Pharmacology receptors glutamate. Medical search. Frequent questions

2023 ) Novel GluN2B-Selective NMDA Receptor Negative Allosteric Modulator Possesses Intrinsic Analgesic Properties and Enhances Analgesia of Morphine in a Rodent Tail Flick Pain Model. (neurotree.org)
Agmatine acts as an agonist at imidazoline and alpha-2-adrenergic receptors, also modulating NMDA receptor activity. (psicothema.com)
Blocking NMDA receptors abolished inward rectification of AMPAR-EPSCs of dorsal horn neurons in nerve-injured rats. (aspetjournals.org)
Increased prevalence of spinal GluA2-lacking AMPARs in neuropathic pain is mediated by NMDA receptors and subsequent stimulation of calpain and calcineurin signaling. (aspetjournals.org)
Currently his main focus is on the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, and especially on the regulation of the NMDA subtype of the glutamate receptors. (pcom.edu)
NMDA receptors", as they are called, play critical roles in learning and memory, and in the development of the brain. (pcom.edu)
As NMDA receptors are also critically important in brain disorders, his studies have significant implications that extend to a broad range of pathological processes in the central nervous system, including brain and spinal cord injury, epilepsy, chronic pain, stroke, Alzheimer disease, and schizophrenia. (pcom.edu)
Memantine hydrochloride extended-release capsules contains memantine hydrochloride, an NMDA receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe dementia of the Alzheimer's type. (nih.gov)
Conantokin G, exclusive to piscivore cones, subdues prey by antagonizing the NMDA receptor, causing a sleeplike state. (medscape.com)

Although metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) modulation has been studied extensively in neurons, it has not been investigated in astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and cortical astrocytes showed striking differences in sensitivity to glutamate and to mGluR agonists, even after several weeks in culture. (jneurosci.org)
Can metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR 7) be a novel target for both acute and chronic analgesia? (manipal.edu)
First, it has high affinity: only a small amount of compound is needed to achieve a very large effect on metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). (ub.edu)
Of the eight subtypes of mGluR receptors, it is specific to mGlu5. (ub.edu)
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) on astrocytes have been shown to participate in cerebral vasodilation to neuronal activation in brain slices. (elsevierpure.com)
The mGluRI distinction from other mGluR groups (group II, including mGluR2 and mGluR3, and group III, comprising mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, mGluR8) is based on amino-acid homology, agonist binding, and signaling pathways downstream to receptor activation [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

These findings pave the way to a new non-cytotoxic treatment of malignant gliomas based on the use of mGlu3 receptor antagonists. (nih.gov)
Secondary effects of brain trauma can be reduced by molecules that limit glutamate release, antagonists of ionotropic glutamate receptors, and compounds that target calcium influx. (drexel.edu)
Selective group II mGlu receptor antagonists and (S)-α-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG), a non-selective mGlu receptor antagonist, reduced the protection afforded by both NAAG and 2-PMPA when using neuronal/glial co-cultures. (johnshopkins.edu)
In contrast, groups I and III mGlu receptor antagonists did not affect NAAG or 2-PMPA neuroprotection. (johnshopkins.edu)
adrenergic receptor antagonists i.e. typically propranolol (Inderal) are used in management of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. (pharmacology2000.com)
adrenergic receptor antagonists have also shown helpful in management of acute dissecting aortic aneurysm due to -blocker-mediated reduction in myocardial contractility and reduced rate of force development . (pharmacology2000.com)
This section focuses on disease management using pharmacological interventions, namely -receptor antagonists. (pharmacology2000.com)
Vinokurova D. Pharmacodynamics of the glutamate receptor antagonists in the rat barrel cortex / D. Vinokurova, A.V. Zakharov, J. Lebedeva, G.F. Burkhanova, K.A. Chernova, N. Lotfullina, R. Khazipov, G. Valeeva // Front. (kpfu.ru)

