AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Olfactory Receptor NeuronsOlfactory MucosaOdorsReceptors, OdorantSmellOlfactory PathwaysOlfactory BulbOlfactory PerceptionOlfactory NerveOncorhynchus kisutchOlfactory Nerve InjuriesArthropod AntennaeOlfactory Marker ProteinSensillaSensory Receptor CellsNeuronsSense OrgansNephropidaeIctaluridaePalinuridaeSex AttractantsMonoterpenesPentanolsPheromonesNeurons, AfferentSantalumOlfaction DisordersMothsAction PotentialsManducaElectrophysiologyStimulation, ChemicalNucleotides, CyclicReceptors, PheromoneSalamandraAxonsCalciumAnisolesDEETVomeronasal OrganPatch-Clamp TechniquesDendritesInsect RepellentsAlkadienesMembrane PotentialsNecturusIon ChannelsCyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation ChannelsCiliaVolatilizationNasal MucosaDrosophila melanogasterImmunohistochemistryAldehydesMushroom BodiesCyclohexenesMotor NeuronsDrosophilaElectric StimulationPupaSignal TransductionTerpenesNerve Tissue ProteinsSolute Carrier Family 12, Member 2Electric ConductivityElectrophysiological PhenomenaAnimal StructuresDrosophila ProteinsSensory ThresholdsCells, CulturedCyclohexanolsTime FactorsLarvaAnimals, Genetically ModifiedNeural InhibitionModels, NeurologicalPseudogenesAdaptation, PhysiologicalChemoreceptor CellsIon Channel GatingMolecular Sequence DataEvoked PotentialsCyclic AMPIn Situ HybridizationBehavior, AnimalSynapsesChloride ChannelsSynaptic TransmissionDose-Response Relationship, DrugMechanoreceptorsPresynaptic TerminalsBrainCyclic GMPPeripheral NervesBeetlesTetrodotoxinMice, Inbred C57BLPOU Domain FactorsSesquiterpenes, GermacraneCalcium Signaling
OdorsORNsCiliaCuesTerminals of olfactory sensory neuronsBulbEpitheliumChemosensoryNerveAxonsMoleculesNasal cavityDrosophilaSynapsesUnique to the olfactoryGlomeruliVERTEBRATESSpecific olfactoryGroup of neuronsTypes of olfactoryImplies that olfactoryAxonOlfactionProteinsNervous systemBrainStimuliOdorantsInputsSensillaNeuralSpecificityGlandsOdor receptorCellsMiceRegulateFibersResponsesProjectionGustatory receptorsSystemPresynapticProcessesMechanismsElegansPheromoneSubsetGenesVomeronasalPlasticityChemokine receptorPoorly understoodCRIBRIFORM PLATEPerceptionDysfunctionPathwaysDetect a varietySmell
Odors15
  • The researchers provide evidence that the fruit fly's olfactory system, which Su described as simple yet elegant, is structured to give the insect the ability to make quick assessments of odors in an unusual way that circumvents synaptic communication, which is metabolically expensive. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Some odors selectively activate or inhibit a single olfactory neuron, while others can stimulate a group of neurons," Mutlu said. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The researchers tested several odors in C. elegans and discovered that only certain scents dynamically regulate fat mobilization by interacting with specific olfactory neurons through specific receptors. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Specificity of olfactory perception integrates diverse environmental odors and olfactory neurons expressing different receptors. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Here, we report that specific but not all olfactory neurons actively regulate fat metabolism without affecting eating behaviors in Caenorhabditis elegans, and identified specific odors that reduce fat mobilization via inhibiting these neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The ability to detect scents or odors , such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS . (lookformedical.com)
  • In addition to detecting odors, olfactory sensory neurons also serve as mechanical sensors, thus the nose transmits both odor information and nasal breathing signal into the brain. (upenn.edu)
  • An olfactory cilia pattern in the mammalian nose ensures high sensitivity to odors. (upenn.edu)
  • Through the actions of interglomerular circuitry, principal neurons respond to odors with complex patterns of action potentials. (nih.gov)
  • Further, spikes from many principal neurons tend to fire together in oscillatory synchrony that is required for precise discrimination of odors. (nih.gov)
  • The team built an olfactory map that identifies exactly which receptor pairs detect and process specific odors. (icr.org)
  • This precise detection and coding of odors by the peripheral olfactory neurons are subsequently processed, transformed and integrated in the central nervous system to generate specific behavioral responses that are critical for survival such as finding food, finding mates, avoiding predators etc (van der Goes van Naters and Carlson, 2006). (microrna.pro)
  • Olfactory neurons responsive to different odors are interspersed in the receptor sheet. (grantome.com)
  • So I was recording the responses of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb while mice smelled odors, and I noticed something odd. (trailofpapers.net)
  • These signals, which are not detected consciously as odors by the olfactory system, mediate human autonomic, psychological, and endocrine responses. (medscape.com)
ORNs7
  • Rather, the insect's olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) communicate through electrical interactions with nearby ORNs. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Dogma holds that olfactory coding follows a distributive model, whereby odor identities and hedonic values are both determined by the unique combinatorial activation patterns of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), the majority of which do not individually convey intrinsic valence. (growkudos.com)
