• The clinical application of gambogic acid, a natural component with promising antitumor activity, is limited due to its extremely poor aqueous solubility, short half-life in blood, and severe systemic toxicity. (dovepress.com)
  • The modeling demonstrated that similar mineral phases controlled the aqueous solubility of the major ionic species for all wastes. (epa.gov)
  • Aqueous solubility of any therapeutically active substance is a key property as it governs dissolution, absorption and thus the in vivo efficacy. (scialert.net)
  • Drug efficacy can be severely limited by poor aqueous solubility and some drugs also show side effects due to their poor solubility. (scialert.net)
  • Most of drugs which are weakly acidic and basic show poor aqueous solubility hence various methods like, salt formation, co-solvency, micronization, addition of agent, solid dispersion, complexation etc., are some of the vital approaches routinely employed to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. (scialert.net)
  • Aqueous solubility of PAHs de- ter and low volatility. (who.int)
  • Solvent-LiBF4 phase diagrams, ionic association and solubility - cyclic carbonates and lactones. (ncsu.edu)
  • Phase Diagrams: The Solubility Limit. (atilim.edu.tr)
  • Very simple binary phase diagrams do not have a eutectic point. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • These simple phase diagrams normally only occur when two very similar elements are being alloyed or as part of a more complex phase diagram. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • It can be used to predict the solubility effects of variants for any organism, even in large-scale projects. (lu.se)
  • At this point, the two substances are said to be at the solubility equilibrium. (wikipedia.org)
  • In more specialized contexts the solubility may be given by the mole fraction (moles of solute per total moles of solute plus solvent) or by the mass fraction at equilibrium (mass of solute per mass of solute plus solvent). (wikipedia.org)
  • CO 2 and in equilibrium with the liquid CO 2 -polystyrene condensed phase. (scirp.org)
  • in this case, the cyclic tetramer forms a separate phase, driving the equilibrium towards the tetramer. (europa.eu)
  • The concentration of nitrogen is limited to its equilibrium solubility at 1 atmosphere. (cdc.gov)
  • Method: Equilibrium barnidipine solubilities in mono-solvents was determined using the classical shake-flask method, followed by UV-spectrophotometric analysis at 298.15 K. The partial solubility parameters were calculated by applying theoretical group contribution methods, proposed by Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen and Fedors. (bvsalud.org)
  • We developed a prediction method, PON-Sol2, to identify amino acid substitutions that increase, decrease, or have no effect on the protein solubility. (lu.se)
  • In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent. (wikipedia.org)
  • The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is generally measured as the concentration of the solute in a saturated solution, one in which no more solute can be dissolved. (wikipedia.org)
  • The solubility mainly depends on the composition of solute and solvent (including their pH and the presence of other dissolved substances) as well as on temperature and pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The solubility is also not the same as the rate of solution, which is how fast a solid solute dissolves in a liquid solvent. (wikipedia.org)
  • The solubility of a specific solute in a specific solvent is generally expressed as the concentration of a saturated solution of the two. (wikipedia.org)
  • The solubility of a substance in a liquid may also be expressed as the quantity of solute per quantity of solution, rather than of solvent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Justification for choice of solvent: the solvent was chosen because of its solubility properties and its relative non-toxicity to the bacteria. (europa.eu)
  • A substantial number of variations affect protein-solvent interactions, either aggregation or solubility. (lu.se)
  • The lower layer is the organic solvent phase that contains lipids, denatured proteins, and other cellular components. (cdc.gov)
  • Cyclodextrins (CDs) are natural pharmaceutical ingredients for the solubility-enhancement of poorly soluble drugs for over half century. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, drug release profiles are exhibited by such formulations for poorly soluble drugs to improve the solubility of such poorly soluble drugs. (scialert.net)
  • This article reviews various methods used for improving the solubility of hydrophobic drugs and improve the drug release profiles which are exhibited by such formulations for poorly soluble drugs. (scialert.net)
  • 5 - 10 Unfortunately, gambogic acid has poor solubility (less than 0.5 μg/mL), a short half-life (less than 1 hour in dogs and less than 20 minutes in rats), and low bioavailability, which limits its application. (dovepress.com)
  • Encapsulation of dietary supplements helps enhance the bioavailability and solubility of these bioactive agents. (bharatbook.com)
  • This discrepancy is largely attributed to its poor oral bioavailability, which may result from its poor solubility, its poor pharmacokinetic profile, or a combination of both. (researchgate.net)
  • The oral bioavailability (BA) of Cur is limited because of its poor water solubility. (researchgate.net)
  • The purpose of this study was to confirm whether cationic N,N-dimethyl amino acid esters of Cur could act as prodrugs and improve its water solubility and oral bioavailability. (researchgate.net)
  • Conclusions The cationic N,N-dimethyl amino acid ester prodrugs of Cur improved the water solubility of Cur and enhanced oral bioavailability in rats. (researchgate.net)