1990) A family of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors. (guidetopharmacology.org)
2001) Novel AMPA receptor potentiators LY392098 and LY404187: effects on recombinant human AMPA receptors in vitro. (guidetopharmacology.org)
Chen X, Jia B, Araki Y , Liu B , Ye F, Huganir R , Zhang M. Arc weakens synapses by dispersing AMPA receptors from postsynaptic density via modulating PSD phase separation. (neurotree.org)
Visualizing synaptic plasticity in vivo by large-scale imaging of endogenous AMPA receptors. (neurotree.org)
The glutamate AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are critically involved in the excitatory synaptic transmission, and blocking AMPARs at the spinal level reverses neuropathic pain. (aspetjournals.org)
Although they do not affect the density of dendritic spines, the presence of SFPQ cytoplasmic aggregates causes a marked reduction in the levels of the GluA1, but not the GluA2 subunit of AMPA-type glutamate receptors on the neuronal surface. (edu.au)
Taken together, our data demonstrate that fALS-associated mutations enhance the propensity of SFPQ to bind zinc and form aggregates, leading to the dysregulation of AMPA receptor subunit composition, which may contribute to neuronal dysfunction in ALS. (edu.au)

Thank you for sharing this Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics article. (aspetjournals.org)
Message Body (Your Name) thought you would be interested in this article in Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (aspetjournals.org)
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 356 (1), 123-136. (monash.edu)

Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, which include mGlu1-8 receptors, are a heterogeneous family of G-protein-coupled receptors which function to modulate brain excitability via presynaptic, postsynaptic and glial mechanisms. (aspetjournals.org)
In general, Gi-coupled mGlu receptor subtypes appear to negatively modulate excitatory (and possibly also inhibitory) neurotransmitter output when activated. (aspetjournals.org)
They can also inhibit glutamate release and can modulate voltage-dependent calcium channels. (wikipedia.org)
These data suggest that glutamate, acting at several metabotropic receptors expressed by astrocytes, could modulate glial activity evoked by neurotransmitters and thereby influence the ongoing modulation of neurons by astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)
Research in the A. Mortensen lab focuses on understanding mechanisms that regulate glutamate transporters, crucial proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) that modulate excitatory transmission. (drexel.edu)
Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) on the plasma membrane regulate and modulate glutamate neurotransmission by transporting synaptically released glutamate back into cells. (drexel.edu)
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRI), including mGluR1 and mGluR5 subtypes, modulate essential brain functions by affecting neuronal excitability, intracellular calcium dynamics, protein synthesis, dendritic spine formation, and synaptic transmission and plasticity. (encyclopedia.pub)

CHPG is a selective mGlu 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, completely inactive at mGlu 1a receptors expressed in CHO cells. (tocris.com)

This gene encodes a metabotropic glutamate receptor that functions by activating phospholipase C. L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. (nih.gov)

Recent progress on the molecular and pharmacological aspects of these presynaptic mGlu receptors is unveiling their functions and the therapeutic directions of agents designed for these novel glutamate receptor targets. (aspetjournals.org)
Remarkably, pharmacological blockade of mGlu3 receptors stimulated the differentiation of cultured GICs into astrocytes, an effect that appeared to be long lasting, independent of the growth conditions, and irreversible. (nih.gov)
2023 ) Pharmacological inhibition of the inflammatory receptor CCR2 relieves the early deleterious consequences of status epilepticus. (neurotree.org)
Previously, descriptions of pharmacological effects associated with 'non-selective' β-adrenergic receptor agonists used to manage pulmonary diseases such as asthma or COPD necessarily include unwanted side effects often due to β 1 adrenergic receptor activation. (pharmacology2000.com)
Pharmacological activity is mediated by the R-form, which exhibits about 100 times more affinity for the β-receptor compared to the S-form. (pharmacology2000.com)
Pharmacological ligands targeting these receptors have demonstrated reduced incidences of excitotoxicity or severe adverse side effects as compared to those targeting ionotropic glutamate (iGlu) receptors. (elsevierpure.com)
Behavioral genetic and pharmacological studies have explored the role of individual mGlu receptor subtypes in regulating various addiction-related behaviors, and several mGlu receptor ligands have been the subject of clinical testing for other medical conditions. (elsevierpure.com)

