• Several studies have shown that sialo-glycans are critical in monitoring immune surveillance by engaging with cis and trans inhibitory Siglec receptors on immune cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • By recognizing common sialic acid containing glycans on glycoproteins and glycolipids as regulatory receptors for immune cell signals, Siglecs are expressed on most immune cells and play important roles in normal homeostasis and self-tolerance. (bvsalud.org)
  • Particular emphasis is placed on the relevant functions of Siglecs in self-tolerance and as pattern recognition receptors in immune responses, thereby potentially providing emerging strategies for the treatment of bone related diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • In innate immunity, immune cells are activated by their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which bind to pattern molecules of invading pathogens. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Their response involves antigen capture, enhancing their MHC-II presentation receptors and production of chemokines and/or cytokines at the site of inflammation [9]. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Coinhibitory receptors play an important role in the prevention of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), by limiting T cell activation. (cnrs.fr)
  • Recall that an adhesin is a protein or glycoprotein found on the surface of a pathogen that attaches to receptors on the host cell. (pressbooks.pub)
  • The role of CS-GAGs in metastasis was tested using the 4T1 murine mammary cell line (10 mice per group). (biomedcentral.com)
  • There can, however, be few similarities between the two, as the bone marrow is a common site of metastasis of solid tumors too [6]. (fortunejournals.com)
  • In addition, previous studies have shown that lysosomes may play important roles in cancer development and progression through the abovementioned biological processes and that the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes are closely related to cancer cell proliferation, energy metabolism, invasion and metastasis, immune escape and tumor-associated angiogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although most patients with localized tumors can be cured with surgical therapies, 20-30 % of the patients without any evidence of metastasis will develop relapse and/or metastatic RCC in the future [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sialic acids are negatively charged monosaccharides typically found at the termini of cell surface glycans. (bvsalud.org)
  • Tumor-associated glycans play a significant role in promoting aggressive and metastatic behavior of malignant cells [ 1 - 5 ], participating in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions that promote tumor cell adhesion and migration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among glycans that play a critical role in stromal tumor cell interactions are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) attached to proteoglycans (PGs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Type 1 fimbrial adhesin allows the fimbriae of ETEC cells to attach to the mannose glycans expressed on intestinal epithelial cells. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Lysosomes are an important component of the inner membrane system and participate in numerous cell biological processes, such as macromolecular degradation, antigen presentation, intracellular pathogen destruction, plasma membrane repair, exosome release, cell adhesion/migration and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Along this line, nanoparticle (NP) delivery systems can enhance the immunogenicity of antigens by protecting them from degradation and increasing their uptake by antigen-presenting cells, as well as offering co-delivery with adjuvants. (univ-nantes.fr)
  • In accordance, attempts have been made to establish a link between the immune system and the tumor microenvironment, to comprehend tumor progression and achieve effective therapeutic approaches. (fortunejournals.com)
  • The bound sialic acids are mainly present at the glycan ends of glycoconjugates via α2-3 or α2-6 glycosidic bonds, and alterations in their expression levels and linkage types are associated with the progress of many diseases and tumors. (bvsalud.org)
  • The oligosaccharide chains of glycoprotein and glycolipid are often terminated by sialic acids, which play intensely important role in regulating physiologically and pathologically interactions with ligands [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additionally, dendritic cells (DCs) are envisioned as an important component in immunotherapies, especially in cancer research, due to their unique role as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) and their capacity to trigger adaptive immune responses and generate immunologic memory. (bvsalud.org)
  • These GC-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (GC-CNPs) were not toxic to human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), showed enhanced uptake, and displayed better immunostimulatory properties in comparison to the naked GC. (univ-nantes.fr)
  • granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) are involved in overcoming infection, parasites and tumors. (justia.com)
  • Finally, we demonstrated that defective BTLA function can be corrected by restoring intracellular trafficking and by normalizing the lipid metabolism in lupus CD4+ T cells. (cnrs.fr)
