to be detectable before we understood epigenetics at a molecular level, and the early focus on familial cancer and rapidly induced viral tumors favored the discovery of mutational carcinogenesis, which has largely colored our views over the past three decades ( 3, 4 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Also, significant discoveries including new embryological molecular genetic transcription factors, the role of active placental mineral transport, and hormone regulation factors have changed the understanding of calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the fetus and the newborn. (frontiersin.org)
  • Furthermore, with the advancement of increasingly rapid molecular genetic testing, genomics will continue to play a greater role in this area of fetal diagnostics and prognostication. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition to these basic issues concerning leukemia pathogenesis, we are devising new diagnostic procedures for detecting and monitoring leukemia patients based on molecular genetic abnormalities in the malignant cells. (stanford.edu)
  • This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias. (stanford.edu)
  • We show that mammalian GA-repeats derive in part from transposable elements, suggesting a mechanism whereby unrelated X chromosomes from dipterans to mammals accumulate binding sites for the MSL dosage compensation complex through convergent evolution, driven by their propensity to accumulate transposable elements. (marksteinlab.org)
  • In this review, the various genetic mechanisms leading to mosaicism and the resulting cutaneous patterns are considered. (nih.gov)
  • Indeed, early cancer research focused on the fact that neoplastic cells have aberrant gene expression and differentiation states, pointing to shared mechanisms between normal development and cancer ( 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • We demonstrate that, despite the functional mono-allelicism of imprinted genes and their unique mechanisms of epigenetic dosage control, imprinted genes as a class are neither more susceptible nor protected from expression perturbation induced by maternal undernutrition in either the F1 or the F2 generation compared to other genes. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Epigenetic mechanisms, " the structural adaptation of chromosomal regions so as to register, signal or perpetuate altered activity states " [2] are fundamentally involved in the specification of cellular phenotype. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The resulting phenotypic data will be integrated across modalities, levels of organization, and genes to create a harmonized, integrated knowledge base needed to substantively advance our understanding of basic gene function and, ultimately, make robust inferences into potential shared and unique disease mechanisms. (nih.gov)
  • Since the evolutionary forces driving genetic changes that cause infertility between species are likely also acting within species, the study of hybrid sterility also promises significant insight into mechanisms underlying infertility within species. (elifesciences.org)
  • In addition to classical gene regulatory networks noted above, we have recently identified a central role for additional biologic mechanisms, namely gene regulation by chromatin regulators and by noncoding RNAs. (stanford.edu)
  • Epigenetic control of gene expression lasts through multiple cell divisions without alterations in primary DNA sequence and can occur via mechanisms that include histone modification and DNA methylation. (stanford.edu)
  • Noncoding RNA sequences can regulate gene expression via interactions with epigenetic and other control mechanisms. (stanford.edu)
  • Mechanisms of cellular and tissue dysfunction in genetic diseases are as varied as the organs they affect. (mhmedical.com)
  • Mammalian parental imprinting represents an exquisite form of epigenetic control regulating the parent-specific monoallelic expression of genes in clusters. (nature.com)
  • Using mouse models with distinct deletions in an intergenic region controlling imprinting across the Dlk1-Dio3 domain, we link changes in genetic and epigenetic states to allelic-expression and phenotypic outcome in vivo. (nature.com)
  • This determined how hierarchical interactions between regulatory elements orchestrate robust parent-specific expression, with implications for non-imprinted gene regulation. (nature.com)
  • Our work indicates that parental origin of an epigenetic state is irrelevant as long as appropriate balanced gene expression is established and maintained at imprinted loci. (nature.com)
  • Yet, the intricate form of epigenetic control over the parent-specific expression of multiple genes in an imprinted cluster poses difficulties when trying to decipher the relative contribution of changes in imprinted gene dosage to the resulting physiological phenotypes. (nature.com)
  • But the idea of stably changing gene expression in vivo has transformative potential in cancer therapy and beyond. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Cells have built in machinery to turn off and on gene expression permanently. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Unbiased investigation of these alternative hypotheses requires assessment of imprinted gene expression in the context of the response of the whole transcriptome to environmental assault. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • We and others have hypothesised that a compromised in utero environment may impinge upon the epigenetic apparatus with lasting consequences for gene expression and development. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications at putative regulatory regions correlating with the altered expression of genes implicated in phenotypic development have been observed in a number of animal models of early life compromise [3] - [8] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • DNA methylation patterns change dynamically during mammalian development and lineage specification, yet scarce information is available about how DNA methylation affects gene expression profiles upon differentiation. (cipsm.de)
