Pathogens plasma membrane proteins genes bacterial. Medical search. Frequent questions

One type of PRR is a group of integral membrane glycoproteins called toll-like receptors (TLRs), which can recognize certain lipoproteins, peptidoglycan, CpG-rich DNA, and flagellar components in bacterial cells, as well as glycoproteins and phospholipids from protozoan parasites and conidia (fungal spores). (wikipedia.org)
Plays also a crucial role in the innate immune response to fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens. (icr.ac.uk)
Upon stimulation by fungal proteins, CLEC7A together with SYK activates immune cells inducing the production of ROS. (icr.ac.uk)
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous saprophytic fungus, which has become the most common air-borne fungal pathogen of humans ( Tekaia and Latge, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)
We conclude that the rice OsWAK genes studied are part of basal defense response, potentially mediated by chitin from fungal cell walls. (biomedcentral.com)
So far eight bacterial, four fungal PAMPs and 20 PRRs have been identified molecularly [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The best studied PAMP recognition systems in plants are represented by the bacterial flagellin recognized by the Arabidopsis thaliana FLS2 receptor and the fungal chitin recognized by the CEBiP receptor [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Host membranes are inherently critical for niche homeostasis of vacuolar pathogens. (microbialcell.com)
therefore, host lipids and their biosynthesis pathways have emerged as critical regulators of intracellular replication for vacuolar pathogens both as organelle membrane building blocks as well as nutrients [8] [9] . (microbialcell.com)

Lateral partitioning of proteins and lipids shapes membrane function. (elifesciences.org)
Often starting as a phagosome in the endocytic compartment, these bacteria-occupied vacuoles transition into organelles with novel molecular features via remodeling of host proteins and lipids through the highly coordinated actions of bacterial factors [3] [5] . (microbialcell.com)

In the early 1960s, following the discovery of the IgG subclasses, certain associations were also recognized between individual subclass deficiencies, decreased ability to respond to certain types of antigens (ie, bacterial polysaccharides), and recurrent infection. (medscape.com)
The control over access to iron is one of the central battlefields during infection as pathogens have to "steal" the iron from the host. (frontiersin.org)
During infection, it, too, delivers effector proteins across the two membranes and into the host cell. (asmblog.org)
All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT fatal number. (workflowdigital.com)
Elevated levels of CTSB was observed in the lungs of mice and rabbits following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv as well as in plasma from acute tuberculosis patients. (frontiersin.org)
WAK genes are often transcriptionally regulated during infection but the pathways involved in this regulation are not known. (biomedcentral.com)
Finally, we show that OsWAK91 is required for H 2 O 2 production and sufficient to enhance defense gene expression during infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Biophysical and proteomic analyses suggest functions of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 extracellular vesicles in bacterial growth during plant infection. (jcu.cz)
Identification of phospholipase D genes in Brassica napus and the transcriptional analysis after phytohormone treatment and pathogen infection. (jcu.cz)
Whereas in the acute phase of the disease immunoregulatory processes prevail in the hippocampus and the cortex, we observed a strong activation of neurogenic processes in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, both by gene expression and immunohistology starting as early as 3 days after infection. (biomedcentral.com)
These defenses are not directed against any one pathogen but instead, provide a guard against all infection. (khanacademy.org)
Due to its capability of causing systemic infection with acute to chronic course in poultry, pet birds and some mammals, as well as its worldwide dissemination [ 2 ], it is probably the most important veterinary chlamydial pathogen. (biomedcentral.com)
N-myristoylated proteins from VACV and the host were metabolically labelled with myristic acid alkyne during infection using quantitative chemical proteomics. (cdc.gov)
Treatment with NMT inhibitor IMP-1088 potently abrogated VACV infection, while VACV gene expression, DNA replication, morphogenesis and EV formation remained unaffected. (cdc.gov)