  • Inhibition of experimental autoimmune neuritis by an antibody to the lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1. (2medicalcare.com)
  • The identification of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) has greatly advanced our understanding of how adjuvants work beyond the simple concept of extended antigen release and has accelerated the development of novel adjuvants. (mdpi.com)
  • It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • 6) Lysosomes are the pools of metabolites in cells, including amino acids, sugars, lipids and nucleotides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These therapies decrease a patient's white blood cell counts, suppress bone marrow hematopoietic activity, and increase the patient's risk of infection and/or hemorrhage. (justia.com)
  • Based on A antigen expression, a hypothesis explaining why blood group A2 kidneys could be successfully transplanted to O recipients was postulated. (gu.se)
  • Using a fluorescent sulfhydryl probe as well as a sulfhydryl inhibitor, one observes a strong cell density response, supporting the hypothesis that cellular redox potential could alter protein stability. (embl.de)
  • 5) Lysosomes can also fuse with the plasma membrane to mediate membrane repair or discharge contents outside the cell, such as cathepsins or immune factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Retroviral particles must bind specifically to their target cells, cross the plasma membrane, reverse-transcribe their RNA genome, while uncoating the cores, find their way to the nuclear membrane and penetrate into the nucleus to finally dock and integrate into the cellular genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to their hydrophilicity and biophysical characteristics, they are involved in numerous biological processes, such as modulation of the immune response, recognition of self and non-self antigens, carbohydrate-protein interactions, etc. (bvsalud.org)
  • This control is propagated through the alpha-subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase where protein levels were previously shown to rise fivefold with increasing cell density. (embl.de)
  • B cell responses to the PNS protein P0 in experimental autoimmune neuritis. (2medicalcare.com)
  • Moreover, the synapse Arc protein, a key to long term memory/synaptic plasticity [ 28 ], is related to the HIV retrovirus GAG capsid protein, and transports nascent RNA in virus-like exosome particles in, and between, neuronal cells [ 29 ]. (biomedgrid.com)
  • However, inclusion of protein antigens fromStreptococcus pneumoniaecombined with potent adjuvants and a suitable delivery system are expected to both extend protection to serotype strains not represented in the formulation and stimulate a broader immune response, thus more effective in young children, elderly, and immunocompromised populations. (univ-nantes.fr)
  • Recall that fimbriae are hairlike protein bristles on the cell surface. (pressbooks.pub)
  • During more recent years, his reseach has been conducted in the field of regenerative medicine, focussed on antigen expression and immune recognition of human embryonic stem cells and bioartificial heart valves, the latter tissues being of animal origin. (gu.se)
  • Examples of a novel series of phenanthrolinones are shown to be potent competitive inhibitors of avian prolyl 4-hydroxylase, and of collagen hydroxylation, in embryonic chick tendon cells and human foreskin fibroblasts in vitro and in the oestradiol-stimulated rat uterus in vivo. (embl.de)
  • In embryonic avian tendon, cell density regulates collagen production. (embl.de)
  • Aberrant sialylated carbohydrate synthesis is frequently noted in various cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present invention relates generally to improved methods and pharmaceutical compositions for mobilizing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell from bone marrow into peripheral blood by administration of at least one inhibitor of a GTPase, such as Rac1 and/or Rac2 GTPase. (justia.com)
  • The various mature blood cell types are all ultimately derived from a single class of progenitor cell known as hematopoietic stem cells. (justia.com)
  • Consequently, removing sialic acid from the cell surface of human DCs induces their maturation, thus increasing the expression of MHC molecules and antigen presentation. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, it can restore the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and IL-12, resulting in DCs having a higher ability to polarize T-cells toward a Th1 phenotype and specifically activate cytotoxic T-cells to kill tumor cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • This domain interacts with adaptor molecules and activates a cascade which regulates the inflammatory status in cells [12]. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Bayas A, Hummel V, Kallmann BA, Karch C, Toyka KV, Rieckmann P. Human cerebral endothelial cells are a potential source for bioactive BDNF. (2medicalcare.com)
  • In addition, CSPG4 and CHST11 were over-expressed in tumor-containing clinical tissue specimens compared with normal tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The TLRs and CLRs of the immune cells work in coordination with the immune system. (fortunejournals.com)
  • From here, the antigen is slowly released and provided to immune cells over an extended period of time. (mdpi.com)
