Pathways visual cortex. Medical search. Frequent questions

Our data suggest that OD shifts observed in the binocular visual cortex of adult mice may at least partially reflect plasticity of eye-specific inputs onto dLGN neurons. (nature.com)
Within the strictly feedforward pathway, these circuits distribute unique combinations of magno-, parvo-, and koniocellular input from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to neurons in layers 2-4B. (nih.gov)
In cats anesthetized with a combination of N2O and barbiturate we explored this area by recording extracellularly the responses of AEV neurons to visual and electric stimulation as well as by injecting HRP into physiologically verified points. (nih.gov)
The cerebrum contains grey matter and billions of unmyelinated neurons (brain cells) called the cerebral cortex. (medicinenet.com)
In neuroanatomy , a neural pathway is the connection formed by axons that project from neurons to make synapses onto neurons in another location, to enable neurotransmission (the sending of a signal from one region of the nervous system to another). (wikipedia.org)
[ citation needed ] The "new" name is based primarily on its origin (in the primary motor cortex , Brodmann area 4) and termination (onto the alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord ). (wikipedia.org)
In many parts of the brain, neurons are sensitive to changes in small parts of the visual field, sampled by the retina in the back of the eye. (frontiersin.org)
Often, nearby neurons in the brain signal changes in nearby visual field locations. (frontiersin.org)
In extrastriate visual area MT of the rhesus macaque, for example, some but not all neurons show nonzero 'choice probabilities' for perceptual decisions or non-zero 'MT-pursuit' correlations between the trial-by-trial variations in neural activity and smooth pursuit eye movements. (duke.edu)
Using subcellular channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping in mouse visual cortex, we compared feedforward (FF) or feedback (FB) cortico-cortical (CC) synaptic input to cells projecting back to the input source (looped neurons) with cells projecting to a different cortical or subcortical area. (elifesciences.org)
Are Sensory Neurons in the Cortex Committed to Original Trigger Features? (intechopen.com)
To this aim, through electrophysiology in cats, we explored that visual neurons, throughout the cortical column, have a tendency to alter their inherent properties even when presented a non-visual stimulus. (intechopen.com)
At the smallest scale, the receptive field is a property of individual neurons and summarizes the region of the visual field where visual stimulation elicits a response. (visionsciences.org)
These receptive fields are organized into visual field maps, where neighboring neurons process neighboring parts of the visual field. (visionsciences.org)
These neural pathways, or circuits, are routes made of inter-connecting neurons. (cognifit.com)
A new method termed XDream (E X tending D eepDream with r eal-time e volution for a ctivation m aximization) combined a generative neural network and a genetic algorithm in a closed loop to create strong stimuli for neurons in the macaque visual cortex. (plos.org)
Consider vision as a paradigmatic example, the selection of stimuli to probe neural activity has shaped the understanding of how visual neurons represent information. (plos.org)
Despite the progress made in understanding visual cortex by testing limited sets of hand-chosen stimuli, these experiments could be missing the true feature preferences of neurons. (plos.org)
In other words, there could be other images that drive visual neurons better than those found so far. (plos.org)
Using viral-mediated monosynaptic circuit tracing in macaque primary visual cortex (V1), we show that V1 neurons sending FF projections to area V2 receive monosynaptic FB inputs from V2, but not other V1-projecting areas. (bvsalud.org)
In the macaque visual pathway, neurons with DS first appear in V1, in the Simple cell population of the Magnocellular input layer 4Cα. (bvsalud.org)
We hypothesize that DS is initiated in feed-forward LGN input, in the summed responses of LGN cells afferent to a cortical cell, and it is achieved through the interplay of 1) different visual response dynamics of ON and OFF LGN cells and 2) the wiring of ON and OFF LGN neurons to cortex. (bvsalud.org)
Consistent with this, only a small fraction of thalamocortical neurons was binocular in vivo across visual stimuli and cortical projection layers. (bvsalud.org)
The execution of the sensorimotor aspects associated with swallowing relies on functionally connected pathways between extrapyramidal cortical motor planning regions, centers controlling the brainstem and cranial nerves, and lower motor neurons. (cdc.gov)

