• In all cases, apoptosis is mediated by caspases, although it is unclear how these diverse apoptotic stimuli cause protease activation. (diva-portal.org)
  • Protein levels of caspases 8, 9, and 3 and cytochrome c in the ectopic and eutopic endometrium were measured by western blotting. (hindawi.com)
  • TUNEL and western blot assay showed that KTC could induce apoptosis of endometriotic tissues, accompanied with the increased protein expression of caspases 8 and 9, activated caspase-3, and cytochrome c in a dose-dependent manner. (hindawi.com)
  • Our findings suggest that KTC could inhibit the growth of ectopic endometrial tissue through upregulating the level of TNF- α and its downstream signaling, including caspases and cytochrome c. (hindawi.com)
  • mitochondrial membrane permeability → cytochrome c & AIF → activates caspases → death. (howmed.net)
  • Activates caspases 9→3 →7. (howmed.net)
  • Directly activates executioner caspases leading to apoptosis. (howmed.net)
  • Breaching the mitochondrial OM releases apoptogenic factors, including cytochrome c and DIABLO (also known as Smac), which activate a group of aspartate-specific proteases known as caspases ( Youle and Strasser, 2008 ). (biologists.com)
  • By contrast, the extrinsic apoptotic pathway can activate caspases without the participation of mitochondria. (biologists.com)
  • A series of caspases proteins have been shown to be activated by the death induced signal complex [a form of death ligand that binds to the corresponding death receptor on the cell surface ( 13 )], which in turn induces apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • One of the most consistently observed characteristics of apoptosis is the activation of a series of cytosolic proteases called caspases. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Caspases are activated upon cleavage at aspartate residues during the earliest stages of apoptosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Active caspases can then cleave many proteins, including poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), other caspases and other protein substrates en masse. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Caspases-9, -8 and -3 have been implicated in apoptosis-caspase-9 in the mitochondrial pathway, caspase-8 in the Fas/CD95 pathway, and caspase-3 more downstream, activated by multiple pathways. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Enhanced apoptosis was correlated with loss of pro-survival factors (XIAP, bcl-2, bcl-xL), expression of pro-apoptotic markers (caspases 3/7, PARP cleavage) and enhanced cell cycle regulators p21 and p27. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BCL2 proteins are described as 'crucial regulators of apoptosis' (PMID:15868100)and the intrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, which results in the activation of caspases (15102863) - help in generating a defintion for intrinsic apoptosis? (geneontology.org)
  • Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death involving the degradation of cellular constituents by a group of cysteine proteases called caspases. (geneontology.org)
  • The caspases can be activated through either the intrinsic (mitochondrial mediated) or extrinsic (death receptor mediated) apoptotic pathways. (geneontology.org)
  • In particular, we will discuss the modifications in intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways caused by proteins encoded by HPV early genes. (mdpi.com)
  • Autophagy is generally considered as a cell survival/protection mechanism because it removes toxic or obsolete proteins and organelles and recycles the degradation products for use as sources for energy and metabolites in anabolic pathways 3 . (nature.com)
  • The key regulator of this process, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), can initiate apoptosis by inducing high concentrations of proapoptotic proteins, such as BNIP3, and can cause stabilisation of p53. (bmj.com)
  • Anti-apoptotic strategies include inhibition of caspase, poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP), and Bcl-2 proteins as well as induction of the PKB/Akt pathway and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and the intrinsic pathway, which is activated by cellular stress and is regulated primarily at the level of mitochondria by the Bcl-2 family of proteins ( Fig. 1 ). (biologists.com)
  • The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated in response to a variety of stress signals ( Willis and Adams, 2005 ), and a complex interplay of Bcl-2 proteins relays this signal to the mitochondrial outer membrane (OM) to initiate Bak and Bax activation, oligomerisation and OM damage ( Fig. 1 ). (biologists.com)
  • The expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and anti-apoptotic proteins in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells was investigated by Western blotting. (researchsquare.com)
  • Western blot analysis revealed that VALD-3 upregulated pro-apoptotic proteins (Bad and Bax), downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, survivin and XIAP) and increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, Cyto-c and cleaved PARP. (researchsquare.com)
  • PMID:14996496, table 1 provides links to papers that describe subcellular location of many pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. (geneontology.org)
  • Utilization of Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins and Both Bottom-up and Top-down Mass Spectrometry for Structural Characterization of a Transcription Factor-dsDNA Complex. (cuni.cz)
  • Taken at face value, senile cataract is intimately associated with the increased risk of oxidative stress, which levies irrevocable changes in the lenticular proteins that impel the lens epithelial cells to the apoptotic phase. (molvis.org)
