Pathways receptive neurons encodes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Anti-GAD65 antibody (Ab) acts on the terminals of inhibitory neurons that suppress GABA release, whereas anti-VGCC, anti-mGluR1, and anti-GluR Abs impair LTD induction. (springer.com)
First, since chained inhibitory neurons shape the output signals through the mechanism of disinhibition/inhibition, impairments of GABA release and LTD distort the conversion process from the "internal model" to the output signals. (springer.com)
Most notably, excitatory neurons had greater accessibility in high AI rats and inhibitory neurons had greater accessibility in low AI rats. (bvsalud.org)
Whereas somatostatin-expressing inhibitory neurons are driven by these large stimuli, inhibitory neurons that express parvalbumin and vasoactive intestinal peptide have mutually antagonistic fbRF and ffRF, similar to excitatory neurons. (nature.com)
Excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the mammalian sensory cortex form interconnected circuits that control cortical stimulus selectivity and sensory acuity. (jneurosci.org)
Modeling has predicted that suppressing the activity of inhibitory neurons can lead to increased or, paradoxically, decreased excitatory activity depending on the architecture of the network. (jneurosci.org)
Such neuronal selectivity arises in many brain areas and is shaped by complex, interconnected circuits of excitatory and inhibitory neurons ( Isaacson and Scanziani, 2011 ). (jneurosci.org)

In the dorsal horn, the pri-mary afferent neuron synapses with a second-order neuron whose axon crosses the midline and ascends in the contralateral spinothalamic tract to reach the thalamus. (brainkart.com)
The neural retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses and is supported by an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
Each neuron has hundreds of dendrites, receiving messages from other neurons, adjacent or far away, via the synapses, allowing for innumerable connection possibilities. (encyclopedia.com)
The number of dendrites-i.e., the branches of neurons that make synaptic connections-also increases, as does the number of synapses (Klintsova & Greenough, 1999). (encyclopedia.com)
The superior cervical ganglion, a section of which is shown here, is a part of the sympathetic nervous system in which neurons originating in the spinal cord form synapses with neurons that innervate the heart, head, and neck, and control responses such as heart rate and pupil dilation. (nih.gov)

In the Hassenstein-Reichardt detector ( Figure 1a ), the delay is on the preferred side, that is where a preferred direction stimulus is entering the receptive field of the detector, and the non-linearity is excitatory. (elifesciences.org)
Here we show that feedback projections onto excitatory neurons in the mouse primary visual cortex generate a second receptive field that is driven by stimuli outside the ffRF. (nature.com)

In the visual system, these feedforward pathways define the classical feedforward receptive field (ffRF), the area in space in which visual stimuli excite a neuron 1 . (nature.com)
What stimuli excite a neuron, and how can we find them? (plos.org)

Once in the dorsal horn, in addition to synapsing with second-order neurons, the axons of first-order neurons may synapse with interneurons, sympathetic neurons, and ventral horn motor neurons. (brainkart.com)
The proximal axonal processes of the first-order neurons in these ganglia reach the brainstem nuclei via their respective cranial nerves, where they synapse with second-order neurons in brainstem nuclei. (brainkart.com)
Pain fibers may ascend or descend one to three spinal cord segments in Lissauer's tract before synapsing with second-order neurons in the gray matter of the ipsilateral dorsal horn. (brainkart.com)
In many instances they communicate with second-order neurons through interneurons. (brainkart.com)
We find that signals for leg joint position and directional movement converge in second-order neurons, revealing pathways for local feedback control of leg posture. (janelia.org)
Distinct populations of second-order neurons integrate tibia vibration signals across pairs of legs, suggesting a role in detecting external substrate vibration. (janelia.org)

The vertebrate retina is inverted in the sense that the light-sensing cells are in the back of the retina, so that light has to pass through layers of neurons and capillaries before it reaches the photosensitive sections of the rods and cones. (wikipedia.org)
Entire layers of neurons migrate to other places after birth. (encyclopedia.com)

The primary line of information transmission is from photoreceptor to bipolar cell to ganglion cell and then to the brain, but the amacrine and horizontal cells provide lateral transmission lines that can produce the complicated center-surround receptive fields of ganglion cells. (medscape.com)

For example, in the auditory system, some neurons receive input from both the inner hair cells, which detect frequency information, and the outer hair cells, which detect amplitude information. (nawafnet.net)
but except for studies on echolocation in the bat, little is known about how neurons encode information on auditory distance. (princeton.edu)
Here we describe neurons in the brain of macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) that represent the auditory space surrounding the head, within roughly 30 cm. (princeton.edu)