  • Specifically, we reveal that most ORNs exhibit inherent hedonic values which, together with the valence-opponent organization of these neurons, allow countervailing cues to be swiftly processed in the periphery before sensory inputs are relayed to higher brain centers. (growkudos.com)
  • Male olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are the primary determinant during peripheral pheromone recognition. (bvsalud.org)
  • It contains Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) which are the only recognized projection neurons capable of successfully replacing themselves and re-targeting their axons from the peripheral to central nervous system in a mature animal. (ubc.ca)
  • An increase in sensitiv-ity of octenol olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) was correlated with an increase in odorant receptor gene (Or) expression and octenol-mediated attractive behavior from day 1 to day 6 post-emergence. (dissem.in)
  • This cheminformatics pipeline can also be applied for system-level analysis of other insects whose receptors and ORNs have been decoded such as mosquitoes (Carey et al. (microrna.pro)
Cilia10
  • This concept implies that olfactory receptor proteins are located in sensory cilia and in the axons. (jneurosci.org)
  • in the cilia recognizing odorous molecules from the environment and in the axons recognizing molecular cues in the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
  • These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia . (lookformedical.com)
  • Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons , that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons . (lookformedical.com)
  • Both types bear cilia as well as microvilli at their apical endings and express the typical markers for olfactory neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Turnock-Jones JJ, Jennings CA, Robbins MJ, Cluderay JE, Cilia J, Reid JL, Taylor A , Jones DN, Emson PC , Southam E. Increased expression of the NR2A NMDA receptor subunit in the prefrontal cortex of rats reared in isolation. (neurotree.org)
  • Growing receptor cell has a single external process extending to the epithelium surface, leading to a long, slender extension called cilia. (writingestate.com)
  • Cilia are covered by the nasal cavity mucus which facilitates the detection and reaction of olfactory receptors to smell molecules. (writingestate.com)
  • Cilia (small hair) in olfactory neurons containing olfactory molecules that bind to molecules of odor, leading to electric response that spreads to olfactory nerve fibers at the back via the sensory neuron. (writingestate.com)
  • The receptor cells are actually bipolar neurons, each possessing a thin dendritic rod that contains specialized cilia extending from the olfactory vesicle and a long central process that forms the fila olfactoria. (medscape.com)
Cues13
  • In this study, we identify a valence map in fly antennae and illustrate how lateral inhibition between neighboring olfactory receptor neurons mediates robust behavioral responses to countervailing cues. (growkudos.com)
  • Rodents primarily use olfactory cues to guide their behaviors, e.g., locating food, communicating with conspecifics, and avoiding danger. (upenn.edu)
  • A particularly critical task of the olfactory system is to discriminate among related chemical cues. (plos.org)
  • Since alligators seem to detect both volatile and water-soluble odour cues, I tested whether different sensory cell types are present in the olfactory epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In many mammals these neurons are segregated in two compartments: ciliated OSNs are housed in the main olfactory epithelium detecting chemicals related mostly to food and microvillous OSNs in the so-called vomeronasal organ (VNO) detecting mostly (but not limited to) social cues [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present study shows that we can detect both facial and olfactory cues of sickness in others just hours after experimental activation of their immune system. (dericbownds.net)
  • The study further demonstrates that multisensory integration of these olfactory and visual sickness cues is a crucial mechanism for how we detect and socially evaluate sick individuals. (dericbownds.net)
  • Thus, by motivating the avoidance of sick conspecifics, olfactory-visual cues, both in isolation and integrated, may be important parts of circuits handling imminent threats of contagion. (dericbownds.net)
  • The molecular mechanisms by which olfactory fibers navigate to their targets, e.g. guidance cues and their signaling mechanisms, are essentially unknown. (grantome.com)
  • Here, we provide a broad review of the chemical cues and pheromones used by the sea lamprey during reproduction, including overviews of the sea lamprey olfactory system, chemical cues and pheromones, and potential applications to population management. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As opposed to mammalian chemosensory systems, the em C. elegans /em sensory neurons exhibit multiple GPCRs in each sensory neuron using many G subunits per neuron for sensory transduction, hence enabling the nematode to react particularly to different environmental cues only using several sensory neurons [2-4]. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Like other moths, E. postvittana relies on olfactory cues to locate mates and oviposition sites. (inra.fr)
