Pathologic retinal and choroidal disease choroid diseases. Medical search. Frequent questions

Causes of hyperfluorescence: window/transmission (filling) defects leaking defects (i.e. capillary leakage, aneurysm, neovascularization) pooling defects staining abnormal vasculature Causes of hypofluorescence: blocking defect (i.e. blood) filling defect (capillary nonperfusion/blockage) Fluorescein angiography is used by physicians specializing in the treatment of eye diseases (ophthalmologists) to evaluate the vasculature of the retina, choroid, optic disc, and iris. (wikipedia.org)
Among the common groups of ophthalmologic disease, fluorescein angiography can detect diabetic retinopathy (neovascularization), vein occlusions, retinal artery occlusions, edema of the optic disc, and tumors. (wikipedia.org)
In vivo tests were performed after laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in rats, followed by an intravitreal injection (5 µL) of mHep (10, 100, 1000 ng/mL) or balanced salt solution. (bvsalud.org)
This compound may serve as a candidate for treating choroidal neovascularization. (bvsalud.org)
Choroidal neovascularization is a leading cause of impaired vision and blindness in eyes with uveitis, and SD-OCT is a useful way to detect it and monitor treatment (See Figure 2) . (reviewofophthalmology.com)
Punctate inner choroidopathy with choroidal neovascularization, left eye. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
proposed a classification system for myopic maculopathy based on fundus appearance in addition to "plus lesions," which included lacquer cracks, choroidal neovascularization, or Fuchs spots. (eyerounds.org)
Freund KB, Zweifel SA, Engelbert M. Do we need a new classification for choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration? (medscape.com)
Rogers AH, Martidis A, Greenberg PB, Puliafito CA. Optical coherence tomography findings following photodynamic therapy of choroidal neovascularization. (medscape.com)
The role of adult bone marrow-derived stem cells in choroidal neovascularization. (medscape.com)
It oc-curs less frequently in the set-ting of vitreoretinal traction, choroidal neovascularization and a number of other con--ditions. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

As the tumor enlarges, it may cause distortion of the pupil (iris melanoma), blurred vision (ciliary body melanoma), or markedly decreased visual acuity caused by secondary retinal detachment (choroidal melanoma). (cigna.com)
and serous retinal detachment (See Figure 1C) . (reviewofophthalmology.com)
Figure 2: Clarus color fundus photograph of the left eye demonstrating signs of high myopia and prior retinal detachment. (eyerounds.org)
Retinal detachment is an eye problem that happens when the retina (a neuroectodermal tunic layer at the back of the eye that senses light and sends signals to the brain) lifts away or detaches from its underlying layer of support tissue(retinal pigment epithelium) at the back of the eye. (petmoo.com)
Canine Retinal detachment occurs most often from the fluid accumulation beneath the retina, because of some pathologic process either within the eye or elsewhere in the body. (petmoo.com)
Retinal detachment is often secondary to other conditions such as trauma (including previous ocular surgery), metabolic disorders, high myopia or vitreous disease, vascular disease, choroidal tumors, or degeneration, uveitis, or thinning of the peripheral retina (lattice degeneration), retinoschisis, etc. (petmoo.com)
The best way to prevent from retinal detachment is maintaining proper eye hygiene with products engineered specifically for dogs and maintaining overall health. (petmoo.com)
The prognosis for dogs diagnosed with retinal detachment has never been better with today's medications available. (petmoo.com)
If the condition is not diagnosed earlier in the course of the disease or if it has progressed to deep detachment, the pet may lose its vision or may not respond fully to the treatment. (petmoo.com)
One study used OCT to examine 84 eyes with ME secondary to uveitis, which provided the added benefit of re-vealing or confirming the presence of epiretinal membranes and serous retinal detachment in 41 and 20 percent of their cases, respectively. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