The metabotropic glutamate receptors, or mGluRs, are a type of glutamate receptor that are active through an indirect metabotropic process. (wikipedia.org)
Like all glutamate receptors, mGluRs bind with glutamate, an amino acid that functions as an excitatory neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
Like other metabotropic receptors, mGluRs have seven transmembrane domains that span the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
For example, group I mGluRs are known to increase the activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), a type of ion channel-linked receptor that is central in a neurotoxic process called excitotoxicity. (wikipedia.org)
Presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) show a highly selective expression and subcellular location in nerve terminals modulating neurotransmitter release. (ox.ac.uk)
In the next series of experiments, coapplication of dopamine and 1 S ,3 R -ACPD, but not application of either drug alone, consistently induced LTD without tetani or even single test stimuli during drug application, suggesting that coactivation of dopamine receptors and the mGluRs is sufficient for LTD induction. (jneurosci.org)
Immunoblot analyses with anti-active mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP-Ks) revealed that D1 receptors, D2 receptors, group I mGluRs, and group II mGluRs all contribute to MAP-K activation in prefrontal cortex, and that combined activation of dopamine receptors and mGluRs synergistically or additively activate MAP-Ks. (jneurosci.org)
Our results suggest that dopamine receptors and groups I and II mGluRs cooperate to induce LTD through converging postsynaptic activation of MAP-Ks. (jneurosci.org)

LY-341,495 and MGS-0039 are drugs that act as a selective antagonist blocking both of the group II metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR2 and mGluR3. (wikipedia.org)
2023 ) Phase 1 Clinical Results for NP10679, a pH-sensitive GluN2B-selective N-methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Inhibitor. (neurotree.org)
2020 ) Potent, selective, water soluble, brain-permeable EP2 receptor antagonist for use in central nervous system disease models. (neurotree.org)
Other medications, which are relatively selective for β 2 -adrenergic receptors, retain the benefits in management of asthma and COPD, while limiting adverse effects mediated by β 1 -adrenergic receptor activation. (pharmacology2000.com)
At higher doses β 2 -selective adrenergic agonists are still able to activate β 1 -receptors, again emphasizing the role of drug concentration in drug specificity. (pharmacology2000.com)
The premise of β 2 -agonist-mediated receptor activation (applying also to 'non-selective' β-receptor agonists) is based on both smooth muscle relaxation and reduced airway resistance. (pharmacology2000.com)
is a commonly used selective β 2 -adrenergic receptor agonist that may be administered either orally or by inhalation. (pharmacology2000.com)
Second, it is highly selective for receptor subtypes. (ub.edu)
Recent preclinical studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of selective group I and III mGlu receptor subtype allosteric modulators, which can suppress pathological SWDs. (lincoln.ac.uk)
The rational design of novel selective positive and negative allosteric mGlu modulators, especially for the mGlu5 receptor, has been made possible following the recent crystallographic structure determination of group I mGlu receptors. (lincoln.ac.uk)
Similarly, (2S,2′R,3′R)-2-(2′,3′-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG IV), a selective group II mGlu receptor agonist, was less neuroprotective in the absence of glia. (johnshopkins.edu)
It is selective over other Cys-loop receptors, is active in vivo, and displays an allosteric mechanism of action. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Of particular interest are positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) for mGlu5 receptors, as they currently show the most promise as novel anti-absence epilepsy drugs. (lincoln.ac.uk)
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are classified into subcategories designated as Group I (mGlu1 and mGlu5), Group II (mGlu2 and mGlu3), and Group III (mGlu4, mGlu6, mGlu7, and mGlu8) and have received a great deal of attention due to their mediation of slower modulatory excitatory neurotransmission. (elsevierpure.com)
We investigated the effects of extinguishing action-reward versus context-reward associations on drug-primed reinstatement, and the potential role of the metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor (mGlu5) in these different types of extinction in rats that self-administer cocaine. (edu.au)

abstract = "N-acetylated-α-linked-acidic-dipeptidase (NAALADase or glutamate carboxypeptidase II) cleaves the neuropeptide N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) to glutamate and N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA). (johnshopkins.edu)

and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan (A.A.E.A. (aspetjournals.org)
Dr. Mortensen is an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmacology & Physiology at Drexel University College of Medicine. (drexel.edu)
Dr Shivaprakash G, Department of Pharmacology, KMC Manipal. (manipal.edu)
Awarded the best outgoing post graduate student for the year 2008 from Department of Pharmacology, KMC, Mangalore, Manipal University, on 20th march 2009. (manipal.edu)