  • To detect these cues, moths have evolved families of genes encoding elements of the peripheral olfactory reception system, including odor carriers, receptors and degrading enzymes. (inra.fr)
Terminals of olfactory sensory neurons2
  • These data indicate that olfactory receptor (OR) proteins are indeed present in the axonal processes and nerve terminals of olfactory sensory neurons, thus supporting the notion that ORs may participate in the molecular processes underlying the fasciculation and targeting of olfactory axons. (jneurosci.org)
  • To see whether our mitral cells' odor afterimages were simply the result of sustained input from the receptors, Sam (the 2nd author) performed calcium imaging of glomeruli, which contain the terminals of olfactory sensory neurons. (trailofpapers.net)
Bulb21
Epithelium12
  • In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
  • Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins ( RECEPTORS, ODORANT ) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (lookformedical.com)
  • Various types of receptor cells are present, either segregated in different compartments (e.g. in rodents) or mingled in one epithelium (e.g. fish). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Information about their olfactory epithelium is limited. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Almost the entire nasal cavity is lined with olfactory (sensory) epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fish olfactory epithelium also contains ciliated and microvillous OSNs [ 2 ], but here both cell types are intermingled in one olfactory epithelium since fish do not have a VNO. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Turtles employ the main olfactory epithelium and the VNO to detect air-borne and/or water-soluble chemicals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Olfactory nerves and fibers transmit odor information from the peripheral olfactory system to the central olfactory brain system that is separated from the epithelium by the ethmoid bone cribriform. (writingestate.com)
  • Olfactory nerve fibers coming from the epithelium cross the caliphal platform linking the epithelium with an olfactory bulb's brain limbic system. (writingestate.com)
  • Within the nasal cavity, the turbinates or nasal conchae serve to direct the inspired air toward the olfactory epithelium in the upper posterior region. (medscape.com)
  • The olfactory epithelium consists of 3 cell types: basal, supporting, and olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
  • As previously mentioned, the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) sends fibers to the olfactory epithelium to detect caustic chemicals, such as ammonia. (medscape.com)
Chemosensory6
  • In olfaction, however, both the existence and nature of such a sensory map remain undetermined, thus raising the central questions of whether and how chemosensory neurons are organized in a specific manner that impacts sensory processing. (growkudos.com)
  • The valence of individual chemicals is largely determined by the responding sensory neuron type, such that distinct subsets of chemosensory neurons drive either attraction or avoidance to different chemicals [ 25 , 26 ]. (plos.org)
  • Each chemosensory neuron type in C . elegans expresses multiple chemoreceptors that are likely tuned to different odorants, a subset of which can be behaviorally discriminated [ 27 , 28 ]. (plos.org)
  • In addition, solitary chemosensory cells innervated by trigeminal nerve fibres, are intermingled with olfactory sensory neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It uses just 11 pairs of amphid chemosensory neurons to identify environmental signals. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Here we undertake a transcriptomic approach to identify members of these families expressed in the adult antennae of E. postvittana, describing open reading frames encoding 34 odorant binding proteins, 13 chemosensory proteins, 70 odorant receptors, 19 ionotropic receptors, nine gustatory receptors, two sensory neuron membrane proteins, 27 carboxylesterases, 20 glutathione-S-transferases, 49 cytochrome p450s and 18 takeout proteins. (inra.fr)
Nerve19
  • When direct suturing of the two stumps of a severed nerve cannot be accomplished without tension, the standard clinical treatment for peripheral nerve injuries is autologous nerve grafting. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following implantation into a TBI lesion cavity or peripheral nerve guidance conduit, MC elicits a minimal inflammatory response. (wikipedia.org)
  • The question whether OR proteins are indeed present in the axons and nerve terminals of OSNs is thus of fundamental importance toward an understanding of the functional wiring in the olfactory system. (jneurosci.org)
  • Head anatomy with olfactory nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. (lookformedical.com)
  • The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell . (lookformedical.com)
  • Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. (lookformedical.com)
  • Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (lookformedical.com)
  • Traumatic injuries to the OLFACTORY NERVE. (lookformedical.com)
  • Diseases of the first cranial (olfactory) nerve, which usually feature anosmia or other alterations in the sense of smell and taste. (lookformedical.com)
  • Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. (lookformedical.com)