  • Understanding the molecular solid form enables physiochemical properties such as solubility, stability and bioavailability to be investigated. (matthey.com)
  • Among all newly discovered chemical entities about 40% drugs are lipophilic and these drugs are rejected by the pharmaceutical industry and will never benefit a patient because of its poor bioavailability due to low water solubility and/or cell membrane permeability. (scialert.net)
  • Conjugation of hydrophilic polymers with small molecule drugs to produce polymer-drug conjugate systems has been demonstrated to be a viable formulation strategy for utilizing hydrophobic drugs in a water-soluble manner, which may offer advantages over the corresponding parent drugs, including fewer side effects, improved solubility, passive tumor targeting, an improved pharmacokinetic profile, and lower plasma concentrations. (dovepress.com)
  • The combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening increases the solubility of poorly water soluble compounds. (scialert.net)
  • Aggregation is often related to structural alterations, whereas solubilizable proteins in the solid phase can be made again soluble by dilution. (lu.se)
  • For the BCS class II drugs, the oral absorption is limited by the solubility or dissolution in gastrointestinal (GI) tract. (scialert.net)
  • Anatomically accurate, 3-dimensional computational fluid dy- on major airflow patterns, air-phase diffusion, and absorption namics models of F344 rat, rhesus monkey, and human nasal at the air-lining interface. (cdc.gov)
  • The oral version is coformulated with the absorption enhancer sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino] caprylate (SNAC, Eligen Technology), which causes a localized increase in pH, leading to higher solubility and protection from enzymatic degradation, Dr Rosenstock explained. (medscape.com)
  • The applicant states that considering all available information (low Log K ow , high solubility and low permeability into Caco-2 cells) suggest that bioaccumulation of linaclotide should be considered very unlikely. (janusinfo.se)
  • The available information from the PBT screening step (low log D ow , high solubility and low permeability into Caco-2 cells in virtro) suggests that bioaccumulation of linaclotide should be considered very unlikely. (janusinfo.se)
  • Docking results from AutoDock Vina program showed that the scoring of complexation capability between ibuprofen and cyclodextrins is alpha ( α ), gamma ( γ ), beta ( β ), and HP-beta-cyclodextrins, which indicated similar ranking with the results from phase, solubility diagram experiments. (hindawi.com)
  • Fe-C Phase Diagram. (atilim.edu.tr)
  • At each end of the phase diagram only one of the elements is present (100% A or 100% B) and therefore a specific melting point exists. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • By cooling alloys from the liquid state and recording their cooling rates, the temperature at which they start to solidify can be determined and then plotted on the phase diagram. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • If enough experiments are performed over a range of compositions, a start of solidification curve can be plotted onto the phase diagram. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • The extent of the solid solubility region can be plotted onto the phase diagram and labelled appropriately. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • If an alloy's composition does not place it within the small solid solution regions at either side of the phase diagram, the alloy will become fully solid at the eutectic temperature , shown as the eutectic line on the phase diagram. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • At alloy compositions and temperatures between the start of solidification and the point at which it becomes fully solid (the eutectic temperature) a mushy mix of either alpha or beta will exist as solid lumps with a liquid mixture of A and B. These partially solid regions are marked on the phase diagram. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • A phase diagram is a temperature - composition map which indicates the phases present at a given temperature and composition. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • Phase diagram included. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • The phase diagram of ethylene is shown below the table. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • The ethylene phase diagram shows the phase behavior with changes in temperature and pressure. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Herein, we describe a new dataset of kinetic aqueous solubilities determined by nephelometry for 711 druglike compounds. (port.ac.uk)
  • The CB-type compounds significantly increased the solubility of a large variety of drugs across therapeutic fields. (umd.edu)
  • Free-surface electrospinning of microemulsions increases API solubility and may offer an alternative to batch powder processes. (ispe.org)
  • Nitrogen solubility in steel increases with either chromium or manganese concentrations, and it decreases with nickel concentrations. (cdc.gov)
  • In austenitic fcc stainless steels, the concentration of nitrogen in solid solution increases linearly with pressure until it is sufficient to bring about a phase change or to cause a second phase to form. (cdc.gov)
  • Composition and Weight Fractions of Phases. (atilim.edu.tr)
  • The solubility of nitrogen in iron alloys depends on both the crystal structure and the alloy composition. (cdc.gov)
  • Thermal phase behavior and electrochemical/physicochemical properties of carbonate and ester electrolytes with LiBF4, LiDFOB and LiBOB. (ncsu.edu)