Multifocal choroidopathy syndromes are rare disorders involving a primary pathologic process occurring at or near the level of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with or without photoreceptor outer segment and choriocapillaris involvement. (medscape.com)
Within weeks, this line is replaced by an orange zone, which eventually becomes a larger sector of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) depigmentation and retinal vasculature attenuation. (medscape.com)
6 Sandwiched between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the sclera, the choroid is approximately 0.22- to 0.3-mm thick at the posterior pole, thinning anteriorly. (arvojournals.org)
Given its high degree of reproducibility, SD-OCT is an invaluable technique for characterizing pathologic features of the retina, including the retinal pigment epithelium, and in assessing disease activity and therapeutic response. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
RPD present as hyperreflective deposits on OCT that sit above the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), as opposed to typical drusen deposits, which are sub-RPE. (reviewofoptometry.com)
This group of rare disorders involves a primary pathologic process occurring at or near the level of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with or without photoreceptor outer segment and choriocapillaris involvement. (medscape.com)
Although autopsy studies have documented histological and ultrastructural changes associated with AMD in the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choriorcapillaris and choroid in middle age, the disease typically does not manifest clinically before age 55 (10). (org.es)
A fluorescein angiograph of the retina showed knobby hyperfluorescence of the retinal arterioles with minimal leakage, as well as some spots of leakage at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium. (cdc.gov)
Fluid accumulation in between retina and retinal pigment epithelium at the back of the eye. (petmoo.com)

Fluorescein angiography (FA), fluorescent angiography (FAG), or fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) is a technique for examining the circulation of the retina and choroid (parts of the fundus) using a fluorescent dye and a specialized camera. (wikipedia.org)
[ 1 ] The basis for this classification was that these disorders occurred primarily in young adult women, affected the outer retina and choroid, and were associated with inflammation, visual field loss, and in some instances, electroretinogram abnormalities. (medscape.com)

Characteristic to the disease is the profound atrophy of the brain accompanied by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and the presence of tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). (frontiersin.org)
Incomplete RPE and outer retinal atrophy (iRORA) is a relatively new term defined by the Classification of Atrophy Meeting group ( Table 1 ). (reviewofoptometry.com)
Macula: In the right eye, there was patchy chorioretinal atrophy with a small retinal hemorrhage in the superotemporal macula near a lacquer crack. (eyerounds.org)
The CNVM has resolved and there is some mild outer retinal atrophy in the area (arrow). (eyerounds.org)

a An additional cohort of patients with pathologic myopia and no evidence of mCNV were enrolled as a negative control group. (medscape.org)
This paper highlighted the complications of pathologic myopia. (reviewofoptometry.com)
Pathologic myopia (PM) represents a spectrum of degenerative ocular structural complications that arise secondary to high myopia. (reviewofoptometry.com)
This case report will discuss a female patient with pathologic myopia and outlines the various manifestations and management options. (reviewofoptometry.com)
There is no consensus definition of the term pathologic myopia. (eyerounds.org)
Many studies define high myopia (HM) as -5.00 to -8.00 diopters axial myopia or >26.0 mm to >26.5 mm axial length and pathologic myopia (PM) as HM in addition to lesions or degenerative fundus changes that result in decreased best corrected visual acuity. (eyerounds.org)

Uveitis is a disease complex characterized by intraocular inflammation of the uvea that is an important cause of blindness and social morbidity. (bvsalud.org)
1 Isolated anterior uveitis usually causes non-cystic retinal thickening that correlates well with disease activity. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
One study that showed a 20-percent change in retinal thickness correlated well with a 10-letter change in visual acuity, suggesting that changes in SD-OCT could be a meaningful measure of treatment success in macular edema related to uveitis. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
ME is a frequent cause of vision loss in pa-tients with diabetes mellitus, retinal venous oc-clusion, uveitis, and following in--traocular surgery. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
5 The study found a moderate correlation be-tween retinal thickness and decreasing visual ac-uity, although the degree of correlation has varied across studies with other investigators reported weak, 6 mo-de-rate, 7 and strong 8,9,10 cor-relations using varying statistical methods in di-verse pa-tient pop-ulations, including pa-tients with diabetic retinopathy, uveitis and CME. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

Melanoma of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, and choroid), though rare, is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. (cigna.com)
The typical choroidal melanoma is a brown, elevated, dome-shaped subretinal mass. (cigna.com)

The ophthalmic artery supplies the choroid via the short posterior ciliary arteries and the retina via the central retinal artery, but the route to the choroid is typically less circuitous than the route to the retina. (wikipedia.org)
Uveal melanomas can arise in the anterior (iris) or the posterior (ciliary body or choroid) uveal tract. (cigna.com)
1 Using this advanced technology, we can diagnose posterior segment disease earlier and more accurately, identify biomarkers that indicate severity of disease and deepen our understanding of the pathological processes that affect the retina. (reviewofoptometry.com)
Excessive axial length elongation drives biomechanical stretching of the posterior globe often associated with retinal and choroidal changes that inevitably lead to severe and irreversible visual impairment. (reviewofoptometry.com)
The previously reported posterior pole findings appreciated via dilated fundoscopy were as follows: treated retinal tear with old cryotherapy and new barrier laser scars (12:30) in the right eye, and treated retinal tears (11:00, 1:30) with pigmented lattice degeneration (5:00-6:00), all surrounded by barrier laser in the left eye. (reviewofoptometry.com)