  • It has been previously shown that rbf1 pro-apoptotic activity depends on its ability to decrease the level of anti-apoptotic proteins such as the Bcl-2 family protein Buffy. (sdbonline.org)
  • The extrinsic pathway is mediated by a variety of death receptor ligands, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and Fas ligand (FaSL), that trigger apoptosis by binding to cell surface receptors. (cdc.gov)
  • However, in certain cell types, the extrinsic pathway also induces mitochondrial damage by cleaving the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Bid to its activated truncated form (tBid), which leads to Bak and Bax activation. (biologists.com)
  • The results of the present study suggest that P. vivax infection induces apoptosis of CD4 + T cells mediated by two types of signaling: by activation of the TNFR1 death receptor (extrinsic pathway), which is amplified by Bid, and by decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (intrinsic pathway). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, as the intrinsic apoptotic pathway seems to have evolved at the same time as multicellular organisms, whereas the extrinsic pathway is a more recent evolutionary development in veterbrates, it is felt the intrinsic mechanism was more suited to a multi-organism curation project. (geneontology.org)
  • This allowed the biochemical purification of a complex of Cytochrome c, Caspase-9 and the Apoptotic Protease Activating factor-1 (APAF1). (wikipedia.org)
  • These components are essential for forming a ternary complex called the apoptosome that activates Caspase-3 downstream of the intracellular or mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the intrinsic pathway, several adverse factors act upon mitochondria to cause loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in leakage into the cytosol of cytochrome C (Cyto C), which together with apoptotic protease activating factor 1 forms the apoptosome that activates caspase-9. (cdc.gov)
  • Communication between the pathways exists through cleavage of Bcl-2 interacting domain (Bid) by active caspase-8 to form truncated Bid (tBid). (cdc.gov)
  • Interestingly, caspase-8, whose function appeared to be restricted to death receptors, was also activated by these drugs under normal conditions, but not after ATP depletion. (diva-portal.org)
  • These results suggest that chemotherapeutic drug-induced caspase activation is entirely controlled by a receptor-independent mitochondrial pathway, whereas CD95-induced apoptosis can be regulated by a separate pathway not requiring Apaf-1 function. (diva-portal.org)
  • This pathway most probably operates through the apoptosome complex because caspase 9 mutant mice suffered similar defects. (biologists.com)
  • Different adhesion molecules are required for apoptosis, particularly caspase family as well as noncaspase proteases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can regulate the expression of apoptotic factors, including caspase‑3, Bcl‑2 and Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (Bax). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Throughout this process, caspase-3 acts as an apoptotic executor ( 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Caspase-activated DNase (CAD) or DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DFFB gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • DFF becomes activated when DFFA is cleaved by caspase-3. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also known as caspase activated nuclease (CPAN), dna fragmentation factor 40 (DFF-40), DFF2 and DFFB. (wikipedia.org)
  • Per usual in non-apoptotic growing cells caspase activated dnase is held in check inactivated in the cytoplasm thanks to the association with its inhibitor, inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD) also known as DNA fragmentation factor 45 kDa (DFF45). (wikipedia.org)
  • Caspase-3 is activated in the apoptotic cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, the present study indicated that treatment with GP suppressed the I/R-induced increase in the pro-apoptotic protein levels of Bax and cytochrome c and the activity of caspase-3/8, as well as the I/R-induced decrease in the levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl‑2. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • After three hours of in vitro culture, ovarian morphology, oxidation levels [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA)], and apoptosis levels [factor related apoptosis (Fas), Cyt-c, Caspase-9, Caspase-3] were analyzed. (tobaccoinduceddiseases.org)
  • Cytochrome c then forms a multi-protein complex known as the 'apoptosome' and initiates activation of the caspase cascade through caspase 9. (geneontology.org)
  • FLIP, Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1β converting enzyme-like inhibitory protein. (cdc.gov)
  • The present study explored the effect of NAC on LPS‑induced apoptosis of HUVECs and determined the participation of the p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the process of apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) is a heterodimeric protein of 40-kD (DFFB) and 45-kD (DFFA) subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • For instance, CSC maintenance in glioblastoma, colon cancer, gastric cancer, and prostate cancer is regulated by CD133-mediated AKT, leucine-rich G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5)-mediated Wnt/β-catenin and speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP)-mediated Nanog pathways [ 4 - 8 ] . (oaepublish.com)