  • The nasal cavity of all vertebrates houses multiple chemosensors, either innervated by the Ist (olfactory) or the Vth (trigeminal) cranial nerve. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mammals, for example, smell by binding odor molecules to receptors on nerve endings in their nose. (microrna.pro)
  • The olfactory system consists of Mucus membranes, olfactory glands, olfactory neurons, and olfactory nerve fibers are the main elements in the layers of epithelial tissue. (writingestate.com)
  • Some labs have previously reported that olfactory sensory neurons in drosophila can have long-lasting " super sustained " or " ultra prolonged " responses, and recordings from the olfactory nerve of rats also sometimes have off responses. (trailofpapers.net)
  • The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, separated at the midline by the crista galli, contains multiple small foramina through which the olfactory nerve fibers, or fila olfactoria, traverse. (medscape.com)
  • The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. (medscape.com)
  • Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers. (medscape.com)
  • Brain infection is thought to occur by means of direct neuronal transmission of the virus from a peripheral site to the brain via the trigeminal or olfactory nerve and indirect immune-mediated processes inducing neuroinflammation. (medscape.com)
Axons6
  • Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). (lookformedical.com)
  • Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. (lookformedical.com)
  • Classically, projections of retinal axons to the brain has provided a model for the investigation of neural maps where there is direct, point- to-point mapping of the peripheral receptor sheet onto the map. (grantome.com)
  • Our preliminary data indicated that two signaling molecules that are involved in cytoskeletal control and cellular motility, Dock (an SH2/SH3 adapter) and Pak (a serine/threonine kinase), are required for precise targeting of the fly olfactory axons. (grantome.com)
  • Our specific aims are to: 1) Identify the exact cellular events regulated by Dock and Pak in olfactory axons. (grantome.com)
  • This will be assessed through in vitro kinase assays with purified proteins, and analyses of the genetic interactions between Pak and Lim- kinase genes in the projections of olfactory axons. (grantome.com)
Molecules7
  • To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)
  • Taste molecules, like odor molecules, are complex and diverse, suggesting gustatory and olfactory systems may face similar information-processing challenges. (nih.gov)
  • Each olfactory neuron has a receptor, which is stimulated by molecules released in the environment. (bestherbalhealth.com)
  • Minimum 300 words answer Classmate #1: Olfactory receptor, also known as the scent receptor, a protein that binds molecules of odor and plays a key role in smell detection (olfaction). (writingestate.com)
  • This shows how important amino acid molecules are to determine receptor cell specificity. (writingestate.com)
  • Sensory olfactory neurons detect odorous molecules dissolving in molecules and transmit odor information to the brain during a sensory transduction process. (writingestate.com)
  • Activation occurs when odiferous molecules come in contact with specialized processes known as the olfactory vesicles. (medscape.com)
Nasal cavity3
  • The density of these olfactory neurons varies along the nasal cavity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Receptors are located on olfactory receptor cells, which are present in very many (millions) "terrestrial vertebrates, including humans, and which form an olfactory epithelial in a small area on the back of the nasal cavity. (writingestate.com)
  • The peripheral olfactory system consists mainly of the nasal cavity, ethmoid bone, and olfactory epithet (thin-tap tissue layers that line the nasal cavity). (writingestate.com)
Drosophila3
  • Here, we address these long-standing questions by uncovering a valence map in the olfactory periphery of Drosophila. (growkudos.com)
  • To identify genes whose expression is altered in presynaptic neurons as a result of perturbing postsynaptic excitability, we applied a transcriptomics-friendly, temperature-inducible Kir2.1-based activity clamp at the first synaptic relay of the Drosophila olfactory system, a central synapse known to exhibit trans-synaptic homeostatic matching. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The long-term goal of my laboratory is to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of olfactory axon guidance and odotopic map development, using Drosophila as a model system. (grantome.com)
Synapses4
  • Projects deal with coding at ribbon synapses and transduction in olfactory receptor neurons. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Our analysis suggests that similar homeostatic machinery operates at peripheral and central synapses and identifies many of its components. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our study establishes a role for transcriptional changes in homeostatic synaptic plasticity, points to mechanistic commonalities between peripheral and central synapses, and potentially opens new opportunities for the development of connectivity-based gene expression systems. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Interestingly, the tripartite synapse hypothesis came to light to fill some knowledge gaps that constitute an interaction of a subpopulation of astrocytes, neurons, and synapses. (cdc.gov)
