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Half-LifeArea Under CurveMetabolic Clearance RateBiological AvailabilityGold RadioisotopesPharmacokineticsAdministration, OralQuality of LifeInjections, IntravenousWater IntoxicationCausticsAntipyrineTissue DistributionDosage FormsKineticsInfusions, IntravenousDose-Response Relationship, DrugChromatography, High Pressure LiquidDrug InteractionsTime FactorsChemical IndustryCross-Over StudiesFood-Drug InteractionsDrug Administration ScheduleValproic AcidDiazepamOccupational ExposureLifeLiverBiotransformationEnzyme StabilityRabbitsModels, BiologicalRNA, MessengerCytochrome P-450 CYP3ACycloheximideProdrugsMolecular Sequence DataNeoplasmsDouble-Blind MethodInfusions, ParenteralAnti-Bacterial AgentsRitonavirAntineoplastic AgentsTreatment OutcomeInjections, IntramuscularDrug Dosage CalculationsAntifungal AgentsDelayed-Action PreparationsMaximum Tolerated DoseCapsulesDrug CombinationsDrug Therapy, CombinationAnti-Infective AgentsBase SequenceTriazolesTherapeutic EquivalencyKetoconazoleStereoisomerismCephalosporinsCell LineAmino Acid SequenceAbsorptionAnti-HIV AgentsInjections, SubcutaneousMidazolamMacaca fascicularisTabletsHIV Protease InhibitorsRats, Sprague-DawleyQuinolinesDrug MonitoringHealthy VolunteersP-GlycoproteinDogsPyrimidinonesPopulationLife Change EventsPlasmaAntineoplastic Agents, PhytogenicBlood ProteinsChromatography, LiquidAryl Hydrocarbon HydroxylasesBlisterCytochrome P-450 CYP2D6Chemistry, PharmaceuticalHerb-Drug InteractionsLife Cycle StagesIntestinal AbsorptionBileFleroxacinSuspensionsTandem Mass SpectrometryFluoroquinolonesAdministration, IntravenousDrug EvaluationHIV InfectionsPharmacogeneticsGlucuronidesAntibodies, Monoclonal
AbsorptionSerumPeak plasma concentrationDosePharmacodynamicsSignificantlyUnboundPatientsMetabolitesIntravenous administrationDrugBioavailabilityDispositionElimination half-life is lHumansRapidlyAdministrationAqueousCorrelationTherapeutic dosesTwofoldClinicalRenalHoursActiveLatanoprostSafetyDurationTissueSkeletalMETHODSAdultRangeLiverClearanceDrugsSignificantHealthyShorterObjective
Absorption5
  • Absorption --After single oral-dose administration, the maximum observed plasma concentration (C max ) of tadalafil is achieved between 30 minutes and 6 hours (median time of 2 hours). (theodora.com)
  • The drug was absorbed rapidly, with an absorption half-life (t1/2abs) of 0.77 ± 0.34 h. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • For drugs absorbed in the upper small intestine, such as acetaminophen , slowed gastrointestinal motility can delay the absorption and onset of action and reduce peak drug concentrations and pharmacologic effects. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The pharmaceutical literature consists of numerous examples of 2-D QSARs, 3-D QSARs and expert systems for modelling the individual components or phases of drug disposition and pharmacokinetics (i.e. absorption, distribution, metabolism and *Corresponding author. (cdc.gov)
  • A drug's pharmacokinetics (i.e., attainment and maintenance of the appropriate drug serum concentration) are affected by 4 major factors: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Serum3
  • Maximum serum concentrations ranged from 440.2 to 1147 ng/mL and the elimination half-life from 422 to 647.8 h. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Serum concentrations were below the limit of quantitation by days 4, 7, 12 and 12 for doses of 3.5, 7.1, 14.3 and 21.4 mg/kg, respectively. (uni-koeln.de)
  • In patients with an acute disorder or malnutrition, rapid reductions in serum albumin may enhance drug effects because serum concentrations of unbound (free) drug may increase. (msdmanuals.com)
Peak plasma concentration4
  • Carfentanil was rapidly absorbed following administration with the peak plasma concentration (C max ) at 13.8 min. (vin.com)
  • The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 49.32 ± 10.33 \mug/mL was attained after (Tmax) 0.80 ± 0.11 h, with an elimination half-life (t1/2\beta) of 1.65 ± 0.38 h. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Time to peak plasma concentration: Approx 2 hours. (mims.com)
  • It displays a mean peak plasma concentration 10 minutes after administration and a mean terminal half-life of about 4 hours. (pharmacytimes.com)
Dose10
  • Steady-state plasma concentrations are attained within 5 days of once-daily dosing, and exposure is approximately 1.6-fold greater than after a single dose. (theodora.com)
  • Mean tadalafil concentrations measured after the administration of a single oral dose of 20 mg to healthy male subjects are depicted in Figure 1. (theodora.com)
  • The pharmacokinetics of cefepime in goats following single-dose i.v. a" by SHAHİD PRAWEZ, RAJİNDER RAINA et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Conclusion and Clinical Relevance -Results indicated that at the dose used, neither the concentrations of fatty acids in skin or plasma nor a decrease in the production of inflammatory eicosanoids was a major factor involved in the mechanism of action in dogs with atopy that responded to fatty acid supplementation. (avma.org)