  • In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, an increased protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 in the liver tissues of the I/R mice was attenuated by the administration of GP. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In accordance with its tumor suppressor role, the Retinoblastoma protein pRb can ensure pro-apoptotic functions. (sdbonline.org)
  • Here, we report that both pathways can be dissected by depletion of intracellular ATP. (diva-portal.org)
  • Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic pathway in which cellular constituents are engulfed by autophagosomes and degraded upon autophagosome fusion with lysosomes. (nature.com)
  • Osteocytes compose lacunar-canalicular network by their cytoplasmic dendrites that connect them to each other and to cells on the bone surface, important for intracellular and extracellular communication (Figure 1 ) [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since intracellular annexin V is also exposed if the plasma membrane is compromised, a membrane-impermeant dye such as 7-AAD is commonly used to distinguish between apoptotic and dead cells to exclude the dead cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The versatile regulation of intracellular redox components is the primary factor in lens homeostasis. (molvis.org)
  • Organisms usually contain large numbers of sphingolipid subspecies (for a pathway based compilation, see www.sphingomap.org) and knowledge about the types and amounts is imperative because they influence membrane structure, interactions with the extracellular matrix and neighboring cells, vesicular traffic and the formation of specialized structures such as phagosomes and autophagosomes, as well as participate in intracellular and extracellular signaling. (sphingolipidclub.com)
  • The impact of sphingolipids on MDR1 gene expression in cancer appears to reflect the myriad intracellular signaling pathways of ceramide and its metabolites. (sphingolipidclub.com)
  • The cell diversity is originated by cell differentiation, which has been attributed to the activation of specific transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, cancer cells overcome these controls, in particular by acquiring genetic mutations leading to the activation of oncogenes (pten, myc) or loss of tumor suppressors (p53) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • PI3K is activated by growth factors resulting in, among others, the activation of Akt and mTOR. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, HIF-1 actively limits the mitochondrial consumption of pyruvate at two levels: (i) through the enzyme PDK (PDH-kinase), which in turn inhibits PDH activity preventing the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and thereby limiting mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate [ 6 ] and (ii) through the direct activation of LDH [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • VALD-3 also regulated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in breast cancer cells, inhibiting the activation of downstream molecules. (researchsquare.com)
  • None theless, the results exhibiting blockade of this article infection by PI3K inhibitors additional at 0 and 2 hpi are consistent using the elevated phosphorylation of Akt at 15 and thirty min submit infection viewed within the Western blot, which marks the elevated PI3K kinase action at people early time factors, and suggest that PI3K activation is very important at the initial stage of infection. (mirnaassay.com)
  • These effects support the concept that PI3K activation is vital to the initiation of viral infection by means of a non Akt, non Rac mediated pathway. (mirnaassay.com)
  • Although the mechanisms of gene activation are still unclear, ceramide's role as a messenger of cytotoxic response to chemotherapy might be linked to the MDR pathway. (sphingolipidclub.com)
  • M ) Bcl-2 , & punches hole in (M) membane causing release of cytochrome-c into cytoplasm. (howmed.net)
  • Morphological alterations of apoptotic cell death that concern both the nucleus and the cytoplasm are remarkably similar across cell types and species [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)
  • However, the ability of HPV-infected cells to resist apoptotic signals renders such therapies ineffective. (mdpi.com)
  • PCD has fundamental functions in tissue development and homeostasis, as PCD is activated to sculpt or remove structures, regulate cell numbers, and eliminate unnecessary or dysfunctional cells. (nature.com)
  • Breast cancer cells were treated with varying concentrations (1 to 5 mg/ml) of Solanum nigrum extract for 24 and 48 h. (ijpsonline.com)
  • A previous study reported that the extract of the whole plant of SN activated cell death in hepatoma cells through autophagy and apoptosis [ 7 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • 1/100,000 of CD4 cells are infected by HIV. (howmed.net)
  • The severity of hypoxia determines whether cells become apoptotic or adapt to hypoxia and survive. (bmj.com)
  • Cells will adapt by activating the expression of genes involved in metabolic adaptation, such as those involved in glycolysis. (bmj.com)
  • 3- 5 Therefore, during severe hypoxia or anoxia, the cell initiates a cascade of events that leads to apoptotic cell death, thereby preventing the accumulation of cells with hypoxia induced mutations. (bmj.com)
  • Low ATP concentrations in hypoxic tumour cells disable the apoptotic cascade and induce cell death by necrosis. (bmj.com)
  • Western blot analysis of extracts from Jurkat, PC12 and C2C12 cells, using Apaf-1 Antibody. (cellsignal.com)
  • The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units. (wikipedia.org)
