• In the coupling of amino acids, frequently occurring secondary reactions largely suppressed, which would be the formation of symmetrical acid anhydrides, racemization and epimerization and the cyclization to oxazolinones or - especially for dipeptides - to 2,5-diketopiperazines. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is the reaction that forms peptide bonds between amino acids . (wikidoc.org)
  • Because of the rapid hydrolysis of the ester, the reaction should be carried out at pH 4.5, in buffered phosphoric acid the product can even be obtained in virtually quantitative yield. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate is obtained in the reaction of ethyl cyanoacetate and nitrous acid (from sodium nitrite and acetic acid) in 87% yield. (wikipedia.org)
  • These amides can participate in hydrogen bonding as hydrogen bond acceptors and donors , but do not ionize in aqueous solution , whereas their parent acids and amines are almost completely ionized in solution at neutral pH . (wikidoc.org)
  • Acidic conditions yield the carboxylic acid and the ammonium ion while basic hydrolysis yield the carboxylate ion and ammonia. (wikidoc.org)
  • Specifically, an amide can also be regarded as a derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the hydroxyl group has been replaced by an amine or ammonia . (wikidoc.org)
  • It is generally represented by the formula: [R 1 NR 2 ] - , and is an extremely strong base , due to the extreme weakness of ammonia and its analogues as Brønsted acids . (wikidoc.org)
  • Amides are commonly formed from the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an amine . (wikidoc.org)
  • The Schotten-Baumann reaction describes the formation of amides from amines and acid chlorides . (wikidoc.org)
  • Nitrous acid is formed by addition of a strong acid to a nitrate (III) salt in solution at temperatures of between 0 and 10 degrees. (wikidoc.org)
  • Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate is a white solid which is soluble in many solvents common in the synthesis of peptides, such as dichloromethane or dimethylformamide (DMF). (wikipedia.org)