  • This process is mediated by 2 mutually exclusive programs of gene expression: 1) an undifferentiated program supporting proliferation by stem cells within the basal layer and 2) a differentiation program instructing growth arrest and differentiation-associated programmed cell death in suprabasal layers. (stanford.edu)
  • In addition, we found that isolated islets from Chop -/- mice displayed increased expression of UPR and oxidative stress response genes and reduced levels of oxidative damage. (jci.org)
  • Transgene expression using viral vectors provides an alternative, which allows for temporal expression of genes in mice with reduced cost and effort. (nature.com)
  • DNA methyltransferases are not limited to catalyzing DNA methylation, but also take part in the regulation of gene expression through interactions with other proteins that repress transcription and modify chromatin structure. (caister.com)
  • Over 50 years ago, Susumo Ohno proposed that dosage compensation in mammals would require upregulation of gene expression on the single active X chromosome, a mechanism which to date is best understood in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. (marksteinlab.org)
  • Here, using a mouse model, we describe a dual role for the let-7 microRNAs in the regulation of CD8 T cell responses, where maintenance of the naive phenotype in CD8 T cells requires high levels of let-7 expression, while generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes depends upon T cell receptor-mediated let-7 downregulation. (marksteinlab.org)
  • Typically several enhancers coordinate the expression of an individual target gene, each controlling that gene's expression in specific cell types at specific times. (marksteinlab.org)
  • 2) We have discovered a group of oncoproteins that are implicated in long-term maintenance of gene expression through their effects on the state of chromatin. (stanford.edu)
  • Expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene ( CFTR ) can be detected in the pancreatic ductules at 18 weeks' gestation. (medscape.com)
  • We are currently pursuing studies of the dominant signaling and gene regulatory networks that control this process, including the Ras/MAPK cascade, which is required for stem cell-mediated self-renewal and the p53 transcription factor family member, p63, which is required for epidermal differentiation. (stanford.edu)
  • When this situation engenders a dominant phenotype we speak of haploinsufficiency (HI). (biomedcentral.com)
  • While it is routine to detect structural viral proteins in vitro for diagnostic purposes, it previously remained impossible to directly and dynamically visualize HIV in living cells without genetic modification of the virus. (cipsm.de)
  • Our studies have demonstrated that several of the proteins encoded by cellular oncogenes function in fundamental aspects of gene regulation. (stanford.edu)
  • While the long-term goal of the SSPsyGene Consortium is to build a comprehensively annotated resource describing the CNS function of all neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorder risk genes, the current target for the initiative is 100-250 protein coding genes. (nih.gov)
  • The goal of this initiative is to fill a very specific knowledge gap area, which is that many protein-coding genes are now associated with NPD risk, but their basic neurobiology remains poorly understood. (nih.gov)
  • The authors present a novel method that resolves both of these issues for simultaneous association testing of genetic variants that have both case status and a clinical covariate. (genestogenomes.org)
  • However, little is known about the effect of gas cooking on bronchial responsiveness and on how this relationship may be modified by variants in the genes GSTM1 , GSTT1 and GSTP1 , which influence antioxidant defences. (bmj.com)
  • ADGCs supported in Phase 2 of the initiative will be involved in continued efforts to refine and expand the list, as well as developing a rigorous, data-informed approach for selecting patient variants in allelic series from a subset of NPD risk genes. (nih.gov)
  • Refers to pathogenic variants that cause a complete loss of function for the respective gene and therefore yield the same phenotype as a complete gene deletion. (mhmedical.com)
  • Refers to pathogenic variants that, when present in heterozygous form opposite a nonmutant allele, will result in a phenotype similar to homozygosity for loss-of-function alleles. (mhmedical.com)
  • Mammalian parental imprinting is a form of epigenetic regulation that causes genes to be expressed from only one chromosome homolog according to parent-of-origin 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • Alternatively, the presence of multiple layers of epigenetic regulation may in fact protect imprinted genes from such perturbation. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • In addition, these findings provide further support for models in which conflicts between different genes in genomes can drive the process of speciation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Genomes exhibit large regions with segmental copy number variation, many of which include entire genes and are multiallelic. (bvsalud.org)
  • Jointly modeling clinical phenotype and disease status is a promising way to increase power to detect true associations between genetics and disease in genome-wide association studies. (genestogenomes.org)
  • Cold Spring Harbor, NY -- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press announced the release of Genetic Counseling: Clinical Practice and Ethical Considerations, available on its website in Hardcover and Paperback formats. (cshlpress.com)
