• In mammalian cells, the NADH generated earlier in the glycolytic pathway by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is used to reduce the pyruvic acid to lactic acid, but in trypanosomes, this NADH is indirectly oxidized using molecular oxygen to generate water, and the pyruvic acid is excreted. (peertechzpublications.com)
  • However, bromoacetate, like iodoacetate, is known to be a potent, although less famous, inhibitor of the glycolytic pathway enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, in mammals and trypanosomes. (peertechzpublications.com)
  • Sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of multiple solid tumors. (nih.gov)
  • My laboratory is focused on understanding mechanisms of resistance to molecular targeting agents directed against receptor tyrosine kinases. (wisc.edu)
  • Monoclonal antibody therapy has been developed over the past 30 years to target receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which sit on the outer membrane of cancerous cells. (wisc.edu)
  • Although its pyrrolidine-based structure suggests that it is derived from proline, the results from the experiments indicated that tyrosine, glycine, methionine, and acetate are the primary precursors for the biosynthesis of anisomycin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Woolson, H. D. , Thomson, V. S. , Rutherford, C. , Yarwood, S. J. and Palmer, T. M. (2009) Selective inhibition of cytokine-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase by cyclic amp via Epac1-dependent induction of suppressor of cytokine signalling-3. (gla.ac.uk)
  • The inhibitory effect of cAMP could not be reversed by inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) but was blocked by depletion of the alternative intracellular cAMP sensor exchange protein activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1), which is also required to observe SOCS-3 accumulation in response to cAMP. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Together, these observations suggest that while SOCS-3 induction and subsequent inhibition of cytokine-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1,2 and STAT3 in response to cAMP require Epac1 and a transient PKA-independent activation of the ERK pathway, these two events are controlled by distinct mechanisms. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Morphological rescue is possible following Rho kinase inhibition in an oligodendrocyte subset. (jneurosci.org)
  • aspergillusnidulans response regulators (rrs), sska and srra, and histidine kinase (hk), nika, are involved in the growth inhibitory effects of these fungicides. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • This occurs because PGE2 modulates the trafficking of Nav1.8 by binding to G-protein-coupled EP2 receptor, which in turn activates protein kinase A. Protein kinase A phosphorylates Nav1.8 at intracellular sites, resulting in increased sodium ion currents. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stimulation of acid secretion typically involves an initial elevation of intracellular calcium and cAMP, followed by activation of protein kinase cascades, which trigger the translocation of the proton pump, H+,K+-ATPase, from cytoplasmic tubulovesicles to the apical plasma membrane and thereby H+ secretion into the stomach lumen. (genome.jp)
  • It plays a key role during sperm capacitation [ 3 - 6 ] and the acrosomal exocytosis [ 7 - 10 ], where it affects different intracellular signalling pathways. (plos.org)
  • Here we demonstrate that elevation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) specifically attenuates ERK1,2 activation in response to either leptin or a soluble interleukin IL-6 receptor-α/IL-6 (sIL-6R-α/IL-6) trans-signalling complex but not protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Ly6C high MC exhibited activated neutrophil degranulation, lysosome, cytokine production/receptor interaction and myeloid cell activation pathways, and Ly6C low MC presented features of lymphocyte immunity pathways in both mice. (frontiersin.org)
  • Under prolonged cellular stresses, the σR1 translocates to the extended ER network, whereby it interacts with and regulates the function of a variety of ion channels, receptors, or kinases. (molvis.org)
  • riok3 interacts with caspase-10 and negatively regulates the nf-kappab signaling pathway. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • These toxins alter the cellular signaling pathways, ultimately triggering an increase in chloride secretion and watery diarrhea. (bvsalud.org)
  • These receptors are responsible for activating key pathways in cancer cells that lead to their proliferation and survival. (wisc.edu)
  • Currently, there are 40 genes in SZGR 2.0 (with evidence in schizophrenia) that are present at this pathway. (uth.edu)
  • Significantly differentially expressed (SDE) immunological genes and transcription factor (TF) were selected for functional pathways and transcriptional signaling identification. (frontiersin.org)
  • A total of 7,928 SDE genes and 46 canonical pathways derived from it were identified. (frontiersin.org)
  • Twenty-four potential transcriptional regulatory pathways were identified based on SDE TFs matched with their corresponding SDE immunological genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Dried Hemsleya amabilis Diels roots were extracted by ethyl acetate and used to treat RCC4, OS-RC-2 and ACHN cells. (referencecitationanalysis.com)
  • There have been several reports on the isolation of bioactive metabolites, and the investigation of the ethyl acetate extracts from the broth and mycelia of P. citrinum has led to the extraction of nearly eighteen metabolites [11]. (crimsonpublishers.com)