Lastly, serous retinal detachments are characterized by a separation between the neurosensory retina and RPE. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
There was a small amount of subretinal fluid underlying the retinal tears that did not extend beyond the newer laser scars, otherwise there was no new breaks or detachments with scleral indentation performed 360 in each eye. (reviewofoptometry.com)
It is rare for dogs to have retinal detachments from birth, but sometimes detached retina that develops in the puppyhood are usually connected with severe, hereditary birth defects in the eye. (petmoo.com)
There are no treatments for some types of retinal detachments - congenital detachments and degeneration of the retina-associated detachments. (petmoo.com)

While the central retinal artery provides the inner retina's blood supply, most of its oxygen demand is supplied by diffusion from the underlying choroid (which is the sole supply of the avascular fovea), which is in turn supplied by the ciliary arteries. (arvojournals.org)
Approximately 40-50% of patients with GCA have ophthalmologic complications, including visual loss secondary to A-AION, central retinal artery occlusion, homonymous hemianopsia or cortical blindness (uni- or bilateral occipital infarction) [ 6 ]. (intechopen.com)

An indocyanine green angiograph showed diffuse hyperfluorescence of the choroid. (cdc.gov)

While optical coherence tomography angiography provides an en face depiction of the choroidal vasculature, it does not reveal flow dynamics. (arvojournals.org)
D Dioptres, AL Axial length, FA Fluorescein angiography, OCTA Optical coherence tomography angiography, SD-OCT Spectral domain optical coherence tomography, mCNV Myopic choroidal neovascularisation. (medscape.org)
Optical coherence tomography is a safe, non-invasive modality that allows for high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging of the retina through detection of relative changes in reflectivity at optical interfaces by infrared light.1 Compared with time-domain OCT, spectral-domain OCT has allowed for improved visualization of retinal morphology with its ability to achieve axial resolutions of 5 to 7 μm. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

Hyphema was secondary to systemic disease (15/20) or occurred as a primary ocular lesion (5/20) in four dogs and one cat. (scielo.br)

The patient had an extensive ocular history with regards to retinal changes related to PM. She underwent barrier laser retinopexy of retinal tears in both eyes approximately twelve years prior with re-treatment ten years later for additional laser barricade around the retinal tears in addition to inferior lattice degeneration in her left eye. (reviewofoptometry.com)

Spectral-domain showing choroidal neovascular membrane. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
This patient was diagnosed with a choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) overlying a lacquer crack (break in Bruch's membrane). (eyerounds.org)

Since the initial description of the disease by Nozik and Dorsch in 1973, hundreds of patients have been reported in the literature with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis (MCP). (medscape.com)

The choroid is a vascular network providing the bulk of the oxygen and nutrient supply to the retina and may play a pivotal role in retinal disease pathogenesis. (arvojournals.org)

It allowed me to move into the field of glaucoma and retinal ganglion cell neurodegeneration. (glaucoma.org)

[ 10 ] Accordingly, discussion of the various multifocal choroidopathy syndromes in this article addresses each disease as a separate entity. (medscape.com)

For example, restoration of retinal architecture at the IS/OS junction following systemic immunomodulatory treatment has been reported in birdshot chorioretinopathy. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
The diagnosis of GCA requires age more than 50 years at disease onset, new headache in the temporal area, temporal artery tenderness, and/or reduced pulse, jaw claudication, systemic symptoms, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) exceeding 50 mm/hr, and typical histologic findings (granulomatous involvement) in temporal artery biopsy (TAB) [ 5 ]. (intechopen.com)
Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases, p.374-418. (scielo.br)
Hyphema may also result from systemic diseases, including widespread inflammation ( Powell 2002 Powell C.C. 2002. (scielo.br)
Systemic diseases such as sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease that causes noncaseating granulomas. (lecturio.com)
For immune diseases - Systemic corticosteroids. (petmoo.com)