  • It remains inactive in growing cells while it is associated with its inhibitor (ICAD, DNA fragmentation factor 45 kDa subunit, DFFA or DFF45) resulting into a complex ICAD-CAD. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cancer stem cell (CSC) paradigm emerged from investigating a subpopulation of less-differentiated CD34+/CD38- cells possessing stem cell-like renewal ability and robust malignant-initiating capacity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) [ 1 ] . (oaepublish.com)
  • In normal cells, the fate of pyruvate depends on many factors, one of which is oxygen availability. (hindawi.com)
  • In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • Other factors have since been linked with the decision by plant cells to activate cell death, including cell survival signals, stress signals, developmental cues, pathogen recognition and metabolic state. (essaywriter.org)
  • In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of VALD-3, a Schiff base ligand synthesized from o-vanillin derivatives, on human breast cancer cells and the possible underlying mechanisms. (researchsquare.com)
  • In the final stages of the process, dying cells become fragmented into apoptotic bodies and consequently are eliminated by phagocytic cells without significant inflammatory damage to surrounding cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Changes in the plasma membrane are one of the characteristics of the apoptotic process detected in living cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The populations of cells that are stained with annexin V only represent the apoptotic cell populations. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) restore the p53 pathway in neuroblastoma cells. (nature.com)
  • In the present study, the occurrence of apoptosis and its pathways in CD4 + T cells was investigated in naturally Plasmodium vivax -infected individuals from a Brazilian endemic area (Porto Velho - RO). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Defects can occur at any point along these pathways, leading to malignant transformation of the affected cells, tumour metastasis and resistance to anticancer drugs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Usually phagocytic cells engulf apoptotic cells before apoptotic bodies occur. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Exposure of cells to either octanoic acid (C8:0), a C8-ceramide hydrolysis product, or oleic acid (C18:1) did not affect MDR1 expression. (sphingolipidclub.com)
  • rbf1 , the Drosophila homolog of Rb , also displays a pro- apoptotic activity in proliferative cells. (sdbonline.org)
  • the prodrug approach may be truly selective because it requires the aberrant high ROS levels in cancer cells to activate it. (5dok.net)
  • Precis: Pulsed high doses versus sustained low doses of the p53-MDM2 inhibitor HDM201 elicit a pro-apoptotic response from wild-type p53 cancer cells, offering guidance to current clinical trials with this and other drugs that exploit the activity of p53. (bace-signal.com)
  • Continuous exposure of HDM201 led to induction of p21 and delayed accumulation of apoptotic cells. (bace-signal.com)
  • Apoferritin-encapsulation of cysteine protease inhibitors for cathepsin L inhibition in cancer cells. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Interestingly, specific dysregulated signaling pathways maintain CSCs renewal capacity with unique patterns among various tumor types. (oaepublish.com)
  • In a fasting state, increased glucagon and epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion induce autophagy, and glucocorticoids have also been shown to induce autophagy by stimulating the transcription of autophagy genes such as ATG5, LC3, and Beclin-1 in various tissues 8 . (nature.com)
  • During hypoxia, an intricate balance exists between factors that induce or counteract apoptosis, or even stimulate proliferation. (bmj.com)
  • In addition, activating signals may induce the internalization of expressed receptors to selectively down-regulate their intensity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cu is not only involved in regulatory cell death (RCD), but also in exogenous factors that induce cellular responses and toxic outcomes. (ijbs.com)
  • To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)
  • 1 Neoplasms, or more commonly tumors, are the result of aberrant growth of tissue. (5dok.net)
  • We recently reported that a key step leading to Bak homo-oligomerisation following an apoptotic stimulus involves transient exposure of the Bak BH3 domain before it binds to the hydrophobic groove of another activated Bak molecule to form a novel symmetric dimer. (biologists.com)
  • Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies. (howmed.net)
  • This triggers potent inside out signals inducing ADP release from dense bodies ( Shape change & agonist release ) as well as activating platelet major integrin α IIb β 3 . (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2004). Inhibition of cell growth by EGR-1 in human primary cultures from malignant glioma. (nature.com)
  • The apoptotic process is characterized by certain morphological features. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • In contrast, regulation of breast cancer CSCs (BCSCs) occurs by CD44 standard splice isoform (CD44s)-activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor b (PDGFRb)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), forkhead box C1 (FOXC1)-activated sonic hedgehog (SHH), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)/S1PR3-activated NOTCH pathways [ 10 - 13 ] . (oaepublish.com)
  • Moreover, Wnt signaling cascades cross-talk with the FGF, Notch, Hedgehog (Hg), and TGFβ/BMP signaling pathways and regulate the expression of CSC markers, such as CD44, CD133 (PROM1), EPCAM, and LGR5 (GPR49) in these tumors [ 9 ] . (oaepublish.com)