Brodmann area 17, V1, or primary visual cortex interprets and transfers information received from the retina, such as shape, motion, location, and color of objects in the visual field. (medicinenet.com)
The optic chiasm is a key structure in the visual system, where the fate of axons from the retina is decided, such that axons carrying information from the right visual hemifield are guided to the left hemisphere and vice versa. (frontiersin.org)
Biological visual mechanisms, from retina to cortex. (cam.ac.uk)
Vision is the result of electrical signals that travel between the retina and the part of the brain involved with vision (occipital cortex). (cigna.com)
The optic pathway includes the retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic radiations, and occipital cortex (see figure Higher visual pathways). (merckmanuals.com)
This means that some visual information from the right half of each retina (from the left visual field) travels to the right visual cortex, and visual information from the left half of each retina (from the right visual field) travels to the left visual cortex. (jrank.org)
Visual processing and, ultimately, visual fields begin in the retina. (medscape.com)

Using chronic two-photon Ca 2+ imaging of thalamic afferents in layer 1 of binocular visual cortex, we provide evidence against this tenet: the respective dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) cells showed pronounced ocular dominance (OD) shifts after monocular deprivation in adult mice. (nature.com)
Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) work shows that the number of objects is maintained by representations in the inferior intraparietal sulcus (IPS) along dorsal parietal cortex, whereas the resolution of these maintained objects is subserved by the superior IPS and the lateral occipital complex (LOC). (scirp.org)
[4] [5] Ascending sensory tracts in the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway (DCML) carry information from the periphery to the cortex of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
In expert mice, we used widefield Ca 2+ imaging to analyze target-related and distractor-related neural responses throughout dorsal cortex. (jneurosci.org)

My primary interest is to understand how sensorimotor experience in early life influences - for better or worse - the formation and maturation of functional neural circuits in the cerebral cortex. (duke.edu)
In the cerebral cortex, the primary and secondary visual cortices respond to binocular disparity and depth. (medscape.com)
The cerebral cortex that is present superficially to the cerebrum is arranged in a folded manner and is only 2-4 millimeters thick. (medicinenet.com)
The folds on the cerebral cortex are called gyri, which are divided by grooves. (medicinenet.com)
The cerebral cortex folds are the reason for the distinctive look of the brain. (medicinenet.com)
Descending motor pathways of the pyramidal tracts travel from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem or lower spinal cord . (wikipedia.org)
[ citation needed ] This naming can extend to include any number of structures in a pathway, such that the cerebellorubrothalamocortical pathway originates in the cerebellum , synapses in the red nucleus ("ruber" in Latin), on to the thalamus , and finally terminating in the cerebral cortex . (wikipedia.org)
Ulloa A , Horwitz B . Embedding Task-Based Neural Models into a Connectome-Based Model of the Cerebral Cortex. (neurotree.org)

Following neonatal surgical manipulations, a specific population of retinal ganglion cells is induced to innervate the auditory thalamus and provides visual input to cells in auditory cortex (Sur et al. (elsevierpure.com)
Penetrating arteries from the PCAs perfuse the midbrain and thalamus, and the occipital cortex is perfused by the PCAs. (medscape.com)
The human lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the visual thalamus is a key subcortical processing site for visual information analysis. (bvsalud.org)

The secondary visual cortex can generate reflexive vergence eye movements. (medscape.com)

Interestingly, although the altered input to the visual cortex would be expected to fundamentally disrupt signal integration, basic aspects of visual function are preserved, while others (binocular vision, visual acuity, fixation stability) are reduced ( Hoffmann and Dumoulin, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)