  • The SSPsyGene Consortium aims to produce a systematic annotation of basic neurobiological function of genes associated with risk for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders (NPDs). (nih.gov)
  • Marnie Blewitt highlights the visionary 1961 paper by Mary Lyon in which she proposed that dosage compensation in female mammals involves X-inactivation and recognized its implications for sex-specific phenotypes in X-linked disorders. (deepdyve.com)
  • Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis in 269,867 Individuals Identifies New Genetic and Functional Links to Intelligence. (brainworkup.com)
  • SSPsyGene is designed to provide a collaborative and efficient framework for identifying biological function beyond current small-scale and often ad hoc single gene efforts in order to generate a standardized, experimentally derived, functional catalog of NPD risk genes. (nih.gov)
  • These new models, which we term Multi-Functional Human Tissue Genetics, allow up to 10 alleles or more to be altered simultaneously, permitting genetic experiments with an unprecedented degree of rapidity and complexity. (stanford.edu)
  • Here we conducted a large-scale genetic association analysis of educational attainment in a sample of approximately 1.1 million individuals and identify 1,271 independent genome-wide-significant SNPs. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • In a separate analysis of the X chromosome, we identify 10 independent genome-wide-significant SNPs and estimate a SNP heritability of around 0.3% in both men and women, consistent with partial dosage compensation. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • In addition, it provides further support for models in which genetic conflicts, such as those caused by meiotic drive alleles, can drive speciation. (elifesciences.org)
  • The situation in which multiple alleles at a single locus can produce one or more disease phenotypes. (mhmedical.com)
  • Genetic differences may alter susceptibility to asthma, as well as responsiveness to asthma medications. (medscape.com)
  • Surprisingly, an isolated paternally derived deletion of a CpG island (CGI) located at the 5′ portion of the IG-DMR was shown to result in the opposing paternal-to-maternal phenotype 15 . (nature.com)
  • The ARX and CDKL5 genes, both of which are located within the Xp22 region, were sequenced in the affected family members, and a deletion of nucleotide 183 of the coding sequence (c.183delT) was identified in CDKL5 in the affected family members. (nih.gov)
  • Our approach and findings expose an underexplored dimension of epistasis, in which cis-regulatory allelic diversity within gene regulatory networks elicits nonlinear, unpredictable interactions that shape phenotypes. (bvsalud.org)
  • After implantation, a secondary DMR is established at the promoter of the Gtl2 gene, sustaining its repression from the paternal allele. (nature.com)
  • A pattern of inheritance or mechanism of gene action in which the effects of a variant allele can be observed in the presence of a nonmutant allele. (mhmedical.com)
  • A joint (multi-phenotype) analysis of educational attainment and three related cognitive phenotypes generates polygenic scores that explain 11-13% of the variance in educational attainment and 7-10% of the variance in cognitive performance. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • ii) Intelligence captures genetic effects on diverse cognitive and learning abilities, which correlate phenotypically about 0.30 on average but correlate genetically about 0.60 or higher. (scienceopen.com)
  • Alteration of gene copy numbers are associated with lung cancer and the determination of copy number variations (CNV) is appropriate for the discrimination between tumor and non-tumor tissue in lung cancer. (bvsalud.org)
  • Tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of human chromosome 5. (edu.au)
  • A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human CHROMOSOME 17 at locus 17q21. (edu.au)
  • A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human chromosome 13 at locus 13q12.3. (edu.au)
  • The potential contributions of these common and specific changes to the phenotypes of the cells, or to the tumor from which they were derived, are unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cette thèse a comme objectif général d'approfondir notre connaissance des déterminants environnementaux de la fécondité des arbres forestiers et de leurs interactions, en se focalisant sur le chêne vert, une espèce très répandue en milieu méditerranéen. (cnrs.fr)
  • While imprinting perturbations are widely associated with developmental abnormalities, the intricate regional interplay between imprinted genes makes interpreting the contribution of gene dosage effects to phenotypes a challenging task. (nature.com)
  • On top of coordinating histone methylation marks, they've got to prepare for a surge in zygotic gene activation (ZGA) that occurs around the 14th cell division. (epigenie.com)
  • In mammals, cytosine methylation at CpG positions of the DNA sequence is one of the hallmarks of epigenetic gene silencing. (caister.com)
  • Besides its role in the regulation of genes, DNA methylation silences repetitive elements and appears to be important for the stability of the mammalian genome. (caister.com)
  • Nevertheless, gene flow constrains population differentiation, and may influence the genetic architecture of locally adapted phenotypes. (genestogenomes.org)
  • This chapter begins with a discussion of the terminology used to describe inherited conditions, the prevalence of genetic disease, and some major principles and considerations in medical genetics. (mhmedical.com)
  • The evolution of imprinting may reflect a conflict over resource allocation early in life, with silencing of paternal genes in offspring soliciting increased. (deepdyve.com)