UWF retinal photo of the top (A) and bottom (B) eye showing a tessellated fundus, tilted nerve with temporal crescent. (reviewofoptometry.com)
Conventional flash fundus cameras capture color images that are oversaturated in the red channel and washed out in the green and blue channels, resulting in a retinal picture that often looks flat and reddish. (biomedcentral.com)
Color fundus photography is an important tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of various retinal diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Clear and detailed photographs allow for an accurate evaluation of the ocular fundus and provide a precise documentation of retinal findings that can be archived, shared for telemedicine applications, or used as a valuable educational tool [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Currently, color images acquired with traditional fundus cameras continue to play a pivotal role in the documentation, diagnosis and monitoring of retinal disorders [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we'll discuss how to spot and analyze OCT findings associated with a wide range of retinal pathologies. (reviewofoptometry.com)
Ultra-widefield retinal imaging was obtained to document the retinal findings (Figures 1a, 1b). (reviewofoptometry.com)
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
High-risk Pathologic Features Based on Presenting Findings in Advanced Intraocular Retinoblastoma: A Multicenter, International Data-Sharing American Joint Committee on Cancer Study. (sc-ctsi.org)

Subretinal fluid in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

SD-OCT can identify hyperreflectivity, thinning, loss of or edema of retinal and chorioretinal interface layers in white dot syndromes, which may provide more accurate case definitions of these disorders and better prognostic clues. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
Macular edema represents the pathologic accumulation of extracellular fluid within the retina, primarily in the outer plexiform and inner nuclear layers, as a nonspecific re-sponse to a breakdown in the blood-retinal barriers. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

Rima Fuad Jubran, MD, MPH, MACM is medical director of the Retinoblastoma Program in the Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, where she cares for children with central nervous system tumors, retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma. (sc-ctsi.org)
Telomere Dysfunction, Chromosomal Instability and Cancer -- Genetic Instability and Disease Prognostication -- Causes of Chromosomal Instability -- Patterns of Chromosomal Aberrations in Solid Tumors -- Yeast as Models of Mitotic Fidelity -- The Diverse Effects of Complex Chromosome Rearrangements and Chromothripsis in Cancer Development. (nshealth.ca)

Although the macula comprises only four percent of retinal area, it is responsible for the majority of useful photopic vision. (org.es)
These pathologic changes in the macula were the most likely cause of the blurring of vision in such patients, which has been the case in our experience. (cdc.gov)
did not state whether these procedures had been performed on their patients to confirm or exclude retinal or choroidal vasculopathy in the macula. (cdc.gov)

While most clinicians are aware to look for the presence of drusen on OCT cross-section scans, a variety of additional biomarkers of disease severity can be spotted in regard to atrophic or nonexudative AMD. (reviewofoptometry.com)
The internal structure of drusen as seen on OCT can also give clues to the severity of disease. (reviewofoptometry.com)
The bottom two images show a patient with biomarkers of more advanced disease who presents with drusen of irregular, non-uniform internal reflectivity (red arrows), hyperreflective columns (white arrow) and hyperreflective foci (yellow arrows). (reviewofoptometry.com)

[ 1 ] describes the acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR complex) spectrum of diseases. (medscape.com)
[ 7 , 8 ] Acute macular neuroretinopathy, a bilateral condition affecting otherwise healthy young adults, appears to involve a pathologic process occurring more in the middle and outer retinal layers rather than in the RPE and choriocapillaris. (medscape.com)
Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. (lecturio.com)

A 6-second bolus injection of 2-5 cc of sodium fluorescein into a vein in the arm or hand A series of black-and-white or digital photographs are taken of the retina before and after the fluorescein reaches the retinal circulation (approximately 10 seconds after injection). (wikipedia.org)
Choroidal flow was moderately pulsatile, with peak systolic velocity averaging approximately 10 mm/sec and resistive index of 0.55. (arvojournals.org)

Virtually any pathologic process that involves the RPE and damages the Bruch membrane can be complicated by CNV. (medscape.com)

[ 3 ] suggested an ischemic choroidopathy, which resulted from primary inflammation of the choriocapillaris, as the unifying pathogenesis of these diseases. (medscape.com)
Pre-formed fibrils are an invaluable preclinical model for exploring pathogenesis of neurological diseases through aggregation of misfolded proteins. (acrobiosystems.com)
While choroidal changes are associated with retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration 3 and diabetic retinopathy, 4 , 5 the limited ability to characterize choroidal flow leaves its role in pathogenesis and progression unclear. (arvojournals.org)

citation needed] Pathologic changes are recognized by the detection of either hyperfluorescence or hypofluorescence. (wikipedia.org)