  • Apfel R, Lottspeich F, Hoppe J, Behl C, Durr G, Bogdahn U. Purification and analysis of growth regulating proteins secreted by a human melanoma cell line. (2medicalcare.com)
  • During the long journey from the cell surface to the nucleus, retroviruses will face multiple obstacles, since in addition to finding a path through the cytoplasm to the nucleus they have to cross two main barriers, the plasma and nuclear membranes, whilst at the same time avoiding or counteracting cellular defences that can interfere with many of these steps. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common solid lesion within kidney and accounts for 2-3 % of all cancers in adults [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The life cycle of retroviruses is arbitrarily divided into two distinct phases: the early phase refers to the steps of infection from cell binding to the integration of the viral cDNA into the cell genome, whereas the late phase begins with the expression of viral genes and continues through to the release and maturation of progeny virions (see Figure 1 for a schematic view of the retroviral life cycle). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. (mdpi.com)
  • Earlier reports indicated that underhydroxylated collagen, accumulating within the endoplasmic reticulum in cells where prolyl 4-hydroxylase is inactivated, is slowly degraded, but is then rapidly hydroxylated and secreted when the activity of prolyl 4-hydroxylase is restored. (embl.de)
  • This "depot" was formed by associating the antigen with substances able to persist at the injection site, such as aluminum salts or emulsions. (mdpi.com)
  • We investigated BTLA expression on various T cell subsets, and we did not observe significant variations of BTLA expression between lupus patients and healthy controls. (cnrs.fr)
  • In previous studies we found that CS/DS-GAGs are expressed on the cell surface of murine and human breast cancer cell lines with high metastatic capacity and that they play a major role in P-selectin binding and P-selectin-mediated adhesion of cancer cells to platelets and endothelial cells [ 24 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Other cell types derived from hematopoietic stem cells include platelets and erythrocytes. (justia.com)
  • CSPG4 serves as a P-selectin ligand through its CS chain and participates in P-selectin binding to the highly metastatic breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Membrane parallel GSL is far less available for external ligand binding ('trans' recognition)- but may be more prone to lateral ('cis') ligand binding. (biomedgrid.com)
  • Cell treatment with a GSL binding ligand e.g. (biomedgrid.com)
  • Blood group phenotypes relating to expression of ABO antigens in individual kidneys were identified. (gu.se)
  • Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and flow cytometry assays were used to detect the expression of genes involved in the sulfation and presentation of chondroitin in several human breast cancer cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transient transfection of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 with the siRNAs for carbohydrate (chondroitin 4) sulfotransferase-11 ( CHST11 ) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 ( CSPG4 ) was used to investigate the involvement of these genes in expression of surface P-selectin ligands. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Blocking the expression of CHST11 with siRNA inhibited CS-A expression and P-selectin binding to MDA-MB-231 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The carrier proteoglycan CSPG4 was highly expressed on the aggressive breast cancer cell lines and contributed to the P-selectin binding and CS-A expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell surface P-selectin binding depends on CHST11 gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interest in Siglecs as immune checkpoints has grown from the recognition that Siglecs have relevance to human disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study was performed to identify the carrier proteoglycan (PG) and the sulfotransferase gene involved in synthesis of the surface P-selectin-reactive CS-GAGs in human breast cancer cells with high metastatic capacity, as well as to determine a direct role for CS-GAGs in metastatic spread. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The complexity of the human bone marrow, with context to haematological malignancies, is more difficult to elucidate with the present strategies compared to the niche of solid tumors. (fortunejournals.com)
  • In cell derived model membranes, cholesterol/GSL masking is also actin dependent [ 18 ] ,suggesting a cytoskeletal role. (biomedgrid.com)
  • Cell density regulates prolyl 4-hydroxylase activity independent of mRNA levels. (embl.de)
  • author = {Matthieu Sawaf and Hélène Dumortier and Fanny Monneaux}, doi = {10.1155/2016/5767106}, issn = {2314-7156}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Immunology Research}, volume = {2016}, pages = {5767106}, abstract = {Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by B cell hyperactivity leading to the production of autoantibodies, some of which having a deleterious effect. (cnrs.fr)
  • Once ingested, these bacteria invade intestinal epithelial cells and translocate to the liver, where they grow inside hepatic cells. (pressbooks.pub)