  • In this study, we investigated the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) , pharmacodynamics (PD) and potential immunogenicity of single-dose subcutaneous injections of Supa in healthy subjects. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Urine concentrations were below the limit of detection by day 44 following administration of 3.5 mg/kg and day 51 for all other dose groups. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Glucose concentrations changed significantly in all dose groups studied (n = 2 per dose group). (uni-koeln.de)
  • The total systemic bioavailability depends on the level of concentration of the drug in the lungs and can reach 61% of the delivered dose (corresponds to 46% of the administered dose). (abchealthonline.com)
  • DESIGN AND METHODS: This phase 1b dose-escalation study to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of FBS0701, a novel oral iron chelator for the treatment of transfusional iron overload, was conducted in 16 adult patients with iron overloaded consequent to transfusions. (bvsalud.org)
  • RESULTS: Pharmacokinetics showed dose-proportionality. (bvsalud.org)
Pharmacodynamics1
  • The potential abuse in equine athletes along with the limited data available regarding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meldonium in horses necessitates further study. (uni-koeln.de)
Significantly1
Unbound1
  • The QSP model included a VPA population pharma-cokinetics model that allowed the prediction of total and unbound concentrations after single and multiple oral doses considering its saturable binding to plasma proteins. (unav.edu)
Patients7
  • The primary objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of fluoroscopy-guided cervical epidural-administered triamcinolone acetonide in a cohort of patients with cervical radicular pain seeking treatment in a pain medicine clinic. (hindawi.com)
  • The pharmacokinetics of eszopiclone have been investigated in healthy subjects (adult and elderly) and in patients with hepatic disease or renal disease. (healthyplace.com)
  • In patients with hepatic dysfunction, the elimination half-life is longer and the waiting time would be 2 days before breastfeeding again. (e-lactancia.org)
  • Pain might go unrecognized, and patients, particularly members of racial and ethnic minority groups, women, the elderly, persons with cognitive impairment, and those with cancer and at the end of life, can be at risk for inadequate pain treatment ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Nonetheless, a significant majority of PD patients develop motor fluctuations over their disease course, with a significant impact on quality-of-life, meaning control of such complications translates into a fundamental clinical need. (dovepress.com)
  • Aims Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after sublingual administration is not characterized in paediatric liver transplant patients. (unav.edu)
  • Methods Demographic, clinical and pharmacological variables, including tacrolimus whole blood concentrations obtained from therapeutic drug monitoring and data from dense-sampling pharmacokinetic profiles, were recorded in 26 paediatric patients with biliary atresia who underwent liver transplantation between 2016 and 2021. (unav.edu)
Metabolites3
  • In vitro data suggests that metabolites are not expected to be pharmacologically active at observed metabolite concentrations. (theodora.com)
  • High exposure to VPA can lead to carnitine depletion causing a misbalance between the intra-mitochondrial beta-oxidation and the microsomal co-oxidation, a pathway that produces toxic metabolites such as 4-en-VPA which inhibits ammonia elimination. (unav.edu)
  • Molecular structure-based prediction of the temporal change in the concentration of environmental chemicals or their metabolites in blood and organs of exposed organisms is a challenge. (cdc.gov)
Intravenous administration2
  • In this study, the plasma concentration profiles of 10 marketed compounds exhibiting two-phase elimination after intravenous administration in humans were evaluated in terms of distribution volumes just after intravenous administration ( V 1 ), at steady state ( V ss ), and in the elimination phase ( V β ) using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling implemented in a commercially available simulator (Simcyp). (aspetjournals.org)
  • This elimination half-life after lumbar epidural administration is much longer than the elimination half-life of intravenous administration and is likely explained by the suspension and redistribution of the depot preparation within the epidural fat and the epidural anatomy [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
Drug10