Central to this process is the binding of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of phagocytes and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in pathogenic microorganisms. (wikipedia.org)
The binding of PAMPs to TLR proteins generally results in an internal signaling cascade including a number of phosphorylations, the adding of a phosphate group, and ubiquitinations, the adding of a small protein that marks molecules for degradation, that eventually leads to the transcription of genes related to inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
Some of these mitochondrial DAMPs share similarities with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) found in bacteria and may be derived from their bacterial ancestors. (nature.com)
TLRs recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune response through the production of cytokines. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
PRR proteins recognize Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) that are conserved motifs in the pathogen and Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) that derive from the damages caused by pathogen ingress [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Adaptive immune responses require rearrangement of the genes responsible for the specific recognition structures, ie, immunoglobulins for humoral immunity and T-cell receptors for cellular immunity. (medscape.com)
Assembles into signaling complexes with activated receptors at the plasma membrane via interaction between its SH2 domains and the receptor tyrosine-phosphorylated ITAM domains. (icr.ac.uk)
These NFPs are a chemoattractant for host phagocytes and can be recognised by formyl peptide receptors on the plasma membrane [ 8 , 9 ]. (nature.com)
Due to its bacterial ancestry, mitochondrial formylation of methionine is required for translation initiation of mtDNA-derived mRNA [ 7 ] and will therefore be recognised by the same formyl peptide receptors. (nature.com)
Nuclear Receptors (NRs), that include steroid hormone receptors, are intra-cellular transcription factors that regulate gene expression in response to their cognate ligands. (jnu.ac.in)
Receptors are formed by genetic recombination C.) Receptors are inserted into the cell membrane Which of the following make the third line of defense different than the first and second lines of defense? (workflowdigital.com)
Cell membranes are highly enriched in signaling receptors, transmembrane mechanosensors, pumps and channels, and, depending on their makeup, can recruit and retain a pool of mechanosensors important in the field of mechanobiology. (mechanobio.info)
The plasma membrane-localized BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) functions as a co-receptor with several receptor kinases including the brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1), which is involved in growth, and the receptors for bacterial flagellin and EF-Tu, FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), respectively, which are involved in immunity. (illinois.edu)

Bacterial quorum sensing (QS), as the most common means for bacteria to exchange information and interactions, is characterized by universality, specificity, and regulatory power, which therefore may influence the assembly processes of human microbiota. (bvsalud.org)
This mechanism is widespread among bacteria, spanning animal and plant pathogens. (asmblog.org)
The bacterial origin of mitochondria suggests that inflammatory pathways found in cytosol-invading bacteria may be relevant to mitochondrial-driven inflammation after MOMP. (nature.com)
Furthermore, gram-negative bacteria and mitochondria both have a double phospholipid membrane layer-the inner and outer membrane. (nature.com)
The inner membrane encapsulates the cytosol of gram-negative bacteria and the matrix of mitochondria and is rich in the phospholipid cardiolipin. (nature.com)
The space between the two membranes is referred to as the periplasmic space in gram-negative bacteria and the intermembrane space in mitochondria [ 6 ]. (nature.com)
NFPs are mainly found in bacteria where formyl modified methionine initiates protein synthesis [ 7 ]. (nature.com)
Bacteria respond to changing environments by altering gene expression. (mechanobio.info)
Two-component regulatory systems (TCRS) are important mediators of signal transduction that enable bacteria to detect physical and/or chemical changes and then relay this signal through the cytoplasm to the bacterial nucleoid, where modulation of gene expression occurs. (mechanobio.info)
Recently, darobactin A, a novel bicyclic heptapeptide that selectively kills Gram-negative bacteria by targeting the outer-membrane protein BamA, was discovered. (sdsc.edu)
Thus, intracellular bacteria frequently encode the capacity to regulate host lipogenesis as well as to modulate the lipid composition of host membranes. (microbialcell.com)
One membrane component that is often subverted by vacuolar bacteria is cholesterol - an abundant lipid that mammalian cells produce de novo at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or acquire exogenously from serum-derived lipoprotein carriers. (microbialcell.com)
A protein found in the blood, produced in response to foreign substances (e.g., bacteria or viruses) invading the body. (cdc.gov)

In rice, the OsWAK gene family is significantly amplified compared to Arabidopsis. (biomedcentral.com)
FLS2 and CEBiP are found associated with RLK proteins like BAK1 in Arabidopsis and CERK1 in rice respectively [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
mapping of plasma membrane proteins interacting with Arabidopsis thaliana flotillin 2. (jcu.cz)
Arabidopsis thaliana contains 23 putative EXO70 genes, which can be classified into eight clusters on the phylogenetic tree. (or.jp)

Many of the pro-inflammatory pathways activated during cell death occur upon mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), the pivotal commitment point to cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis. (nature.com)