In the Barlow-Levick detector ( Figure 1b ), the delay is on the null side, that is where a null direction stimulus is entering the receptive field of the detector, and the nonlinearity is inhibitory. (elifesciences.org)
Comparing the responses of directional neurons to the sequence with the sum of the responses to each individual stimulus presentation ('linear expectation') allows one to calculate the nonlinear response component as the difference between the sequence response and the linear expectation. (elifesciences.org)
they are normally silent and respond only to high-threshold noxious stimulation, poorly encoding stimulus intensity. (brainkart.com)
Although they are found throughout the dorsal horn, WDR neurons are most abundant in lamina V. During repeated stimulation, WDR neurons characteristically increase their firing rate exponentially in a graded fashion ("wind-up"), even with the same stimulus intensity. (brainkart.com)
Feedback projections may therefore enable neurons to use context to estimate information that is missing from the ffRF and to report differences in stimulus features across visual space, regardless of whether excitation occurs inside or outside the ffRF. (nature.com)
While conventional wisdom suggests that each sensory neuron is dedicated to detecting and transmitting information about a specific type of stimulus, recent evidence has begun to challenge this notion. (nawafnet.net)
Each class of receptor cell transforms one type of stimulus energy into electrical signals that are encoded as trains of action potentials. (mhmedical.com)
Recent findings open the door to a new perspective on the encoding of visual space and other features by cortical circuits, one that emphasizes specialization of cortical circuits for processing different stimulus features in different regions of visual space. (frontiersin.org)
Le R, Gafni C, Ben-Shachar M, Wandell B . Stimulus dependence of population receptive fields within the visual field maps and the visual word form area Journal of Vision . (neurotree.org)

Descending neurons synapse with motor neurons or with interneurons that themselves connect with motor neurons (Venkatasubramanian and Mann 2019 ). (springer.com)

We evaluated how the method compares to brute-force search, and how well the method generalizes to different neurons and processing stages. (plos.org)

In some cases, the "dendritic fate" of a particular neuron might be specified by a single transcription factor. (ucsf.edu)
For example, some areas of the cortex have higher or lower density of particular neuron types. (greaterwrong.com)

One of the main features of biological tactile afferents is that their distal axon branches in the skin, creating complex receptive fields. (nature.com)
Each neuron has a single axon that bifurcates, sending one end to the peripheral tissues it innervates and the other into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. (brainkart.com)
Similar to the majority of vertebrate neurons, the Drosophila da neurons show clear dendrite vs. axon polarity including the orientations of microtubules (MT). It is well known from numerous studies in various organisms that MT cytoskeleton plays a major role for the proper establishment and maintenance of neuronal architecture. (ucsf.edu)

In the following, we will apply this approach in order to investigate which of the two mechanisms is at work in primary motion-sensitive neurons of the fruit fly Drosophila . (elifesciences.org)
Importantly, whereas the anterior brain of an adult Drosophila contains about 100,000 neurons (Zheng et al. (springer.com)
For example, in the Drosophila PNS, the zinc finger-containing protein Hamlet functions as a binary switch between the elaborate multiple-dendrite morphology of the da neuron and the single, unbranched dendrite morphology of the external sensory (es) neuron. (ucsf.edu)
Drosophila da neurons fall into four distinct morphological classes (I-IV). (ucsf.edu)
Non-preferred contrast responses in the Drosophila motion pathways reveal a receptive field structure that explains a common visual illusion. (janelia.org)
In the Drosophila visual system, separate ON and OFF pathways compute the direction of motion, yet anatomical and functional studies have identified some crosstalk between these channels. (janelia.org)
We recently found that Golgi outposts serve this role in the dendrites of Drosophila da neurons. (ucsf.edu)

Overall, our results reveal parallel pathways for processing of internal and external mechanosensory signals, which we propose mediate feedback control of leg movement and vibration sensing, respectively. (janelia.org)

Pain is conducted along three neuronal pathways that transmit noxious stimuli from the periphery to the cerebral cortex. (brainkart.com)

A longstanding question in sensory neuroscience is what types of stimuli drive neurons to fire. (plos.org)

Neurons with fbRFs are located in cortical layers that receive strong feedback projections and are absent in the main input layer, which is consistent with a laminar processing hierarchy. (nature.com)
Some pathways connect cortical regions directly, others indirectly (via other brain structures). (agi.io)
Recent results challenge this framework of relatively independent encoding of location and features in the early visual system, emphasizing location-dependent feature sensitivities that reflect specialization of cortical circuits for different locations in visual space. (frontiersin.org)