That group chose to honor his legacy by accepting case reports from optometric residents across the country relating to vitreoretinal disease. (reviewofoptometry.com)

26.5 mm, plus characteristic degenerative changes of the sclera/ choroid/retina) who were diagnosed with mCNV using FA. (medscape.org)

In the normal eye, fluorescein is prevented from passing into the retina by the blood-retinal barriers. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

BSCR is characterized by distinctive multiple choroidal hypopigmented lesions in combination with retinal vasculitis and vitritis, and the extraordinary feature that virtually all patients are HLA-A29 positive. (eur.nl)

Excluded patients with other retinal or choroidal diseases, or dense cataracts. (medscape.org)

The first genome-wide association study facilitated novel concepts into a disease mechanism beyond HLA-A29 that includes strong genetic predisposition for the ERAP2 gene that affects antigen processing for HLA class I. Furthermore, patients manifest with pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles and pathogenic T cell subsets that are associated with IL-17-linked inflammation. (eur.nl)

Haemorrhage in the anterior chamber may be seen in connection with tumours and inflammations, in bleeding disorders, and also in connection with the inherited disease Collie Eye Anomaly. (vin.com)

DME shows small areas of hyporeflectivity and a spongy appearance to the retinal layers, thus resulting in increased macular thickness. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

Excluded patients with co-existing retinal conditions, history of ocular inﬂammation in the study eye, signiﬁcant media opacities, or large haemorrhage. (medscape.org)
Excluded patients with co- existing retinal conditions, or previous ocular treatments in the study eye. (medscape.org)
Many patients with dry AMD are asymptomatic and unaware of the disease. (org.es)
A recent article by Chlebicki et al ( 1 ) described 4 patients hospitalized for dengue fever who were found to have retinal hemorrhages. (cdc.gov)
The authors concluded that the retinal hemorrhages were responsible for the patients' visual symptoms. (cdc.gov)
In addition, clinical examination and investigation of these patients showed vasculopathologic changes in the macular region that affected the retinal and choroidal blood vessels ( 5 ), although the tissues of the periphery tended to be spared. (cdc.gov)
Therefore, these authors would have had difficulty concluding that retinal hemorrhages caused blurring of vision and metamorphopsia in patients with dengue maculopathy. (cdc.gov)
Chlebicki MP , Ang B , Barkham T , Laude A . Retinal hemorrhages in 4 patients with dengue fever. (cdc.gov)

The choroid has the highest rate of blood flow per unit weight of any tissue. (arvojournals.org)
CME appears as low reflective intraretinal spaces that are separated by thin retinal tissue with high reflectivity. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

A wealth of data can be uncovered when evaluating the OCT cross-section in a patient with confirmed or suspected AMD to better stage the disease and consider the patient's risk of progression. (reviewofoptometry.com)
Yet neither type of theory has performed well in explaining late-life disease aetiology, particularly with respect to disease onset, presentation and progression. (preprints.org)

We are beginning to understand that the underlying biology of BSCR comprises various pathologic aspects branched into multiple molecular pathways. (eur.nl)

6 ] Most uveal tract melanomas originate in the choroid. (cigna.com)

Diseases associated with ZO-1 dysfunction include Celiac Disease and Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome. (thermofisher.com)

The early images allow for the recognition of autofluorescence of the retinal tissues. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy19

Organisms1

Diseases21

Chemicals and Drugs5

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes3

Neovascularization11

Detachment10

Pigment9

Retina and choroid2

Atrophy4

Myopia6

Uveitis5

Melanoma2

Posterior5

Detachments4

Central retina2

Diffuse1

Optical coherence3

Secondary1

Ocular history1

Neovascular2

Choroiditis1

Vascular1

Glaucoma1

Multifocal1

Systemic6

Fundus5

Findings4

Subretinal1

Edema2

Tumors2

Macula3

Drusen3

Outer3

Approximately 102

Membrane1

Pathogenesis3

Hyperfluorescence1

Vitreoretinal1

26.5 mm1

Fluorescein1

Lesions1

Cataracts1

Inflammation1

Disorders1

Thickness1

Patients8

Tissue2

Progression2

Pathways1

Uveal1

Syndrome1

Tissues1