  • Predicting the pharmacokinetics of compounds in humans is an important part of the drug development process. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Among the pharmacokinetic parameters, the volume of distribution is a key determinant of the effective half-life ( t 1/2 ) and dosing interval of a prospective drug. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The main assumption of allometric scaling is that the factors governing the pharmacokinetics of a drug should scale in relation to body size ( Boxenbaum, 1982 ). (aspetjournals.org)
  • The plasma half-life of the drug ranged from 2.6-2.9 hr when administered sc and 1.98-2.5 hr when given iv. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Plasma drug concentrations in the body are negligible after 7 T½. (e-lactancia.org)
  • OBJECTIVE To determine plasma drug concentrations after IV administration of a bolus followed by continuous rate infusion (CRI) of sodium benzylpenicillin and ceftiofur sodium to healthy adult horses. (avma.org)
  • The maxium plasma concentration (C(max)) was reached within 60-90 minutes of dosing and the drug was rapidly distributed at the predicted therapeutic doses. (bvsalud.org)
  • to review the experience with lamotrigine therapeutic drug monitoring in a tertiary epilepsy centre aiming to characterize the plasma concentrations profile. (bvs.br)
  • our observations about the influence of polytherapies on lamotrigine pharmacokinetics confirm the relevance of quantifying this antiepileptic drug plasma concentrations in the process of treatment optimization. (bvs.br)
  • Lamotrigine (LTG) is an antiepileptic drug (AED) approved concentrations was adapted from Angelis-Stoforidis and colleagues to be prescribed in monotherapy or polytherapy to control partial (1999)20. (bvs.br)
Bioavailability1
  • Clearance decreases, elimination half-life is substantially prolonged, and bioavailability more than doubles. (nih.gov)
Disposition1
  • Results Disposition of tacrolimus was best characterized by a 2-compartment model with clearance achieving half of the maximum elimination capacity (CLMAX = 4.1 L/h) at 4.6 days post-transplantation (T-50). (unav.edu)
Elimination half-life is l1
  • The pharmacokinetics of cervical epidural-administered triamcinolone is consistent with our previous study of lumbar ESI, demonstrating that the elimination half-life is longer than that which has been reported following intravenous triamcinolone. (hindawi.com)
Humans1
  • These QSPRs for pharmacokinetic parameters and individual ADME processes could not be and have not been used in predictive toxicology, particularly in risk assessment, for providing a priori predictions of the time-course of the tissue or blood concentrations of the toxic moiety in intact animals and humans exposed to varying doses of chemicals by various routes and scenarios. (cdc.gov)
Rapidly2
  • Eszopiclone is rapidly absorbed, with a time to peak concentration (t max ) of approximately 1 hour and a terminal-phase elimination half-life (t 1/2 ) of approximately 6 hours. (healthyplace.com)
  • After inhalation, formoterol is rapidly absorbed and reaches its maximum plasma concentration after 1/6 hour. (abchealthonline.com)
Administration8
  • In the noncompartmental analysis, peak triamcinolone concentrations of 5.4 ng/mL were detected within 22.1 hours after administration. (hindawi.com)
  • The terminal elimination half-life of lumbar epidural-administered triamcinolone in a noncompartmental analysis was 523 hours, and the peak triamcinolone concentration of 4.1 ng/mL was detected within 24 hours after administration. (hindawi.com)
  • The pharmacokinetics of cefepime was studied in 5 goats following i.v. and i.m. administration of 10 mg/kg of body weight. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Following i.v. administration, the cefepime plasma concentration-time curves were best fitted in a one-compartment open model. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • The maximum plasma concentration is reached 1-2 hours after intramuscular injection and 2-4 hours after oral administration. (iufro.org)
  • Peak plasma concentrations are achieved within approximately 1 hour after oral administration. (healthyplace.com)
  • Other authors, given the variability in interindividual pharmacokinetics, potential pharmacokinetic changes with co-administration with other medication and its serious side effects, believe that it is prudent not to breastfeed during treatment. (e-lactancia.org)
  • RESULTS Plasma concentrations above accepted minimum inhibitory concentrations for common pathogens of horses were achieved within 1 minute after bolus administration and remained above the minimum inhibitory concentration for 48 (ceftiofur) or 12 (benzylpenicillin) hours (ie, the duration of the CRI). (avma.org)
Aqueous2
  • Highest concentrations of the acid in the aqueous humour are reached two hours after application, lowering of intraocular pressure starts after 3 to 4 hours, with its highest effect found after 8 to 12 hours, and its effect still present for at least 24 hours. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin and moxifloxacin in human conjunctiva and aqueous humor during and after the approved dosing regimens. (emedexpert.com)