However, the descending neurons, which connect the optic lobes with the motor command centers of the ventral nerve cord, remain less studied. (springer.com)
We discuss their similarities with previously published visual neurons, in the optic lobes and ventral nerve cord, and suggest that they can be classified as target-selective, looming sensitive and optic flow sensitive, based on these similarities. (springer.com)
In flies, three paired thoracic ganglia are fused with the abdominal ganglion to form the ventral nerve cord (Power 1948 ), which is connected to the anterior brain via the cervical connective containing both ascending and descending neurons. (springer.com)
These neurons, which are located in the ventral premotor cortex, have spatial receptive fields that extend a limited distance outward from the head. (princeton.edu)

The first six laminae, which make up the dorsal horn, receive all afferent neural activity and represent the principal site of modulation of pain by ascending and descending neural pathways. (brainkart.com)
Although pharmacologic manipulation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and the neural pathways that mediate photophobia may be possible in the future, current therapies are directed at the underlying cause of the photophobia and optical modulation of these cells and pathways. (researchgate.net)

We found that all four subtypes of both T4 and T5 cells implement both mechanisms, that is preferred direction enhancement and null direction inhibition, on opposing sides of their receptive fields. (elifesciences.org)
They also have large receptive fields compared with nociceptive-specific neurons. (brainkart.com)
Feedback inputs from higher visual areas have scattered receptive fields relative to their putative targets in the primary visual cortex, which enables the generation of the fbRF. (nature.com)
Hubel, D. H. & Wiesel, T. N. Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. (nature.com)
Visual working memory capacity in retinotopic cortex: Number, resolution, and population receptive fields. (scirp.org)
Neurons with more complex dendritic branching patterns and larger dendritic fields (classes III and IV) express higher levels of Cut. (ucsf.edu)
i.e., there is little overlap between the dendritic fields of adjacent neurons of the same class because their dendrites show homotypic repulsion. (ucsf.edu)
Follicle-innervating Aδ-low threshold mechanoreceptive neurons form receptive fields through homotypic competition. (ohsu.edu)
Using whole-cell electrophysiology, we recorded visual responses of T4 (ON) and T5 (OFF) cells, mapped their composite ON-OFF receptive fields, and found that they share a similar spatiotemporal structure. (janelia.org)
We fit a biophysical model to these receptive fields that accurately predicts directionally selective T4 and T5 responses to both ON and OFF moving stimuli. (janelia.org)
A validation framework for neuroimaging software: The case of population receptive fields. (neurotree.org)

Importantly, however, the responses of descending neurons are not always directly deducible from the responses of their presumed pre-synaptic counterparts (Wu et al. (springer.com)
Dendrite arborization patterns are critical determinants of neural circuit formation and influence the type of synaptic or sensory inputs a neuron is able to receive. (ucsf.edu)

This allows us to visualize the development of the dendrites of da neurons in the living fly embryos and to use them as an assay system for a genetic dissection of dendrite development. (ucsf.edu)
In ss mutants, different classes of da neurons elaborate dendrites with similar branch numbers and complexities, suggesting that da neurons might reside in a common "ground" state in the absence of ss function. (ucsf.edu)
Studies of the epistatic relationship between Cut and Ss indicate that these transcription factors are likely acting in independent pathways to regulate morphogenesis of da neuron dendrites. (ucsf.edu)
The dendrites of each da neuron show self-avoidance and tend to spread out without crossing over. (ucsf.edu)
The cell bodies shown above are surrounded by "receptive nets" (A, B) formed by their own dendrites and the axons of neurons originating in the thoracic spinal cord. (nih.gov)

Sensitive genetically encoded sensors for population and subcellular imaging of cAMP in vivo. (ohsu.edu)
These preadaptations are likely genetically encoded, which suggests that despite the distant relationships between vocal learners, there are some common genetic factors. (comparative-cognition-and-behavior-reviews.org)