The P. infestans genome encodes at least 169 (and perhaps more than 400) putative effector proteins with this HT sequence. (asmblog.org)
Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare, autosomal recessive congenital immunodeficiency caused by mutations in CHS1 , a gene encoding a putative lysosomal trafficking protein. (biomedcentral.com)
Encodes a protein with putative galacturonosyltransferase activity. (or.jp)
A member of EXO70 gene family, putative exocyst subunits, conserved in land plants. (or.jp)

Our results show that class XI myosins play specific roles in the reproduction and intracellular movement of TMV in association with the dynamic endoplasmic reticulum network, whereas class VIII myosins support the specific targeting of the viral movement protein to plasmodesmata and thus the cell-to-cell movement of the virus. (prelekara.sk)
2010) A family of plasmodesmal proteins with receptor-like properties for plant viral movement proteins. (prelekara.sk)
We have recently shown that the replication of rhinovirus, poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus requires the co-translational N-myristoylation of viral proteins by human host cell N-myristoyltransferases (NMTs), and is inhibited by treatment with IMP-1088, an ultrapotent small molecule NMT inhibitor. (cdc.gov)

The child presented with frequent pyogenic infections, repeated episodes of sepsis with the same serotypes of pneumococcus, and multiple episodes of mumps, yet he had no antibodies against these pathogens. (medscape.com)
15 ) detected antibodies against variable small protein 1 and variable large proteins (Vlp15, Vlp16, and Vlp18) in blood samples of patients with B. miyamotoi disease. (cdc.gov)
Here we report the selection of camelid-derived single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) that modulate the conformation and spectral properties of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). (cipsm.de)
The immune system responds to antigens by producing cells that directly attack the pathogen, or by producing special proteins called antibodies . (khanacademy.org)
Antibodies attach to an antigen and attract cells that will engulf and destroy the pathogen. (khanacademy.org)
Activated B cells grow rapidly, producing plasma cells , which release antibodies into the bloodstream, and memory B cells , which store information about the pathogen in order to provide future immunity. (khanacademy.org)
Antibodies alone are often not enough to protect the body against pathogens. (khanacademy.org)
plasma antibodies, or hemolyzed or fragile RBCs (eg, by overwarming stored blood or contact with hypotonic IV solutions). (msdmanuals.com)
Hemolysis is most common and most severe when incompatible donor RBCs are hemolyzed by antibodies in the recipient's plasma. (msdmanuals.com)
AHTR usually results from recipient plasma antibodies to donor RBC antigens. (msdmanuals.com)

For example, EnvZ is a sensor kinase that spans the inner cytoplasmic membrane and has two domains- a sensory domain and a transmitter domain. (mechanobio.info)
ZO-1 is a protein located on a cytoplasmic membrane surface of intercellular tight junctions. (thermofisher.com)

We find it pleasing that distantly related eukaryotic pa--thogens also appear to share a common mechanism - a mechanism that involves eukaryote membrane gymnastics such as secretory vesicles, exocytosis, and endocytosis. (asmblog.org)
the effector proteins have an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) type signal sequence that routes them into the parasite's secretory pathway and thus across the first membrane. (asmblog.org)
The trimeric Sec61/SecY complex is a protein-conducting channel (PCC) for secretory and membrane proteins. (cipsm.de)

Like other cellular functions, cell-cell recognition is impacted by detrimental mutations in the genes and proteins involved and is subject to error. (wikipedia.org)
While cellular membranes can departition in response to bilayer-intrinsic or -extrinsic disruptions, the mechanisms by which they partition de novo are largely unknown. (elifesciences.org)
The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network of filamentous proteins that enables the active transport of cellular cargo, transduces force, and when assembled into higher-order structures, forms the basis for motile cellular structures that promote cell movement. (mechanobio.info)
While many two-component systems control basic cellular processes such as motility, nutrient uptake and cell division, bacterial pathogens use two-component systems to control virulence. (mechanobio.info)
Advances in multi-photon laser-scanning microscopy, super-resolution microscopy and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy as well as improved fluorescent probes and genetically encoded flurorescent reporter genes offer a multifaceted toolbox to explore complex cellular and molecular processes in live tissues. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
The GRK consortium provides an ideal environment to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and highly innovative research to quantitatively elucidate host-pathogen interactions at unprecedented molecular, cellular, microanatomical and functional detail in a unique setting that mimics the onset and progression of infectious diseases in a human tissue environment. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
The non-protein amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been proposed to be an ancient messenger for cellular communication conserved across biological kingdoms. (nature.com)
Here we investigated the link between cellular cholesterol and L. pneumophila intracellular replication and discovered that disruption of cholesterol biosynthesis or cholesterol trafficking lowered bacterial replication in infected cells. (microbialcell.com)
Collectively, we provide experimental evidence that cellular cholesterol promotes L. pneumophila replication within a membrane bound organelle in infected macrophages. (microbialcell.com)
Once the immune system recognizes a pathogen as 'non-self,' it uses cellular and chemical defenses to attack it. (khanacademy.org)
Programmed cell death (PCD) is defined in the Gene Ontology (GO) as "GO: 0012501 cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes" [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Kask L., Hillarp A., Ramesh B., Dahlbäck B., and Blom A. M. (2002) Structural requirements for the intra-cellular subunit polymerization of the complement inhibitor C4b-binding protein. (lu.se)