Unique to the olfactory1
  • The continuous turnover and new supply of these neurons are unique to the olfactory system. (medscape.com)
Glomeruli2
  • The receptor neurons project brain-ward, sorting by receptor type, and converging upon relatively small numbers of inter-connected glomeruli. (nih.gov)
  • These glomeruli contain and share excitatory and inhibitory local interneurons and mainly excitatory principal neurons. (nih.gov)
VERTEBRATES5
  • A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. (lookformedical.com)
  • Yet this "pipeline" clearly links the epigenetic landscape to the physical landscape of DNA in the organized genomes of invertebrates and vertebrates (e.g., insects, mice, and humans) via olfactory/pheromonal input and the de novo creation of olfactory receptor genes. (microrna.pro)
  • However, aside from several exceptions, the olfactory biology of vertebrates remains poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While much of our understanding of chemical communication is based upon research on insects, the olfactory biology and ecology of some vertebrates is increasingly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Such receptors are commonly found in arthropods, vertebrates of the earth, fish and other animals. (writingestate.com)
Specific olfactory2
  • There are many scents in the environment that can be detected by specific olfactory neurons through specific receptors. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • 2012)-have a one-to-one relationship with specific olfactory receptors. (microrna.pro)
Group of neurons1
  • The specialized olfactory epithelial cells characterize the only group of neurons capable of regeneration. (medscape.com)
Types of olfactory2
  • In the last 10 years, our research in the olfactory system has revealed novel types of olfactory stem cells, novel mechanisms used by transplanted olfactory-based glia to mediate spinal cord repair, and different ways we may be able to prevent neuronal death in the developing and injured nervous system. (ubc.ca)
  • Two types of olfactory sensory neurons are present. (biomedcentral.com)
Implies that olfactory1
  • Since a body of literature implies that olfactory perception and function is hampered in obesity, we here investigate neuroanatomical correlates of this phenomenon. (frontiersin.org)
Axon3
  • Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites . (lookformedical.com)
  • This will be achieved through structure-function studies, and genetic epistatic analyses of dock and Pak genes in olfactory axon guidance. (grantome.com)
  • Olfactory stimuli disperse the action potential of an axon. (writingestate.com)
Olfaction5
  • Olfactory perception in C. elegans is simpler than in larger organisms, such as humans, which helps researchers like Mutlu and her colleagues to study how olfaction regulates bodily processes. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
  • We are presently applying the "toolkit" we have used to study olfaction (relatively simple experimental systems, tight control over stimulus timing, simultaneous recordings from multiple neurons, point-to-point analysis of information flow, and statistical tests of information content) to study gustation. (nih.gov)
  • The critical role of olfaction in mediating the sea lamprey life cycle is evident by a well-developed olfactory system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We suggest that the sea lamprey is a broadly useful organism with which to study vertebrate olfaction because of its simple but well-developed olfactory organ, the dominant role of olfaction in guiding behaviors during reproduction, and the direct implications for vertebrate pest management. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins8
  • By means of immunohistochemistry and double-labeling studies using transgenic mouse lines as well as Western blot analyses, it was demonstrated that the newly generated antibodies specifically recognized the receptor proteins. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this study, antibodies were generated against unique epitopes of distinct OR types and used in immunohistochemical experiments to visualize the receptor proteins in whole-mount preparations and tissue sections of the olfactory system. (jneurosci.org)
  • Pheromone-binding proteins present in the male moth antenna play a key role in the pheromone uptake, transport, and release at the dendritic membrane of the olfactory neuron. (bvsalud.org)
  • The peripheral doublets are linked to each other by proteins . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Therefore, we attempt to check whether we'd elicit ligand-dependent behavioural reactions in em C. elegans /em by expressing mammalian GPCRs in the ASH and ADL gustatory neurons, because they are straight exposed to the surroundings allowing gain access to of proteins and peptide ligands towards the heterologous receptors. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Furthermore, the ASH and ADL neurons communicate a large selection of G subunits [3], raising the probability of GPCR-G proteins conversation. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • The olfactory receptor proteins within the cell membrane are positioned so that one end is outside the cell and the other finishes in the cells. (writingestate.com)
  • A chain of amino acids binds the external and internal ends of receptor proteins involved in smell. (writingestate.com)