  • These ATG proteins also perform an important parallel role in 'noncanonical' autophagy, a lysosome-associated signaling pathway with key functions in immunity, inflammation, cancer, and neurodegeneration. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • While the noncanonical autophagy pathway shares the common ATG machinery, it bears key mechanistic and functional distinctions, and is characterized by conjugation of ATG8 to single membranes (CASM). (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Here, we review the diverse, and still expanding, collection of stimuli and processes now known to harness the noncanonical autophagy pathway, including engulfment processes, drug treatments, TRPML1 and STING signaling, viral infection, and other pathogenic factors. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Non-canonical autophagy is a key cellular pathway in immunity, cancer, and neurodegeneration, characterized by conjugation of ATG8 to endolysosomal single membranes (CASM). (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Arginine is a known inducer of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and is responsible for inducing protein synthesis through the mTOR pathway. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
  • Citrinin (C13H14O5) is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in diluted sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, methanol, acetonitrile, ethanol and most of other polar organic solvents [4]. (crimsonpublishers.com)
  • We have discovered that E2F1 localizes to sites of both DNA double-strand breaks and UV-induced DNA damage and that this involves the phosphorylation of E2F1 by the ATM or ATR kinases. (mdanderson.org)
  • Increases phosphorylation of protein kinases in, and migration of, human umbilical vein endothelial cells. (tocris.com)
  • Glycine or acetate account for C-4 and C-5 on the pyrrolidine ring. (wikipedia.org)
  • Overview: L-threonine degradation in GapMind is based on MetaCyc pathway I via 2-ketobutyrate formate-lyase ( link ), pathway II via glycine ( link ), pathway III via methylglyoxal ( link ), and pathway IV via threonine aldolase ( link ). (lbl.gov)
  • Comment: Glycine can be reduced to acetyl phosphate by glycine reductase (EC 1.21.4.2 ), and then converted to acetate (by ackA in reverse) or acetyl-CoA (by pta) Or glycine can cleaved to ammonia, CO2, and 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate by the glycine cleavage system, gcvPTH/lpd. (lbl.gov)
  • transcriptional profiling for aspergillusnidulans hoga mapk signaling pathway in response to fludioxonil and osmotic stress. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • The overall goal of this research is to identify these mechanisms of resistance and to target specific pathways to increase the efficacy of molecular targeting agents. (wisc.edu)
  • Ly6C high MC displayed enriched inflammatory pathways and favored to be differentiated into MΦ. (frontiersin.org)
  • Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a major structural adaptor protein governing signaling complex formation and cytoskeletal dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
  • Structural textile attributes for cotton fashion fabric and acetate lining. (crimsonpublishers.com)
  • In order to examine the role of NFkappabeta in the pathophysiology of CFS, this study examines the production of NFkappabeta p50 in unstimulated, 10 ng/mL TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and 50 ng/mL PMA (phorbolmyristate acetate) stimulated peripheral blood lymphocy tes of 18 unmedicated patients with CFS and 18 age-sex matched controls. (nel.edu)
  • Specifically, alcohol and its metabolites promote intestinal inflammation through multiple pathways. (nih.gov)
  • In this pathway, a glucose molecule is converted into two pyruvic acid molecules, and a mere two ATP molecules are produced during this process. (peertechzpublications.com)
  • However, the net ATP yield (2 ATPs/glucose) is thought to be identical in the parasite's aerobic glycolysis and the host's anaerobic glycolytic pathways [2]. (peertechzpublications.com)
  • http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ "Multiple_Dictionaries", PMID:22654893] [Term] id: XCO:0000001 name: activity def: "The state of being involved in some action, either physical or mental. (mcw.edu)
  • Or, after L-lactate oxidase (lctO) forms acetate, the acetate is activated to acetyl-CoA. (lbl.gov)
  • Thus the host's liver essentially acts as a remote ATP source for the parasite, enabling them to function with only a nine-enzyme energy pathway [3]. (peertechzpublications.com)
  • Ly6C low MC manifested activated T-cell signaling pathways and potentially can adapt the function of lymphocytes. (frontiersin.org)
  • GlcDEF from E. coli (EC 1.1.99.14 ) is usually described as glycolate dehydrogenase or glycolate oxidase, but it has similar activity on D-lactate ( PMID:4557653 ), and homologs from various Proteobacteria are important for D-lactate utilization. (lbl.gov)
  • characterization of nika histidine kinase and two response regulators with special reference to osmotic adaptation and asexual development in aspergillus nidulans. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • aspergillus nidulans has many histidine-to-aspartate (his-asp) phosphorelay components, including 15 histidine kinases (hks), four response regulators (rrs), and a histidine-containing phosphotransfer intermediate (hpt). (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • development repression in MDCK susceptible pathways. (evakoch.com)