Cell-cell recognition is especially important in the innate immune system, which identifies pathogens very generally. (wikipedia.org)

Immunoglobulins, which are protein molecules that contain antibody activity, are produced by the terminal cells of B-cell differentiation known as plasma cells. (medscape.com)
2] Humoral immune defects can also result from excessive loss of antibody proteins (eg, protein-losing enteropathy, certain forms of nephritis), even though the B-cell mass may be normal in those conditions. (medscape.com)

Serum protein electrophoresis had just become available, and it revealed that the g fraction was missing from the child's blood. (medscape.com)

Involved in negative regulation of defense responses against bacterial and oomycete pathogens. (or.jp)
Recently, the sterol regulatory element binding protein SrbA was found to be essential for adaptation to iron starvation, thereby linking regulation of iron metabolism, ergosterol biosynthesis, azole drug resistance, and hypoxia adaptation. (frontiersin.org)
The identification and functional characterization of 24 genes that are involved in iron homeostasis in A. fumigatus and/or Aspergillus nidulans , respectively, revealed significant insights into iron metabolism and its regulation (Table 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Defective regulation of iron homeostasis genes lead to either, iron excess and related tissue injuries due to iron-stimulated oxidative damage or iron deficiency disorders. (jnu.ac.in)
Das D, Tapryal N, Goswami S.K., Fox P.L, and Mukhopadhyay C.K. Regulation of Ceruloplasmin in human hepatic cells by redox active copper: Identification of a novel AP-1 site in ceruloplasmin gene. (jnu.ac.in)
Dr. Paul Fox, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, USA- Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation. (jnu.ac.in)
Dr. Amitabha Mukhopadhyay, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi- Regulation of Rab proteins by cytokines. (jnu.ac.in)
Genome regulation encompasses all facets of gene expression, from the biochemical modifications of DNA, to the physical arrangement of chromosomes and the activity of the transcription machinery. (mechanobio.info)
DNA methylation and histone modifications play a central role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation. (cipsm.de)
The heterochromatin-enriched HP1 proteins play a critical role in regulation of transcription. (cipsm.de)
Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)
In addition, we show that the very early transcriptional regulation of the rice OsWAK genes is triggered by chitin and is partially under the control of the chitin receptor CEBiP. (biomedcentral.com)
In plants, proton pumps in the plasma membrane and tonoplast play a key role in regulation of intracellular pH homeostasis and maintenance of transmembrane proton gradients. (thecomonline.net)
Sjöberg A., Trouw L., McGrath F., Hack E. C. and Blom A. M. (2006) Regulation of complement activation by C-reactive protein: targeting of the inhibitory activity of C4b-binding protein. (lu.se)

Here we show using rice ( Oryza sativa ) loss-of-function mutants of four selected OsWAK genes, that individual OsWAKs are required for quantitative resistance to the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryz ae. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we further demonstrated that knockdown or knockout of the OsFLN1 , a close homolog of HSA1/OsFLN2, considerably inhibits chloroplast biogenesis and the fln1 knockout mutants, created by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associate protein 9, exhibit severe albino phenotype and seedling lethality. (jipb.net)
Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analysis revealed that the transcription and translation of PEP-dependent genes were strongly inhibited in fln1 and trxz mutants, indicating that loss of OsFLN1, HSA1/OsFLN2, or OsTRXz function perturbs the stability of the transcriptionally active chromosome complex and PEP activity. (jipb.net)

Now enters another villain - the water mold or oomycete Phytophthora infestans , the infamous plant pathogen that led to the Irish potato famines in the mid-19th cen-tury. (asmblog.org)