Correlation2
  • There was no correlation between clinical scores and plasma or cutaneous concentrations for any of the measured fatty acids or eicosanoids. (avma.org)
  • There was no correlation between lamotrigine concentrations and dosages neither for pediatric nor for adult groups. (bvs.br)
Therapeutic doses1
  • Pharmacokinetics inform the estimation of potential therapeutic doses and safety margins before first-in-human studies. (aspetjournals.org)
Twofold1
Clinical2
  • Clinical scores and plasma and cutaneous concentrations of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, α-linolenic acid (α-LLA), EPA, DHA, prostaglandin E 2 , and leukotriene B 4 were determined. (avma.org)
  • There are clinical, psychological, and social consequences associated with chronic pain including limitations in complex activities, lost work productivity, reduced quality of life, and stigma, emphasizing the importance of appropriate and compassionate patient care ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Renal1
  • Whereas renal disease has no impact on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and verapamil, elimination half-life of nifedipine increases in relation to the degree of renal impairment due to an increase in volume of distribution. (nih.gov)
Hours7
Active1
  • This guideline provides recommendations for primary care clinicians who are prescribing opioids for chronic pain outside of active cancer treatment, palliative care, and end-of-life care. (cdc.gov)
Latanoprost1
  • The concentration of latanoprost stored at 50 °C will decrease by 10% every 8.25 days. (wikipedia.org)
Safety2
Duration1
  • 2 With sustained treatment with L-Dopa high doses and longer disease duration, motor complications emerge with a significant impact on patient's quality-of-life. (dovepress.com)
Tissue2
  • Objective -To determine essential fatty acid concentrations in plasma and tissue before and after supplementation with n-3 fatty acids in dogs with atopic dermatitis. (avma.org)
  • Based on the frequency of occurrence of molecular fragments (CH3, CH2, CH, C, C¼C, H, benzene ring and H in benzene ring structure) and exposure conditions, the available QSAR-PBPK models facilitate the simulation of tissue and blood concentrations for some inhaled volatile organic chemicals. (cdc.gov)
Skeletal1
  • 1990. Seasonal concentrations of cesium-137 in rumen content, skeletal muscles and feces of caribou from the porcupine herd: lichen ingestion rates and implications for human consumption. (cdc.gov)
METHODS1
Adult1
  • The higher cholesterol levels in breastmilk protects babies against the consequences of hypercholesterolemia in adult life (Lawrence 2016). (breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk)
Range2
  • Tadalafil inhibits human recombinant PDE11A1 activity at concentrations within the therapeutic range. (theodora.com)
  • However, no effective therapeutic plasma concentration range has been firmly established. (nih.gov)
Liver2
Clearance1
  • There were no significant changes in total AUC, clearance or elimination half-life of cocaine. (erowid.org)
Drugs4
  • The data so far available indicate that the plasma concentrations of these drugs correlate with both their electrophysiological and haemodynamic effects. (nih.gov)
  • Toxicity may develop slowly because concentrations of chronically used drugs increase for 5 to 6 half-lives, until a steady state is achieved. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Increased fat increases the volume of distribution for highly lipophilic drugs (eg, diazepam , chlordiazepoxide ) and may meaningfully increase their elimination half-lives. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Physiologic changes in maternal organ systems during pregnancy, beginning in the first trimester and peaking in the second, can have effects on the pharmacokinetics of some drugs. (cdc.gov)
Significant3
  • Verapamil and diltiazem cause a significant increase in plasma digoxin concentrations. (nih.gov)
  • In contrast, nifedipine does not lead to a significant increase in the plasma digoxin concentration. (nih.gov)
  • nevertheless, there was no significant change in the concentrations of these fatty acids or eicosanoids in the skin. (avma.org)
Healthy1
  • To determine if modafinil, a putative treatment for cocaine dependence, influences the pharmacokinetics of intravenous cocaine in otherwise healthy cocaine-dependent volunteers. (erowid.org)
Shorter2
  • The elimination half-life was shorter following cervical ESI than that which has been reported following lumbar ESI. (hindawi.com)
  • Carfentanil has a half-life of 7.7 hr, while naltrexone has a much shorter half-life of 3.7 hr. (vin.com)
Objective1
  • OBJECTIVE To evaluate pharmaceutical characteristics (strength or concentration, accuracy, and precision), physical properties, and bacterial contamination of fluconazole compounded products. (avma.org)