Nervous system7
  • Compared to the vertebrate, the insect nervous system contains relatively few neurons, most of which are readily accessible for electrophysiological study. (nih.gov)
  • To overcome this, most of our discovery research has historically utilized a simple, fascinating and uniquely talented part of the nervous system - the olfactory system. (ubc.ca)
  • The olfactory neuroepithelium (OE) is one of the most primitive parts of the nervous system. (ubc.ca)
  • During embryonic development , it is expressed in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM . (online-medical-dictionary.org)
  • In addition to local paracrine actions and peripheral endocrine effects mediated through the bloodstream, gut hormones play a pivotal role relaying information on nutritional status to important appetite controlling centres within the central nervous system (CNS), such as the hypothalamus and the brainstem. (hindawi.com)
  • is primarily an acute respiratory syndrome, but it can also cause dysfunction of multiple organs and body systems, including the brain and peripheral nervous system. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In no other location in the mature nervous system do less differentiated stem cells replace neurons. (medscape.com)
Brain9
  • Activation of circuits regulating these innate behaviors begins in the periphery with sensory stimulation (primarily via the olfactory system in rodents), and is then processed in the brain by a set of delineated structures that primarily includes the amygdala and hypothalamus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Neurons from brain-stem nuclei, or from the lateral horn of the sacral spinal cord, project to terminal ganglia near or within the various organs of the body. (usk.ac.id)
  • The olfactory system is closely connected with other brain regions that are involved in cognition and emotion, which may underlie strong associations between smell deficits and neuropsychiatric disorders. (upenn.edu)
  • The projections of principal neurons lead to large populations of follower neurons in brain areas that have been linked to learning and memory. (nih.gov)
  • Many different types of neurons and glia co-exist throughout the brain, however, and their genesis, at different times in different brain regions, creates a confusing milieu in which to study events that occur early in embryogenesis. (ubc.ca)
  • Without these elegantly paired neurons, the fruit fly brain would take more time to process what the fly is smelling. (icr.org)
  • It is expressed primarily by neurons in the brain and OLFACTORY BULBS . (online-medical-dictionary.org)
  • Sexual Paradox in the Conscious Brain , 2003 with work on mirror neurons and sexual differences. (dhushara.com)
  • The accuracy and precision of brain signaling are primarily based on interactions involving neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and dendritic cells within the CNS. (cdc.gov)
Stimuli1
  • We have described a peripheral mechanism that has allowed the fly to make sense of such overwhelmingly complex stimuli. (sciencedaily.com)
Odorants4
  • Odorants diffuse into the mucous and are transported to the olfactory receptor. (medscape.com)
  • Interestingly, across diverse phyla, olfactory systems are remarkably similar, suggesting there may be one best way to process information about odorants. (nih.gov)
  • We and others have shown that the firing patterns of these neurons contain information about the identity, concentration, and timing of odorants. (nih.gov)
  • Now, in eLife, Sean Boyle, Shane McInally and Anandasankar Ray of the University of California at Riverside describe a new method that can predict which odorants interact with which receptors much more accurately than previous methods (Boyle et al. (microrna.pro)
Inputs3
  • When translating from rodent models to humans, it is important to understand that the sensory inputs of rodents are primarily olfactory, auditory, and somatosensory, with minimal visual inputs. (frontiersin.org)
  • A hallmark of complex sensory systems is the organization of neurons into functionally meaningful maps, such as retinotopic or somatotopic organizations, which allow for comparison and contrast of parallel inputs via lateral inhibition. (growkudos.com)
  • Thus, complex olfactory inputs are filtered for simplification at the first neurons of the sensory circuit. (growkudos.com)
Sensilla1
  • Although mechanisms operating at the level of single sensory neuron types or sensilla in the periphery have also been implicated in this process [ 14 - 21 ], the contributions of sensory neurons to mediating odorant discrimination and olfactory behavioral plasticity are not fully understood. (plos.org)
Neural6
  • Optogenetically inhibiting or activating an olfactory neural circuit in C. elegans promoted the loss or gain of fat storage. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • They also determined that the neurons act through a selective neural circuit and a neuroendocrine pathway to directly regulate fat metabolism. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Optogenetic activation or inhibition of the responsible olfactory neural circuit promotes the loss or gain of fat storage, respectively. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Furthermore, we discovered that FLP-1 neuropeptide released from this olfactory neural circuit signals through peripheral NPR-4/neuropeptide receptor, SGK-1/serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase, and specific isoforms of DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor to regulate fat storage. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • In neonates, this area is a dense neural sheet, but, in children and adults, the respiratory and olfactory tissues interdigitate. (medscape.com)