Globally, mGluRI can activate a multifaceted list of effectors, including phospholipase D (PLD), protein kinases pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular receptor kinase (MAPK/ERK), the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/p70S6 kinase pathway, casein kinase 1, cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5, and Jun kinase (JUNK) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ( Figure 1 ). (encyclopedia.pub)

However, application of iGluR agonists L-glutamate recovered Arabidopsis root growth. (intechopen.com)
Additional therapeutic benefits associated with β-adrenergic receptor agonists likely include reduced pulmonary mast cell leukotriene and histamine release, reduced microvascular permeability, phospholipase A 2 inhibition and increased mucociliary activity. (pharmacology2000.com)
Combination of long-acting β-adrenergic receptor agonists with anti-inflammatory agents represents a strongly endorsed therapeutic approach. (pharmacology2000.com)

There are compounds that affect many subtypes of receptors in the same protein family, and modern pharmacology is looking for compounds that affect only one target, a single type of protein. (ub.edu)
Our current knowledge of the role of different mGlu receptor subtypes in absence epilepsy is outlined in this article. (lincoln.ac.uk)

They are members of the group C family of G-protein-coupled receptors, or GPCRs. (wikipedia.org)

Cannabinoid receptor interacting protein 1a (CRIP1a) modulates CB1 cannabinoid receptor G-protein coupling in part by altering the selectivity for Gαi subtype activation, but the molecular basis for this function of CRIP1a is not known. (bvsalud.org)

glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit. (aspetjournals.org)
The subunit encoded by this gene is subject to RNA editing at multiple sites within the first and second transmembrane domains, which is thought to alter the structure and function of the receptor complex. (nih.gov)
Clustered mutations in the GRIK2 kainate receptor subunit gene underlie diverse neurodevelopmental disorders. (nih.gov)

Their action can be excitatory, increasing conductance, causing more glutamate to be released from the presynaptic cell, but they also increase inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, or IPSPs. (wikipedia.org)
These receptors are involved in presynaptic inhibition, and do not appear to affect postsynaptic membrane potential by themselves. (wikipedia.org)
Receptors in groups II and III reduce the activity of postsynaptic potentials, both excitatory and inhibitory, in the cortex. (wikipedia.org)
As shown in the animation, gamma amino butyric acid promotes opening of a postsynaptic receptor, the GABA-A receptor. (pharmacologycorner.com)
Once released, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, allowing the signal to propagate. (org.es)
2) Specific neurotransmitter receptors are localized on the postsynaptic cells, and (3) there exists a mechanism to stop neurotransmitter release and clear molecules from the cleft. (org.es)
Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)

Gi-coupled mGlu receptors also may exist on presynaptic elements of neighboring γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons where they play a role in heterosynaptic suppressions of GABA release. (aspetjournals.org)
GABA And Glutamate New Developments In Neurotransmission Researc. (intechopen.com)
In addition, various pathways and neurotransmitter systems have been found to be related to the psychoactive and addictive properties of nicotine, such as the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system [ 14 - 16 ], the serotonin system, the glutamate system, and the GABA system [ 17 - 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
Benzodiazepines and GABA receptors: an animation on their mechanism of action Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is an inhibiting neurotransmitter that is present on human brains. (pharmacologycorner.com)
This book conveys recent in the field of glutamate and GABA receptor research. (edu.au)
These neurons are believed to release GABA, not glutamate, as their neurotransmitter (Yazulla, 1986), suggesting the weak glutamate labeling reflects the pool of metabolic glutamate used in the synthesis of GABA. (org.es)
This has been supported by the results from double-labeling studies using antibodies to both GABA and glutamate: glutamate-positive amacrine cells also label with the GABA antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996, Yang, 1996). (org.es)

Our projects include basic research programs to further our knowledge of glutamate transporters regulation in physiological and disease states, and translational projects involving the development of small molecule allosteric modulators of these transporters. (drexel.edu)
Glutamate transporters maintain the concentration of glutamate within the synaptic cleft at low levels, preventing glutamate-induced cell death (Kanai et al. (org.es)
These potent peptides, which fold into small, highly structured frameworks, largely target ion channels, either voltage- or ligand-gated receptors and transporters in excitable cells. (medscape.com)