Of course, neural circuits encode many other aspects of visual stimuli aside from spatial location, including features critical for different visuo-motor behaviors such as identifying objects, tracking or otherwise interacting with objects, and moving through the world. (frontiersin.org)
For target stimuli, we observed strong signal activation in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and frontal cortices, including both the whisker region of primary motor cortex (wMC) and anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM). (jneurosci.org)
For distractor stimuli, we observed strong signal activation in S1, with minimal propagation to frontal cortex. (jneurosci.org)
In contrast, responses to distractor stimuli were abruptly suppressed beyond sensory cortex. (jneurosci.org)
Sensory cortices are inherently dynamic and exhibit plasticity in response to a variety of stimuli. (intechopen.com)
Liu Q , Ulloa A , Horwitz B . The Spatiotemporal Neural Dynamics of Intersensory Attention Capture of Salient Stimuli: A Large-Scale Auditory-Visual Modeling Study. (neurotree.org)
The scientists not only observed an increase in brain activity in regions that filter spatial information from visual stimuli, but were also able to find clues, particularly in the higher memory regions, as to how well the participants remembered the locations of the objects they were looking for. (mpg.de)

Thus, several sources of evidence support the existence of specialized neural "modules" for face perception in extrastriate cortex. (jneurosci.org)

Visual field map organization in human visual cortex. (scirp.org)
We describe a method that reconstructs population receptive field (pRF) properties in human visual cortex using fMRI. (visionsciences.org)

The right parietal lobe directs visual attention, and the frontal eye fields generate the signal for voluntary shifts from far to near targets, as well as tracking of approaching objects. (medscape.com)
The two halves of the frontal lobes are called the left and right frontal cortex. (medicinenet.com)

These results have significant implications for possible commonalities in intracortical processing circuits between sensory cortices, and for the role of inputs in specifying intracortical circuitry. (elsevierpure.com)
Recent results challenge this framework of relatively independent encoding of location and features in the early visual system, emphasizing location-dependent feature sensitivities that reflect specialization of cortical circuits for different locations in visual space. (frontiersin.org)
We propose that location-dependent feature sensitivity is a fundamental organizing principle of the visual system that achieves efficient representation of positional regularities in visual experience, and reflects the evolutionary selection of sensory and motor circuits to optimally represent behaviorally relevant information. (frontiersin.org)
Recent findings open the door to a new perspective on the encoding of visual space and other features by cortical circuits, one that emphasizes specialization of cortical circuits for processing different stimulus features in different regions of visual space. (frontiersin.org)
Several theories of hierarchical computation ascribe the bulk of the computational work of the cortex to looped FF-FB circuits between pairs of cortical areas. (bvsalud.org)

The basic laminar organization of excitatory local circuitry in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey is similar to that described previously in the cat's visual cortex (Gilbert 1983). (nih.gov)
ZEKI, S. Segregation of pathways leading from area V2 to areas V4 and V5 of macaque monkey visual cortex. (bvsalud.org)

Wiesel, T. N. & Hubel, D. H. Effects of visual deprivation on morphology and physiology of cells in the cats lateral geniculate body. (nature.com)
Anatomic and electrophysiologic connectivity studies showed that AEV receives its main afferent inputs from the lateral suprasylvian visual area (LS) and from the tecto-pulvinar complex. (nih.gov)
The local mapping implies that the lateral connections in lamina 4B preserve the topographic ordering of the visual hemi-field. (paulbourke.net)
These areas overlap with recently-discovered, retinotopically-organized visual field maps (VFMs) spanning the IPS (IPS-0/1/2/3/4/5), and potentially maps in lateral occipital cortex, such as LO-1/2, and/or TO-1/2 (hMT+). (scirp.org)
Processing of harmonics in the lateral belt of macaque auditory cortex. (neurotree.org)