Animals sense the environment through pathways that link sensory organs to the brain. (nature.com)
Ascending neurons provide sensory and motor feedback to the brain, whereas descending neurons carry sensory and motor-related information from the brain to central pattern generators in the posterior ganglia. (springer.com)
Descending neurons can thus initiate and modify behavior based on sensory input, and other higher order processing that takes place in the brain. (springer.com)
therefore, the optic nerve must cross through the retina en route to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
At birth the brain is estimated to contain over a 100 billion neurons. (encyclopedia.com)
Indirect means that the data is passed through another brain structure en-route, and possibly modified or gated (filtered). (agi.io)
In many parts of the brain, neurons are sensitive to changes in small parts of the visual field, sampled by the retina in the back of the eye. (frontiersin.org)
Often, nearby neurons in the brain signal changes in nearby visual field locations. (frontiersin.org)
Expression of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondria-associated adenylate kinase, and several mitochondria-associated creatine kinase isozymes was highest in the outer retina, whereas expression of cytosolic adenylate kinase and brain creatine kinase was higher in the cones, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells indicating the diversity of ATP-buffering strategies among retinal neurons. (molvis.org)
Sexual Paradox in the Conscious Brain , 2003 with work on mirror neurons and sexual differences. (dhushara.com)
Thoughts are organized by the brain, specifically the left hemisphere, and encoded into a sequence according to learned grammatic and linguistic rules. (medscape.com)
The visual system includes the eyes, connecting pathways through to the visual cortex, and other parts of the brain (see the image below). (medscape.com)

The cell bodies of primary afferent neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglia, which lie in the vertebral foramina at each spinal cord level. (brainkart.com)
The majority of first-order neurons send the proximal end of their axons into the spinal cord via the dorsal (sensory) spinal root at each cervical, thoracic, lum-bar, and sacral level. (brainkart.com)
WDR neurons are the most prevalent cell type in the dorsal horn. (brainkart.com)
Deciphering mechanically activated ion channels at the single-channel level in dorsal root ganglion neurons. (ohsu.edu)

Locomotion activates PKA through dopamine and adenosine in striatal neurons. (ohsu.edu)

The stimulation of this feedback receptive field (fbRF) elicits responses that are slower and are delayed in comparison with those resulting from the stimulation of the ffRF. (nature.com)

These findings, together with an analysis of an RNAi (RNA interference) screen that revealed more than 70 transcription factors regulate dendritic arbor development of class I neurons in fly, suggest that complicated networks of transcriptional regulators likely regulate type-specific dendrite arborization patterns. (ucsf.edu)

The major sensory modalities in humans are mediated by distinct classes of receptor neurons located in specific sense organs. (mhmedical.com)
Each pathway is a carrier of distinct information content. (agi.io)

Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons, whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. (wikipedia.org)

In some cases, a single sensory neuron can exhibit sensitivity to a wide range of stimuli that are seemingly unrelated, such as vibration, pressure, and stretching. (nawafnet.net)
Furthermore, increased ipRGC stimulation enhanced a spatial tuning in sensitivity according to changes in shape of the receptive field. (conf.tw)
A computational observer model of spatial contrast sensitivity: Effects of photocurrent encoding, fixational eye movements, and inference engine. (neurotree.org)

In contrast to Cut, Spineless (Ss), the homolog of the mammalian dioxin receptor, is expressed at similar levels in all da neurons. (ucsf.edu)

A new method termed XDream (E X tending D eepDream with r eal-time e volution for a ctivation m aximization) combined a generative neural network and a genetic algorithm in a closed loop to create strong stimuli for neurons in the macaque visual cortex. (plos.org)

The pathway involving the thalamus is particularly interesting because of the role of the thalamus for multiple sensory integration [85,86]. (researchgate.net)

Neurotransmitter switching is the gain of one neurotransmitter and the loss of another in the same neuron in response to chronic stimulation. (deepdyve.com)

Of course, neural circuits encode many other aspects of visual stimuli aside from spatial location, including features critical for different visuo-motor behaviors such as identifying objects, tracking or otherwise interacting with objects, and moving through the world. (frontiersin.org)
Based on our review and analysis of this evidence, we propose that the joint encoding of ego-centric spatial location and functional features is a canonical organizing principle of the visual system, likely reflecting evolutionary pressures that shape neural circuitry to optimally represent regularities in functionally relevant visual information. (frontiersin.org)

These neurons are much more versatile than we once believed, with emerging research showing that they can display a remarkable ability to integrate and process multiple sensory inputs, leading to a more nuanced and integrated perception of our environment. (nawafnet.net)
Studies have shown that sensory neurons can have the ability to respond to multiple sensory inputs, such as touch and temperature, or light and movement. (nawafnet.net)
The Feed-Back pathway carries information DOWN through hierarchy levels towards regions that represent more concrete, raw, unclassified inputs. (agi.io)

A sensory neuron is a specialized neuron whose primary function is to carry sensory information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system. (nawafnet.net)

Indeed, orchestrating complex behavior using only 1100 descending neurons (Hsu and Bhandawat 2016 ), requires efficient integration of sensory input and motor output, as well as higher-order processing, such as learning. (springer.com)

We use ConvNet units as in silico models of neurons, enabling experiments that would be prohibitive with biological neurons. (plos.org)