Moreover, lateral motility of membrane proteins was analyzed by calculating diffusion coefficients and kymograph analysis, which represented an alternative method for examining protein motility. (biomedcentral.com)
The present study presented experimental evidence on illustrating the use of VAEM in tracking and dissecting protein dynamics, dissecting endosomal dynamics, cell structure assembly along with membrane microdomain and protein motility in intact plant cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The Listeria monocytogenes ActA protein mediates actin-based motility by recruiting and stimulating the Arp2/3 complex. (silverchair.com)

TLR1 is co-expressed with TLR2 on monocytes and dendritic cells where they form heterodimers that can recognize peptidoglycan and bacterial lipopeptides, and in particular triacylated lipoproteins. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is. (workflowdigital.com)

The assembly of protein complexes and compositional lipid patterning act together to endow cells with the plasticity required to maintain compositional heterogeneity with respect to individual proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
The PM provides an environment in which macromolecules interact efficiently, including the clustering of proteins in oligomeric complexes via protein-protein or protein-lipid interactions, the docking and anchoring of protein complexes for regulatory reactions and other precisely orchestrated processes [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cyt2Aa forms filamentous oligomers when exposed to lipid membranes or detergents. (ki.si)

The organism enters host cells and resides in the cytoplasm in a membrane-bound parasitophorous vacuole (PV). (life-science-alliance.org)
The GO is a controlled vocabulary comprised of GO terms that describe gene product attributes in any organism [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

For instance, mtDNA and bacterial DNA are highly similar thereby activating similar cell autonomous immune signalling pathways. (nature.com)
Thus, our research focuses on the interactions of the immune system with pathogens, cancer and the tissue environment [3-6]. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Detection of pathogen through PRRs triggers PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI, also called basal defense) which is accompanied with rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and changes in expression of immune-related genes [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
When a pathogen has invaded, the immune system may also release chemicals that increase body temperature, producing a fever . (khanacademy.org)
Increased body temperature may slow or stop pathogens from growing and helps speed up the immune response. (khanacademy.org)
When pathogens are able to bypass innate immune defenses, the adaptive immune system is activated. (khanacademy.org)
After an encounter with a new pathogen, the adaptive immune system often 'remembers' the pathogen, allowing for a faster response if the pathogen ever attacks again. (khanacademy.org)

their coding genes synergistically control TaFPF1-2B expression and flowering initiation in response to photoperiod and low temperature. (bvsalud.org)
encodes a protein whose sequence is similar to heat shock factors that regulate the expression of heat shock proteins. (or.jp)
The dominant discovery in these experiments indicates that there is a heterologous expression of certain genes in plants that can regulate cell death. (essaywriter.org)
In addition, the BAK1 (Y610F)-Flag plants responded similarly to plants expressing BAK1-Flag in terms of brassinolide (BL) inhibition of root elongation, and there were only minor changes in gene expression between the two transgenic lines as monitored by microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR. (illinois.edu)
Beyond this time, no differences in global gene expression in infected and control animals were detectable by microarray analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
For this purpose we evaluated the gene expression profile of the two brain structures predominantly affected by brain damage, i.e. the cortex and the hippocampus, at four different stages of the disease in an infant rat model. (biomedcentral.com)
13. HofmannC, NiehlA, SambadeA, SteinmetzA, HeinleinM (2009) Inhibition of Tobacco mosaic virus movement by expression of an actin-binding protein. (prelekara.sk)

Cell-cell recognition occurs when two molecules restricted to the plasma membranes of different cells bind to each other, triggering a response for communication, cooperation, transport, defense, and/or growth. (wikipedia.org)
Other factors have since been linked with the decision by plant cells to activate cell death, including cell survival signals, stress signals, developmental cues, pathogen recognition and metabolic state. (essaywriter.org)

Also activates the inflammasome and NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription of chemokines and cytokines in presence of pathogens. (icr.ac.uk)

Intracellular L. monocytogenes replicate in the cytoplasm of host cells and induce the polymerization of host actin filaments at the bacterial surface. (silverchair.com)

8. Guenoune-GelbartD, ElbaumM, SagiG, LevyA, EpelBL (2008) Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) replicase and movement protein function synergistically in facilitating TMV spread by lateral diffusion in the plasmodesmal desmotubule of Nicotiana benthamiana. (prelekara.sk)
HN - 2008 BX - Lateral Sinus MH - Atrial Septum UI - D054087 MN - A07.541.459.249 MS - The thin membrane-like muscular structure separating the right and the left upper chambers (HEART ATRIA) of a heart. (bvsalud.org)