  • In Apaf1 -/- /Bcl2l -/- double mutant embryos, no cell death could be detected in the otic epithelium,demonstrating that the cell death regulated by the anti-apoptotic Bcl2l isoform, Bcl-X L in the otic epithelium is Apaf1-dependent. (biologists.com)
  • Inflammatory dysregulation resulting from each organ failure results in rising levels of circulating chemokines, cytokines and activated lymphocytes [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Various mechanical, hormonal, and biochemical factors affect the expression and function of GJC. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By stimulating the expression of glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes, HIF-1 promotes glycolysis to generate more pyruvate [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 1996). Expression of Egr-1 correlates with the transformed phenotype and the type of viral latency in EBV genome positive lymphoid cell lines. (nature.com)
  • C-PC treatment possibly prevented cataractogenesis triggered by sodium selenite, by regulating the lens crystallin, redox genes, and apoptotic cascade mRNA expression and thus maintains lens transparency. (molvis.org)
  • The Combination of Resveratrol and Quercetin Attenuates Metabolic Syndrome in Rats by Modifying the Serum Fatty Acid Composition and by Upregulating SIRT 1 and SIRT 2 Expression in White Adipose Tissue - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (qualitycounts.com)
  • it both initiates a proteolytic cascade of pro-apoptotic enzymes and damages mitochondrial function. (biologists.com)
  • Total RNA was isolated on P16, and the relative abundance of mRNA of the crystallin structural genes, redox components, and apoptotic cascade were ascertained with real-time PCR with reference to the internal control β-actin . (molvis.org)
  • This article gives a comprehensive review of apoptosis, its mechanisms, how defects along the apoptotic pathway contribute to carcinogenesis and how apoptosis can be used as a vehicle of targeted treatment in cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1. FAS & TNF1 receptor families with death domain. (howmed.net)
  • In this study, we report a central role of the transcription factor, early growth response-1 (EGR1), in the regulation of HDAC inhibitor-induced apoptotic cell death in synovial sarcoma. (nature.com)
  • Taken together, our findings indicate that SS18-SSX-mediated attenuation of an EGR1-PTEN network regulates synovial sarcoma cell survival, and that HDAC inhibitor-mediated apoptosis operates at least in part through reactivation of this pathway. (nature.com)
  • They play a substantial role in survival and cell death, since pro-apoptotic signals can propagate through them. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As it is presented in this schematic presentation, HC composing connexon placing on the body of osteocytes and osteoblasts respond to different signals which then control the transmission of different factors among are PGE2, ATP, and PNS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To support this spectrum of requirements, BD Biosciences offers a full range of apoptosis detection tools and technologies for measuring indicators at different stages across the apoptotic process. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The main aim of this paper is to review the pathways that lead to cell death in plants with a purpose of identifying the anti-cell death genes. (essaywriter.org)
  • Real-time PCR analysis showed the crystallin genes ( αA- , βB1- , γD- ) and redox cycle components ( Cat , SOD-1 , Gpx ) were downregulated, the apoptotic components were upregulated, and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 was downregulated in Group II. (molvis.org)
  • Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency (OMIM 613179) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disease leading to combined immunodeficiency and neurological abnormalities, which may include developmental delay, hypotonia, and spasticity ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Organ failure in the heart or kidney can initiate various complex metabolic, cell-mediated and humoral pathways affecting distant organs, contributing to the high therapeutic costs and significantly higher morbidity and mortality. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2015;2015:474032 - 'Resveratrol (RSV) and quercetin (QRC) modify energy metabolism and reduce cardiovascular risk factors included in the metabolic syndrome (MetS). (qualitycounts.com)
  • Autophagy/macroautophagy is a lysosome-dependent catabolic process characterized by increased formation of double-membrane autophagosomes for the sequestration of cytoplasmic components and subsequent degradation after autophagosome fusion with lysosomes 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon, defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in an extensive variety of diseases. (geneontology.org)
  • Choose fixed kits that allow you to explore entire pathways or processes. (emdmillipore.com)
  • PNP, with adenosine deaminase (ADA), is part of the purine salvage pathway. (frontiersin.org)
  • Purine nucleoside phosphorylase is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme of the purine salvage pathway as is adenosine deaminase, deficiency of which also causes immunodeficiency. (frontiersin.org)
  • To form the higher-order oligomers that probably constitute the apoptotic pore complex, Bak dimers then interact via regions away from the BH3 domain and groove. (biologists.com)
  • Two regulatory pathways have been recently identified, but it remains unknown whether they are functionally independent or linked to each other. (diva-portal.org)
  • The breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and ZR-75-1 cell lines were analyzed using MTT assay, flow cytometry, and spectrophotometric methods. (mdpi.com)