Given these physiological observations, the bio-inspired afferents are randomly connected to the several neighboring mechanoreceptors with different weights to form their own receptive field. (nature.com)
We describe how the neurons can be identified based on their receptive field properties, and how they respond to moving targets, looming stimuli and to widefield optic flow. (springer.com)
2009). Visual field maps, population receptive field sizes, and visual field coverage in the human MT+ complex. (scirp.org)
Population receptive field shapes in early visual cortex are nearly circular. (neurotree.org)

Describe the output pathway from the ear to the cortex and how sound properties of encoded. (powershow.com)
To address this deficiency, we describe motion vision sensitive descending neurons in the hoverfly Eristalis tenax . (springer.com)

The descending neurons thus constitute a bottleneck for information conveyed to motor command centers. (springer.com)

There are various metabolic pathways like glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, drug change and detoxification in the liver, photosynthesis in the chloroplast of plants, and many more that require oxidoreductase proteins. (vedantu.com)

In fly motion vision most of the attention has been given to the neurons in the optic lobes (for review, see, e.g. (springer.com)

[6] In contrast, in the cephalopod retina, the photoreceptors are in front, with processing neurons and capillaries behind them. (wikipedia.org)

In addition, they provide an understanding of the neurophysiology of visual neurons that are likely to affect behavior. (springer.com)
Future studies are necessary to discover mechanisms underlying joint encoding of location and functional information, how this relates to behavior, emerges during development, and varies across species. (frontiersin.org)

In each pathway, the flow of sensory information is dynamically gated and sculpted by inhibition. (janelia.org)

In the fruit fly optic lobe, T4 and T5 cells represent the first direction-selective neurons, with T4 cells responding selectively to moving brightness increments (ON) and T5 cells to brightness decrements (OFF). (elifesciences.org)
Considering the analogy with orientation selective neurons, more significant directions (e.g., horizontal and vertical) may be represented differently from others. (conf.tw)

Population Coding and Correlated Variability in Electrosensory Pathways. (uni-bielefeld.de)

Atonal is a basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein, which is the founding member of an important family of proneural genes that function to initiate the development of two major types of sensory neurons used in vision and hearing. (ucsf.edu)

This important visual cue, however, is not explicitly encoded at the output of a single photoreceptor but rather has to be computed by subsequent neural circuits. (elifesciences.org)
Our results highlight the importance of using several visual stimuli as the neurons can rarely be identified based on only one response characteristic. (springer.com)
2011). Temporal dynamics of encoding, storage, and reallocation of visual working memory. (scirp.org)
Visual encoding: Principles and software. (neurotree.org)
Consider vision as a paradigmatic example, the selection of stimuli to probe neural activity has shaped the understanding of how visual neurons represent information. (plos.org)
Despite the progress made in understanding visual cortex by testing limited sets of hand-chosen stimuli, these experiments could be missing the true feature preferences of neurons. (plos.org)
In other words, there could be other images that drive visual neurons better than those found so far. (plos.org)

In summary, sensory neurons are much more complex than we once believed, and can exhibit remarkable versatility in their ability to respond to and integrate multiple sensory modalities. (nawafnet.net)

These neurons are responsible for detecting and transmitting information about various stimuli, such as light, sound, touch, taste, and smell, from the sensory organs to the central nervous system. (nawafnet.net)
However, it is important to note that not all sensory neurons are created equal, and their capacity to respond to multiple sensory modalities can vary depending on their location within the nervous system. (nawafnet.net)

Anatomy105

Organisms19

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs66

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes37

Disciplines and Occupations2

Health Care2

Inhibitory neurons7

Synapses5

Excitatory2

Stimuli excite a neuron2

Second-order neurons6

Layers of neurons2

Center-surround receptive fields1

Auditory3

Stimulus9

Motor neurons1

Different neurons1

Particular neuron2

Axon3

Drosophila7

Parallel Pathways1

Neuronal pathways1

Types of stimuli1

Cortical3

Ventral4

Neural pathways2

Fields11

Synaptic2

Dendrites5

Genetically encoded2

Brain12

Dorsal4

Dopamine1

Responses1

Dendritic arbor1

Distinct2

Axons1

Sensitivity3

Mammalian1

Macaque1

Thalamus1

Stimulation1

Spatial2

Inputs3

Carry sensory1

20161

Biological1

Field4

Describe2

Centers1

Oxidative1

Lobes1

Photoreceptors1

Behavior2

Inhibition1

Selective2

Population1

Initiate1

Visual7

Exhibit1

Nervous system2