  • This study provides a unique approach to treat in vitro monocyte-derived DCs with sialidase, aimed at generating DC populations with different cell surface sialic acid phenotypes and tailored maturation and co-stimulatory profiles. (bvsalud.org)
  • Enzymatic removal of tumor-cell surface CS-GAGs significantly inhibited lung colonization of the 4T1 murine mammary cell line ( P = 0.0002). (biomedcentral.com)
  • These early steps consist of a long and perilous journey from the cell surface to the nucleus where the proviral DNA integrates into the host genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, as proven by many examples in the past, progresses in retrovirology will undoubtedly also provide some priceless insights into cell biology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Siglecs play important roles in inflammation and cancer, and play key roles in immune cell signaling. (bvsalud.org)
  • We have previously demonstrated that chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (CS-GAGs) on breast cancer cells function as P-selectin ligands. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The CHST11 gene was highly expressed in aggressive breast cancer cells but significantly less so in less aggressive breast cancer cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Specifically, methods are disclosed for mobilizing hematopoietic stem cells into a subject's peripheral blood. (justia.com)
  • Follicular Helper Ŧ Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Why Should They Be Considered as Interesting Therapeutic Targets? (cnrs.fr)
  • In a significant study [ 45 ], the levels of cholesterol in red cells from autistic patients were found consistently lower than normal red cells, and conversely, the level of GM1 GSL, detected using CTB binding, was increased. (biomedgrid.com)
  • This downregulates the ability of immature DCs to activate T-cells, leading to a compromised immune response. (bvsalud.org)
  • In such procedures, patients undergo successive treatments with cell mobilization agents to cause mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells from the bone marrow to the peripheral circulation for harvesting. (justia.com)
  • In many cases, successfully mobilization is not effected in the patient and inadequate numbers of hematopoietic stem cells are harvested from these patients using current methods. (justia.com)
  • Sequential rounds of division and differentiation give rise to an enormous amplification of cell numbers, necessary for the production of mature blood cells. (justia.com)
  • This process of division and differentiation is subject to regulation at many levels to control cell production. (justia.com)
  • Heat production, or its measurement, of an organism at the lowest level of cell chemistry in an inactive, awake, fasting state. (lookformedical.com)
  • La glyco-enzymologie au travers de laquelle l'équipe cherche à identifier, à caractériser et à modifier les propriétés d'enzymes impliquées dans le métabolisme des sucres (glycosides hydrolases, sulfatases) pour les utiliser en tant qu'outils synthétiques pour la production de molécules à haute valeur ajoutée. (univ-nantes.fr)
  • Carbohydrate xenoantigens and xenoantibody epitope-specificity, the removal of xenoantibodies by plasmapheresis, and antibody neutralization using soluble saccharides, were all explored. (gu.se)
  • Removal of CS-GAGs greatly reduces metastatic lung colonization by 4T1 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • True stem cells are both pluripotent-that is they can give rise to all cell types-and capable of self-renewal. (justia.com)
  • Relevant information has now been established on solid tumors and their micro-environments, which include immune, endothelial and mesenchymal cells. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Alternative sites for cell density regulation of the enzyme could rely on its sensitivity to sulfhydryl groups. (embl.de)
  • After harvesting, the patient is given high dose chemotherapy or radiotherapy and the bone marrow function is reconstituted by infusion of the cells harvested earlier. (justia.com)
  • The use of high-dosage chemotherapy or radiotherapy for bone marrow ablation requires subsequent incorporation of hematopoietic stem cells into the patient, in which case prior harvesting of such cells is required. (justia.com)
  • The success of treatment crucially depends on the mobilization of the bone marrow stem cells, the subsequent return of which permits the patient to achieve reconstitution of a functioning hematopoietic system. (justia.com)
  • One of the genes regulated by PrfA is hyl , which encodes a toxin known as listeriolysin O (LLO), which allows the bacterium to escape vacuoles upon entry into a host cell. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Michael Breimer started his research in the Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry isolating and structurally characterising blood group AB(O)H and related carbohydrate antigens. (gu.se)
  • even tumors with the comparable stage or the same pathological type could show a wide variation in biological behavior and clinical outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Collectively, our results evidence that the BTLA signaling pathway is altered in SLE T cells and highlight the potential of targeting this pathway for the development of new therapeutic strategies in lupus. (cnrs.fr)