  • However, using ACE, this is rapid (5 days), and provides the opportunity to complement the mutant in parallel, through concomitant insertion of a order ketoconazole cream wild type copy of the gene either under the check of its native promoter, or the strong fdx promoter. (centralparkcarriagesofficial.org)
  • During evolution, CpG rich regions, so-called CpG islands, have been established as prominent features of promoter regions of genes. (caister.com)
  • [ 1 ] Significant genetic variation exists between and within racial and ethnic groups, but the issue is confounded by important coexisting economic, cultural, and environmental differences, including geography (place of birth). (medscape.com)
  • In parallel, deciphering the mediators of cellular epigenetic inheritance has led to an explosion of information on epigenetic alterations in cancer, and it is now accepted that these play an important part in defining the transformed phenotype ( 2, 7 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • It seemed apparent that per gene regulation was directly related to the circadian clock, but the mechanism was still shrouded in mystery. (genestogenomes.org)
  • Although gene duplicability has been observed to differ by duplication mechanism and evolutionary rate, there is so far no broad characterization of its determinants. (bvsalud.org)
  • But it became clear in the past decade that genetic changes cannot fully explain cancer and, indeed, whole genome analyses are revealing surprisingly few shared mutational events in cases that lack genetic instability ( 5, 6 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Although most of what follows focuses on situations arising in diploid organisms, it is worth saying that the dosage balance principles hold also for prokaryotes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, in normal individuals, males carry a single copy of the STS gene and females carry two copies. (wikipedia.org)
  • The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. (edu.au)
  • Imprinted genes, a class of functionally mono-allelic genes critical for early growth and metabolic axis development, have been proposed to be uniquely susceptible to environmental change. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • One of the largest imprinted clusters in mammals is a 1.2 Mb domain encompassing the Dlk1 and Dio3 genes. (nature.com)
  • We therefore analyse the role of imprinted genes in multiple tissues in two affected generations of an established murine model of the developmental origins of health and disease using microarrays and quantitative RT-PCR. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • They found that without maternal MOF, male embryos are don't accumulate H4K16ac at X-chromosome genes that are normally upregulated and they're are unable to compensate with MOF that they express later on. (epigenie.com)
  • The Scalable and Systematic Neurobiology of Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Disorder Risk Genes (SSPsyGene) Consortium: Assay and Data Generation Centers (RM1) (RFA-MH-24-145). (nih.gov)
  • We validated the copy number predictions for amylase genes (AMY1, AMY2A, AMY2B) using experimental data from digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) on 39 individuals and observed a strong correlation (R = 0.99) between GeneToCN predictions and experimentally determined copy numbers. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we highlight five genetic findings that are special to intelligence differences and that have important implications for its genetic architecture and for gene-hunting expeditions. (scienceopen.com)
  • We are studying the role that normal chromatin structure plays in gene regulation in hematopoietic cells and how its disruption leads to altered development and cancer. (stanford.edu)
  • Results indicated that adoptees' reading scores were correlated with their biological parents' scores, but not with their adoptive parents' scores, suggesting genetic influences. (scienceopen.com)
  • Oligonucleotides used in gene therapy and silencing are fragile compounds that degrade easily in biological environments. (cipsm.de)
  • AceView: gene:dpy-21, a comprehensive annotation of human, mouse and worm genes with mRNAs or ESTsAceView. (nih.gov)
  • AceView: gene:him-8, a comprehensive annotation of human, mouse and worm genes with mRNAs or ESTsAceView. (nih.gov)
  • According to AceView, this gene is expressed at high level , 2.6 times the average gene in this release, at all stages of development [Kohara cDNAs]. (nih.gov)
  • Benzer and Konopka identified these mutants by monitoring two phenotypes controlled by the circadian clock: what time of day the flies are most active in their enclosure (locomotor activity) and when they emerge from their pupal cases (eclosion). (genestogenomes.org)
  • XLI can also occur in the context of larger deletions causing contiguous gene syndromes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Individuals with XLI can exhibit intellectual disability, although this is thought to be due to deletions encompassing neighboring genes (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • The incomparable body and technology conceive a pithy opportunity for Homology to instantaneously advance a diverse conveyor of new medicines that deliver and potentially cure the underlying concern of genetic diseases. (wgc2010.sk)
  • The SNPs implicate genes involved in brain-development processes and neuron-to-neuron communication. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • It took a while to recognize that these same processes are intimately involved in the pathophysiology of disease states, but research into epigenetic deregulation is now as commonplace as research into genetic etiology in various medical conditions. (aacrjournals.org)