Traditionally, functional representations in early visual areas are conceived as retinotopic maps preserving ego-centric spatial location information while ensuring that other stimulus features are uniformly represented for all locations in space. (frontiersin.org)
How are these representations of visual space organized in relation to other stimulus features? (frontiersin.org)
Extensive studies in the primate visual system have identified stimulus filtering throughout multiple brain regions. (jneurosci.org)
consistent with stimulus filtering before reaching cortex. (jneurosci.org)
Next, we extend conventional stimulus-referred notions of the receptive field to neural-referred properties, i.e. cortico-cortical receptive fields that capture the information flow between visual field maps. (visionsciences.org)
Cell-specific restoration of stimulus preference after monocular deprivation in the visual cortex. (uni-bonn.de)
The proposed theory includes a complete analysis of how stimulus features such as SF and TF interact with ON/OFF dynamics and LGN-to-cortex wiring to determine the preferred direction and magnitude of DS. (bvsalud.org)

Our data allow us to reject alternative accounts of the function of the fusiform face area (area "FF") that appeal to visual attention, subordinate-level classification, or general processing of any animate or human forms, demonstrating that this region is selectively involved in the perception of faces. (jneurosci.org)
This symposium will highlight current concepts of the organization of visual cortex and their relation to perception and plasticity. (visionsciences.org)
The link between visual cortex' organization, perception and plasticity is a fundamental part of vision science. (visionsciences.org)

This lecture contains the first description of the cortical projection of the visual pathways in the occipital lobe, anticipating the revolutionary studies performed by Hermann Munk (1839-1912) in the late 19th century. (minervamedica.it)
The occipital lobe is divided into four parts, each of which is responsible for a separate set of visual functions. (medicinenet.com)
Area of the OCCIPITAL LOBE concerned with the processing of visual information relayed via VISUAL PATHWAYS. (bvsalud.org)

Many of these are executed along a neural pathway that extends from the visual cortex to higher-level memory centers in our brain. (mpg.de)

Visual working memory capacity in retinotopic cortex: Number, resolution, and population receptive fields. (scirp.org)

The function of the LGS mapping is to provide each point in the retinotopic image with a representation of the entire visual hemi-field. (paulbourke.net)
Each retinotopic point is able to learn a `snapshot' of points in the visual image whose activity tends to coincide with that retinotopic point. (paulbourke.net)
Layer 4C of the macaque primary visual cortex has a strict retinotopic organisation (Blasdel and Fitzpatrick, 1984) . (paulbourke.net)
Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the published literature supports a species-specific correlation between retinotopic location and functional feature processing across the parallel streams, the fundamental organizing scheme of the visual system originally defined based solely on distinct functional feature sensitivity across areas. (frontiersin.org)

Sherman, S. M. & Spear, P. D. Organization of visual pathways in normal and visually deprived cats. (nature.com)
1991). Organization of visual inputs to the inferior temporal and posterior parietal cortex in macaques. (scirp.org)
The organization of the visual system can be described at different spatial scales. (visionsciences.org)
Visual field maps are organized in clusters that share a similar eccentricity organization. (visionsciences.org)

As such agnosia affects a single pathway when brain suffers a certain damage. (marketresearchfuture.com)
Furthermore, we will consider how these neural properties change with the state of chronic visual deprivation due to damage to the visual system, and in subjects with severely altered visual input due to prism-adaptation. (visionsciences.org)
Damage along the optic pathway causes a variety of visual field defects. (merckmanuals.com)
Damage to the optic pathway or visual cortex in the left brain-perhaps from a stroke-can cause complete loss of the right visual field. (jrank.org)

In the hippocampus there are neural pathways involved in its circuitry including the perforant pathway , that provides a connectional route from the entorhinal cortex [2] to all fields of the hippocampal formation , including the dentate gyrus , all CA fields (including CA1), [3] and the subiculum . (wikipedia.org)
We address the "stability-plasticity-conundrum" in the mouse visual system, retrosplenial cortex, and hippocampal formation on multiple scales, ranging from the synaptic to the circuit level. (uni-bonn.de)

[ citation needed ] Note that the "old" name was primarily descriptive, evoking the pyramids of antiquity, from the appearance of this neural pathway in the medulla oblongata . (wikipedia.org)