In Year 2, you'll gain an introduction to each of the four disciplines: Biochemistry, Immunology, Microbiology and Pharmacology again supported by the Being a Biomolecular Scientist module which develops various skills gained in Year 1. (strath.ac.uk)
In the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Huang's research projects continue to address the issue of glutamate receptor regulation, and he prides himself on taking an integrated approach using a combination of biochemistry, cell biology, physiology and pharmacology. (pcom.edu)

Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45778 (accessed December 05, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)

In in vivo experiments, a 3-month treatment with the brain-permeant mGlu receptor antagonist, LY341495 limited the growth of infiltrating brain tumours originating from GICs implanted into the brain parenchyma of nude mice. (nih.gov)
2006). „Improved bioavailability of the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 using a prodrug strategy: in vivo pharmacology of LY544344" . (wikipedia.org)
We use cell culture techniques, mutagenesis approaches, primary cultures of neurons and glia, pharmacology, in vitro models of stroke and epilepsy, and in vivo models of neuropathic pain and cocaine abuse disorder. (drexel.edu)
These three properties make it attractive as a drug, so we decided to continue our research, involving experts in advanced pharmacology and doing in vivo experiments. (ub.edu)

Pharmacologically, substances that enhance the components of the memory/learning circuits-dopamine, glutamate (neuronal excitation), and/or norepinephrine-stand to improve brain function in healthy individuals beyond their baseline functioning. (frontiersin.org)

Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (kcl.ac.uk)

Thomas, AG, Olkowski, JL & Slusher, BS 2001, ' Neuroprotection afforded by NAAG and NAALADase inhibition requires glial cells and metabotropic glutamate receptor activation ', European Journal of Pharmacology , vol. 426, no. 1-2, pp. 35-38. (johnshopkins.edu)

Metabotropic glutamate receptors are known to act as modulators of (affect the activity of) other receptors. (wikipedia.org)

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8-expressing nerve terminals target subsets of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus. (ox.ac.uk)
Modulation of glutamate transmission has been studied extensively in neurons in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)
Though glutamate is present in all neurons, only a few are glutamatergic, releasing glutamate as their neurotransmitter. (org.es)
Using immunocytochemical techniques, neurons containing glutamate are identified and labeled with a glutamate antibody. (org.es)
Glutamate incorporated into Muller cells is rapidly broken down into glutamine, which is then exported from glial cells and incorporated into surrounding neurons (Pow and Crook, 1996). (org.es)

In this report, we examined the involvement of glial cells and metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors in neuroprotection mediated by NAAG and 2-PMPA in an in vitro model of metabolic inhibition. (johnshopkins.edu)
Loss of MLK3 attenuated APAP-induced JNK activation and hepatocyte death in vitro, independent of receptor-interacting protein 1. (aspetjournals.org)

The lipophilic diacylglycerol remains in the membrane, acting as a cofactor for the activation of protein kinase C. These receptors are also associated with Na+ and K+ channels. (wikipedia.org)
Activation of these receptors sustained the undifferentiated state of GICs in culture by negatively modulating the action of bone morphogenetic proteins, which physiologically signal through the phosphorylation of the transcription factors, Smads. (nih.gov)
The cross-talk between mGlu3 receptors and BMP receptors was mediated by the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. (nih.gov)
This has a profound impact on the level of receptor activation and excitatory transmission. (drexel.edu)
Scheme of the principal mGluR1 and mGluR5 signaling pathways, showing that G q/11 -dependent activation of phospholipase C β (PLCβ) mediates phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis with the generation of diacylglycerol (DAG) (that activates protein kinase C, PKC) and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ) (that fosters Ca 2+ intracellular release from internal stores by acting on IP 3 R receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum). (encyclopedia.pub)
Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling triggered transient dissociation of eEF1A2 from its regulatory guanine exchange factor (GEF) protein in dendritic spines in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Molecular Pharmacology, 67, 1470-1484. (scirp.org)
Thank you for sharing this Molecular Pharmacology article. (aspetjournals.org)

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, including the cortex and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). (jneurosci.org)
Glutamate (Fig. 1) is believed to be the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. (org.es)