  • Our results show differing age-related roles for the peripheral receptors for octenol and higher order neural processing in the behavior of female mosquitoes. (dissem.in)
Specificity1
  • Superior specificity is achieved by combining Cre-mediated AAVR overexpression with whole-body knockout of endogenous Aavr , which is demonstrated in heart cardiomyocytes, liver hepatocytes and cholinergic neurons. (nature.com)
Glands1
Odor receptor1
  • Across species, large numbers of odor receptor neurons with diverse sensitivities line peripheral structures. (nih.gov)
Cells14
  • Peripheral sensory research combines cell-physiological and biophysical approaches with molecular strategies for the investigation of cellular signaling complexes in the sensory cells of ear, eye, and nose. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
  • 2 They ran a series of tests on the cells, each called an olfactory receptor neuron (ORN). (icr.org)
  • Olfactory neurons are linked by sustentacular cells, which contain a protein called ACE2. (bestherbalhealth.com)
  • By directing AAV transduction through the regulated expression of its receptor, the approach provides precise control over which cells express the AAV-vectored transgene. (nature.com)
  • In conditional mice devoid of type I IFN receptor signaling selectively on hepatocytes, CVB3 infection is not controlled and the virus disseminates similarly as in mice devoid of the type I IFN receptor in all cells (Koestner et al. (twincore.de)
  • 2018). Furthermore, we analyzed how liver resident Kupffer cells and infiltrating peripheral myeloid cells react upon hepatic infection (Borst et al. (twincore.de)
  • Interestingly, right after infection Kupffer cells disappear from the liver, whereas peripheral myeloid cells infiltrate the liver and later differentiated to cells that are very reminiscent to Kupffer cells. (twincore.de)
  • Furthermore, type I IFN receptor signaling of myeloid cells modulates the severity of hepatitis, whereas type I IFN receptor signaling of hepatocytes has no effect, at least in VACV and MCMV induced hepatitis. (twincore.de)
  • Nevertheless, olfactory neurons aren't straight exposed to the surroundings, but are inserted in the glial-like amphid sheath cells, producing them inaccessible to nonvolatile soluble ligands [1]. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • This area (only a few centimeters wide) contains more than 100 million olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
  • These specialized epithelial cells give rise to the olfactory vesicles containing kinocilia, which serve as sites of stimulus transduction. (medscape.com)
  • Basal cells are stem cells that give rise to the olfactory receptor cells (seen in the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Supporting cells are scattered among the receptor cells and have numerous microvilli and secretory granules, which empty their contents onto the mucosal surface. (medscape.com)
Mice1
  • The analogous receptor is normally in this form in mice, which causes greater reaction than octanol to heptanol. (writingestate.com)
Regulate1
Fibers1
  • Fracture of the cribriform plate in traumatic settings can disrupt these fine fibers and lead to olfactory dysfunction. (medscape.com)
Responses1
  • Right here we display that transgenic em C. elegans /em expressing mammalian Sstr2 and CCR5 in the ASH and ADL nociceptive neurons screen specific and strong avoidance responses with their particular ligands. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Projection1
  • Twelve hours after adult-onset suppression of activity in postsynaptic antennal lobe projection neurons of males and females, we detected changes in the expression of many genes in the third antennal segment, which houses the somata of presynaptic olfactory receptor neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
Gustatory receptors1
  • Although much is now known about the basic properties of gustatory receptors, the structures and functions of the gustatory circuitry that follows them remain mysterious. (nih.gov)
System10
  • On the surface of fly antennae, where odorous chemicals are detected, the scientists have discovered how the fly olfactory system is organized, and why. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Male moths have an extremely sensitive olfactory system that can detect the sex pheromones emitted by females over a great distance. (bvsalud.org)
  • The olfactory system contains two morphological distinct types of ciliated olfactory receptor neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In mammals, the olfactory system contains ciliated and microvillous olfactory receptor neurons (OSNs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The olfactory system of Triturus pyrrhogaster , changes morphologically and physiologically when the animals are kept either in a terrestrial or an aquatic environment [ 15 , 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we describe a model system, SELective Expression and Controlled Transduction In Vivo (SELECTIV), that enables efficient and specific expression of transgenes by coupling adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors with Cre-inducible overexpression of the multi-serotype AAV receptor, AAVR. (nature.com)