1988). We have now examined in detail the visual response properties of single cells in primary auditory cortex (A1) of these rewired animals and compared the responses to those in primary visual cortex (V1) of normal animals. (elsevierpure.com)
This paper presents a model of the mammalian primary visual cortex. (paulbourke.net)
The core proposition is the existence of two, topographically identical mappings of the visual field to the primary visual cortex, which define the geometrical organisation of orientation preference and drive the formation of patchy connectivity in the supragranular layers. (paulbourke.net)
The LGS model of the primary visual cortex suggests there is a direct relationship between globally represented objects (e.g. an oriented line) and various other response properties (e.g. orientation preference) which have a local geometry. (paulbourke.net)
Swindale (1996) has described a set of canonical properties which a model of the geometry of the primary visual cortex should take into account. (paulbourke.net)
Electroencephalogram (EEG) studies using the Contralateral Delay Activity (CDA) paradigm have revealed that cortical representations of VWM are at a minimum loosely organized like the primary visual system, such that the left side of space is represented in the right hemisphere, and vice versa. (scirp.org)
However, earlier physiological studies demonstrated robust attentional filtering within cortex, between primary visual cortex and visual area V4 ( Moran and Desimone, 1985 ). (jneurosci.org)
The pathway might connect primary sensory areas that store information and knowledge. (marketresearchfuture.com)
The primary sensory regions mainly include visual or auditory cortices. (marketresearchfuture.com)
The cause of this disorders may precede the development of primary visual agnosia. (marketresearchfuture.com)
From the LGN, the signals continue to the primary visual cortex, where further visual processing takes place. (medscape.com)
This paper offers a theory for the origin of direction selectivity (DS) in the macaque primary visual cortex, V1. (bvsalud.org)

It is concluded that AEV is a specific visual area and that functionally the extrageniculate inputs predominate. (nih.gov)
Based on our review and analysis of this evidence, we propose that the joint encoding of ego-centric spatial location and functional features is a canonical organizing principle of the visual system, likely reflecting evolutionary pressures that shape neural circuitry to optimally represent regularities in functionally relevant visual information. (frontiersin.org)

Higher visual operations in brain cortical areas. (cam.ac.uk)

Experience-dependent plasticity in the mature visual system is widely considered to be cortical. (nature.com)
NMDA receptor-dependent ocular dominance plasticity in adult visual cortex. (nature.com)
Furthermore, it was explored in mice, how the application of drugs (serotonin and ketamine) modulates potential plasticity within the visual system. (intechopen.com)

How does cortex that normally processes inputs from one sensory modality respond when provided with input from a different modality? (elsevierpure.com)
Cells in A1 of rewired animals differed from cells in normal V1: they exhibited larger receptive field sizes and poorer visual responsivity, and responded with longer latencies to electrical stimulation of their inputs. (elsevierpure.com)
Since the local mapping of the supragranular layers produces a simultaneous expansion and contraction of the current visual inputs, it accounts for both the local response properties for orientation preference and their global geometric organisation. (paulbourke.net)
Limited functional convergence of eye-specific inputs in the retinogeniculate pathway of the mouse. (uni-bonn.de)

The mappings described allow those properties of the visual field which can be predicted on the basis of spatial contiguity (texture, orientation, colour, contrast) to be available as response properties over the entire visual field. (paulbourke.net)
Picture judgments varied in the extent to which they required accessing visual semantic information (i.e., semantic categorization and line orientation judgments). (mpi.nl)

2009). Visual field maps, population receptive field sizes, and visual field coverage in the human MT+ complex. (scirp.org)

Banerjee A , Kikuchi Y , Mishkin M , Rauschecker JP , Horwitz B . Chronometry on Spike-LFP Responses Reveals the Functional Neural Circuitry of Early Auditory Cortex Underlying Sound Processing and Discrimination. (neurotree.org)