  • Measurements and Modeling of Phase Behavior, Density, and Viscosity of Oil + Carbon Dioxide: Squalane + CO2 at Temperatures (313 to 363) K and Pressures up to 77 MPa. (acs.org)
  • Measurements and Modeling of Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Carbon Dioxide + Higher Alkanes: CO2 + n-Pentadecane at Temperatures 313 to 410 K and Pressures up to 77 MPa. (acs.org)
  • Such behavior can be explained by the solubilities of the respective secondary phases. (ufz.de)
  • The reverse-phase chromatographic assay uses an alkaline mobile phase with UV detection. (cdc.gov)
  • It appears that the oxidation of metal sulfides and the subsequent dissolution of the respective secondary phases, especially sulfates, pose a potential problem for the quality of the nearby ground and surface water. (ufz.de)
  • This view is supported by data on the distribution into octanol which show low solubility in the organic phase. (europa.eu)
  • Introduction: Solubility studies and obtaining physicochemical data on drugs in pure solvents belonging to differ-ent chemical classes are key to developing new drug formulations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Solid-phase analyses were made by calorimetry differential scanning. (bvsalud.org)
  • Organic extraction is a method used to separate nucleic acid and other cellular components based on their differential solubility. (cdc.gov)
  • Motor1 and 2 significantly increased the solubility of drugs from many different therapeutic fields, such as paclitaxel (anticancer), cinnarizine (antihistamine), and 17a-ethynyl estradiol (hormone). (umd.edu)
  • The two major obstacles in developing a therapeutic agent are Solubility and stability ( Seedher and Sharma, 2007 ). (scialert.net)
  • 2 While proven approaches exist to combat this, drug manufacturers are sometimes forced to introduce large doses of an API into the pharmaceutical to compensate for its low solubility. (ispe.org)
  • The most challenging task in development of a formulation is the solubility of drug, availability at the site of action and stability of drug. (scialert.net)
  • Components and Phases. (atilim.edu.tr)
  • Can be melted together with the other oily components of the oil phase, preferably at 80°C/176°F. Emulsify as usual. (makingcosmetics.com)
  • At this stage different cellular components partition into two phases based on their solubility. (cdc.gov)
  • Bi doping leads to a prominent increase in the power factor, explained by vacancy formation and secondary phases in Sb/Bi, respectively. (europa.eu)
  • Chapters 8 and 9 focus on the experimental part of this dissertation, analyzing different experimental procedures to determine salt solubility at high temperature and pressure, and developing a setup to perform those measurements. (dtu.dk)
  • Reliable experimental solubility measurements under conditions similar to those found in reality will help the development of strong and consistent models. (dtu.dk)
  • In chapter 8, alternative experimental procedures to determine solubility at high temperature and pressure are introduced: Synthetic fluid inclusion technique, electrochemical technique, quartz crystal microbalances, and conductivity measurements. (dtu.dk)
  • Chapter 9 describes the experimental procedure followed and the setup employed to determine barite solubility in NaCl solutions at high temperature and pressure. (dtu.dk)
  • Since, the melting point of the solid is related to solubility, the capacity for a substance to crystallize in more than one crystalline form is polymorphism. (scialert.net)
  • This is called solid solubility and is characteristically up to a few percent by weight . (southampton.ac.uk)
  • x02212;octane, methylcyclopentane, and cyclohexane were measured in BAL fluid specimens by headspace solid-phase microextraction /gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. (cdc.gov)
  • In the phase 2 dose-finding study, HbA 1c and weight reduction were of similar magnitude to that seen with the injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist formulations, and there were no red flags in terms of safety. (medscape.com)
  • Chapter 6 deals with the system NaCl-H 2 O. Available data for that system at high temperatures and/or pressures are addressed, and sodium chloride solubility calculations are performed up to 2000 bar. (dtu.dk)
  • The effects of both temperature and pressure on the solubility are addressed, and explanation of the model calculations is also given. (dtu.dk)
  • The two phases are physically separated, and nucleic acid is subsequently recovered from the aqueous phase by a method known as "alcohol precipitation. (cdc.gov)
  • liquid phase compositions and densities. (scirp.org)
  • In this work, Hansen partial solubility parame-ters (HSP) were calculated to assess the miscibility and intermolecular interactions of barnidipine in seventeen pure solvents. (bvsalud.org)
  • Phase solubility studies indicated that β-cyclodextrin gave rise to Bs type of curve while hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin resulted in Ap type of curve. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Numerous studies have investigated the solubility of electrospun mats containing API. (ispe.org)
  • Although needle-based electrospinning has proven an effective technique to improve API solubility, the process has limited productivity. (ispe.org)
  • Values are given for gas phase at 25 o C /77 o F / 298 K and 1 bara, if not other phase, temperature or pressure given. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Maximum flux values, averaged over a breath, in nonsquamous reactions and solubility, and clearance rates. (cdc.gov)
  • Strengthening occurs by two mechanisms: (1) increasing dissolved nitrogen in the lattice and (2) formation of dispersed metal nitride phases. (cdc.gov)