  • Thus, the olfactory system came into focus as an important contributor to unintentional weight gain. (frontiersin.org)
  • On this notion, it has been shown that individuals with obesity show several alterations in the olfactory system. (frontiersin.org)
  • The olfactory system represents one of the oldest sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals. (medscape.com)
  • As a chemical sensor, the olfactory system detects food and influences social and sexual behavior. (medscape.com)
Presynaptic1
  • The presynaptic transcriptional response to genetically targeted postsynaptic perturbations could be exploited for the construction of novel connectivity tracing tools.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Homeostatic feedback mechanisms adjust intrinsic and synaptic properties of neurons to keep their average activity levels constant. (ox.ac.uk)
Processes1
  • Background G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play an essential role in lots of natural processes and represent a significant class of drug targets. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Mechanisms2
  • The research goals are to elucidate cellular mechanisms of normal and impaired peripheral and central sensory processing, to explore sensorimotor transformation, the modulation of sensory and motor function and to study goal-directed behavior. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • These experiments are expected to provide critical insights, and the first glimpse into the molecular mechanisms of olfactory growth cone steering and olfactory map formation. (grantome.com)
Elegans4
  • Working with the laboratory worm C. elegans, Mutlu and her colleagues conducted a broad screen to investigate whether neurons can actively send signals that, without affecting feeding habits, could alter lipid metabolism. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Caenorhabditis elegans senses and navigates its complex chemical environment using a small subset of sensory neurons [ 22 - 24 ]. (plos.org)
  • Furthermore, pre-exposure of GPCR transgenic pets to its ligand prospects to receptor desensitisation and behavioural version to following ligand publicity, providing further proof integration from the mammalian GPCRs in to the em C. elegans /em sensory signalling equipment. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Using em C. elegans /em to review em in vivo /em GPCR-ligand connections is an benefit because functional appearance of heterologous olfactory receptors in the AWA and AWB olfactory neurons provides previously been proven (Milani em et al /em ) [5] and our unpublished observations. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Pheromone3
  • Our results uncover the pheromone recognition mechanism in M. loreyi and provide a novel angle for developing efficient sex attractants of pests on the basis of screening the peripheral olfactory neurons. (bvsalud.org)
  • Of the eight odorant receptors that group phylogenetically with pheromone receptors from other moths, two displayed significant male-biased expression patterns, one displayed significant female-biased expression pattern and five were expressed equally in the antennae of both sexes. (inra.fr)
  • In addition, we found two male-biased odorant receptors that did not group with previously described pheromone receptors. (inra.fr)
Subset1
  • Each volatile chemical in the environment is thought to interact with a specific subset of odorant receptors depending upon odor structure and binding sites on the receptor. (microrna.pro)
Genes2
  • Where did the idea come from that these olfactory receptor genes are mutated copies of other genes (as Carl Zimmer suggests below)? (microrna.pro)
  • These receptor genes have repeatedly duplicated over millions of years. (microrna.pro)
Vomeronasal2
  • The olfactory and the vomeronasal receptors detect a variety of odours including food-related and social signals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Epigenetic modification of vomeronasal (V2r) precursor neurons by histone deacetylation Neuroscience . (neurotree.org)
Plasticity1
  • Olfactory function, often impaired following a concussion, greatly involves plasticity and, therefore, appears as a good candidate to study the deleterious effects of concussions. (crnacs.com)
Chemokine receptor1
  • CCR5 is usually a chemokine receptor that binds MIP-1 (CCL3), MIP-1 (CCL4) and RANTES, and directs chemotactic reactions in leucocytes. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Poorly understood1
  • However, development of maps with a different organization, like the olfactory map, is poorly understood. (grantome.com)
CRIBRIFORM PLATE1
  • The olfactory neuroepithelium is located at the upper area of each nasal chamber adjacent to the cribriform plate, superior nasal septum, and superior-lateral nasal wall. (medscape.com)
Perception5
Dysfunction2
  • It may result in various olfactory dysfunction including a complete loss of smell. (lookformedical.com)
  • Although TBI is amongst the most common causes of olfactory dysfunction the relationship between injury severity and olfactory problems has not yet been investigated with validated and standardized methods in the first days following the TBI. (crnacs.com)
Pathways1
  • Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery. (plos.org)
Detect a variety1
Smell3