Electrophysiology tests check to see how well this visual nerve pathway sends the electrical signals needed for vision. (cigna.com)

Wiesel, T. N. & Hubel, D. H. Single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye. (nature.com)

Additional structures in the midbrain and pons are involved in these pathways and coordinating convergence eye movements with versions. (medscape.com)

These results together suggest that sensory cortices are capable of adapting to intense experiences by going through a recalibration of corresponding or neighboring sensory area(s) to redirect the sensory function and exhibit remarkable extent of neuroplasticity within the brain. (intechopen.com)

Our results support the existence of FF-FB loops in primate cortex, and suggest that FB can rapidly and selectively influence the activity of incoming FF signals. (bvsalud.org)
Swallowing occurs when descending excitatory and inhibitory signals from the cortex and subcortex and ascending signals from the oropharyngeal area trigger the central pattern generator in the bulbar reticular formation ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)

It helps the brain identify objects, recognize language, and plays an important role in visual and auditory processing. (medicinenet.com)
[1] Shorter neural pathways are found within grey matter in the brain , whereas longer projections, made up of myelinated axons, constitute white matter . (wikipedia.org)
additional pathways within the brain connect to the visual cortex . (wikipedia.org)
The first named pathways are evident to the naked eye even in a poorly preserved brain , and were named by the great anatomists of the Renaissance using cadaver material. (wikipedia.org)
To understand how individual brain areas along this pathway work together to control our behavior, Matthias Nau and Christian Doeller from the MPI CBS have developed an algorithm, together with their colleagues from Norway. (mpg.de)
The interaction of different visual and memory-forming brain areas is thus much more directly related to memory-controlled behavior than has been known up to now. (mpg.de)
VER tests the electrical activity in the whole visual pathway, from the eyes to the parts of the brain involved with vision. (cigna.com)
Visual evoked response (VER) measures how well the whole visual pathway between the eye and the brain is working. (cigna.com)
When engaged in new experiences and learning, the brain establishes a series of neural pathways. (cognifit.com)
The visual system includes the eyes, connecting pathways through to the visual cortex, and other parts of the brain (see the image below). (medscape.com)

However, the computational processes within a visual field map do not have to coincide with perceptual qualities. (visionsciences.org)
Indeed most perceptual functions are associated with multiple visual field maps and even multiple cortical regions. (visionsciences.org)

During expert performance, we measured neural activity throughout cortex using widefield imaging. (jneurosci.org)

Lessons from neurological trauma and visual deficits. (cam.ac.uk)

Mammals always retain a capacity to learn, whatever the extent of the ablation of the cortex (Meyer & Morgan-Meyer, 1984). (encyclopedia.com)

Functional imaging of audio–visual selective attention in monkeys and humans: how do lapses in monkey performance affect cross-species correspondences? (crossref.org)
This notion relates the visual field maps to the idea of functional specialization, i.e. separate cortical regions are involved in different processes. (visionsciences.org)

2011). Temporal dynamics of encoding, storage, and reallocation of visual working memory. (scirp.org)

Anatomy47

Organisms18

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs13

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment44

Psychiatry and Psychology58

Phenomena and Processes57

Disciplines and Occupations4

Information Science12

Health Care5

Neurons24

Retina7

Dorsal4

Cerebral8

Thalamus3

Secondary visual cortex1

Binocular1

Stimuli7

Extrastriate cortex1

Human visual cortex2

Frontal2

Circuits5

Macaque monkey2

Lateral5

Stimulus7

Perception3

Occipital lobe3

Centers1

Receptive fields1

Retinotopic4

Organization4

Damage4

Hippocampal formation2

Medulla1

Primary12

Functionally2

Cortical areas1

Plasticity3

Inputs4

Orientation2

Population receptive1

Circuitry1

Electrophysiology1

Responses1

Pons1

Sensory cortices1

Signals2

Brain10

Perceptual2

Neural activity1

Neurological1

19841

Functional2

Temporal1