European Journal of Pharmacology , 426 (1-2), 35-38. (johnshopkins.edu)

mGluR1 and mGluR5 are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) constituting the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluRI). (encyclopedia.pub)
mGluR1/5, through G q/11 -dependent mechanisms, also modulates ion channels, such as transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs), voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels (VGCC), and different types of K + channels (K v or SK), thus affecting neuronal excitability. (encyclopedia.pub)

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are a group of proteins with a high degree of sequence homology. (intechopen.com)
Thus, binding of CRIP1a to Gαi proteins represents a novel mechanism to regulate cell signaling initiated by the CB1 receptor. (bvsalud.org)

Certain members of this receptor family have been shown to function as presynaptic regulatory mechanisms to control release of neurotransmitters. (aspetjournals.org)

2020 ) An Agonist Dependent Allosteric Antagonist of Prostaglandin EP2 Receptors. (neurotree.org)

These studies along with other evidence suggest that mGlu7 is the nerve terminal autoreceptor that regulates physiological release of glutamate. (aspetjournals.org)
Receptor types are grouped based on receptor structure and physiological activity. (wikipedia.org)

1. Hollmann M, O'Shea-Greenfield A, Rogers SW, Heinemann S. (1989) Cloning by functional expression of a member of the glutamate receptor family. (guidetopharmacology.org)

Interneurons strongly immunopositive for the muscarinic M2 or the mGlu1 receptors were the primary targets of mGluR8-containing terminals in the stratum oriens, but only neurochemically distinct subsets were innervated by mGluR8-enriched terminals. (ox.ac.uk)
For example, administration of drug by aerosol targets β 2 pulmonary receptors, while limiting systemic drug. (pharmacology2000.com)

Neuroactive glutamate is stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic axon terminals (Fykse and Fonnum, 1996). (org.es)
This transporter selectively accumulates glutamate through a sodium-independent, ATP-dependent process (Naito and Ueda, 1983, Tabb and Ueda, 1991, Fykse and Fonnum, 1996), resulting in a high concentration of glutamate in each vesicle. (org.es)
1994). Though Muller cells take up glutamate, they do not label with glutamate antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996). (org.es)

Neurotransmitter compounds can be small molecules, such as glutamate and glycine, or large peptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). (org.es)
Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are indispensable for maintaining excitatory/inhibitory balance in neuronal circuits that control reflexes and rhythmic motor behaviors. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Metabotropni glutamatni receptor 3 je protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran GRM3 genom . (wikipedia.org)
G protein-independent mechanisms mainly lie on β-arrestin binding, favored by the receptor phosphorylation by G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). (encyclopedia.pub)

Due to its hydrophilic character, IP3 can travel to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it induces, via fixation on its receptor, the opening of calcium channels increasing in this way the cytosolic calcium concentrations. (wikipedia.org)

This gene product belongs to the kainate family of glutamate receptors, which are composed of four subunits and function as ligand-activated ion channels. (nih.gov)

Stimulating the receptors causes the associated enzyme phospholipase C to hydrolyze phosphoinositide phospholipids in the cell's plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)

Glutamate is incorporated into these cell types through a high affinity glutamate transporter located in the plasma membrane. (org.es)

Anatomy31

Organisms10

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs135

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes40

Disciplines and Occupations9

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Humanities1

Information Science5

Health Care4

NMDA9

MGluR7

Antagonists8

AMPA7

Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics3

Modulate7

Metabotropic glutamate recept1

Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate1

Pharmacological7

MGluRs8

Selective12

MGlu53

Abstract1

Department of Pharmacology4

Extracellular1

Agonists3

Subtypes2

GPCRs1

Subtype1

Subunit3

Postsynaptic7

GABA7

Transporters3

Biochemistry2

Https1

Vivo4

Dopamine1

Therapeutics1

20011

Modulators1

Neurons5

Vitro2

Activation6

Molecular2

Major excitatory neurotransmitter2

European Journal of Pharmacology1

MGLUR12

Proteins2

Neurotransmitters1

Allosteric1

Physiological2

Functional1

Targets2

19963

Glycine2

Protein2

Endoplasmic reticulum1

Subunits1

Phospholipase1

Plasma membrane1