Role of neutrophil extracellular la NETosis en las enfermedades infecciosas pulmonares. (bvsalud.org)

Furthermore, untagged BAK1 (Y610F) transgenic plants were as responsive as plants expressing BAK1 (in the bak1-4 background) and wild-type Col-0 plants toward treatment with the EF-Tu- and flagellin-derived peptide epitopes elf18- and flg22, respectively, as measured by reactive oxygen species production, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and seedling growth inhibition. (illinois.edu)

Lung tissue gene/protein response demonstrated distinct patterns that are better predicted by either particle dose/aerosol responses (IL-1, KC, TGF-) or particle reactivity (TSLP, IL13, IL-6). (cdc.gov)

Blom A. M . , Berggård K., Webb J. H., Villoutreix B., Lindahl G. and Dahlbäck B. (2000) Human C4b-binding protein has overlapping but not identical binding sites for C4b and streptococcal M-proteins. (lu.se)

In model membranes, partitioning can be influenced both by bilayer-intrinsic factors like molecular composition and by bilayer-extrinsic factors such as interactions with other membranes and solid supports. (elifesciences.org)
Disruption of plant plasma membrane by Nep1-like proteins in pathogen/plant interactions. (ki.si)
High-resolution microscopy of three dimensional environments has become powerful tools to dissect host-pathogen interactions. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
We will develop set-ups to study host-pathogen interactions in 3D tissue models under conditions closely approximating those of a natural environment. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Protein conformation is critically linked to function and often controlled by interactions with regulatory factors. (cipsm.de)

Antigens are usually found on the surface of pathogens and are unique to that particular pathogen. (khanacademy.org)

Different subclasses of IgG neutralize bacterial toxins, activate complement, and enhance phagocytosis by opsonization. (medscape.com)

What makes it fascinating is both its biomechanics (it makes use of a fancy nanotechnology needle-like de-vice) and its strategic aspects (the delivered proteins, termed effector proteins, enable the bacterial pathogens to attach to or damage the host cell). (asmblog.org)
A re-cent report investigated how one such effector protein, Avr3a, is delivered into the plant cells. (asmblog.org)
Another research group pulled these two stories togeth-er by demonstrating that the HT signal sequence from P. infestans can deliver the effector proteins of P. falcipar-um from the malarial vacuole to the host erythrocyte. (asmblog.org)
Furthermore, the absence of Irgb6 causes reduced targeting of other effector IRG proteins to the PV. (life-science-alliance.org)

Hence, the applications for imaging protein localization and dynamics require high accuracy, particularly at high spatio-temporal level. (biomedcentral.com)
We provided experimental data for the applications of Variable-Angle Epifluorescence Microscopy (VAEM) in dissecting protein dynamics in plant cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Besides new methods for the study of conformational dynamics of biomolecules and protein folding, direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy ( d STORM) has been developed that enables super-resolution fluorescence imaging with standard organic fluorophores with a spatial resolution of ≤ 20 nm in the imaging plane in fixed and in living cells (Figure) [8]. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

We also demonstrated that approximately 24% of the expressed genome and nearly 55% of the intron-containing genes from P. cubensis had evidence for alternative splicing. (thecomonline.net)

In its most basic form, a TCRS consists of a membrane-bound sensor kinase and a DNA-binding response regulator. (mechanobio.info)
The human gene, CHS1 , was originally called LYST for lysosomal trafficking regulator gene ( LYST , OMIM #606897). (biomedcentral.com)

The d STORM image shows sphingolipid (ceramide) clusters in the plasma membrane with a size of ~ 55 nm. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

All of the virulence-associated genes are transcriptionally upregulated during iron starvation and encode functions that are important for survival during iron starvation, which emphasizes the crucial role of adaptation to iron starvation in virulence. (frontiersin.org)

However, little is known about the mechanisms by which IRG proteins recognize and destroy T. gondii PV. (life-science-alliance.org)
This mini-review will summarize the mechanisms that have evolved in diverse microbes and hosts for controlling PCD and the Gene Ontology terms developed by the Plant-Associated Microbe Gene Ontology (PAMGO) Consortium for describing those mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Mark L., Lee W. H., Villoutreix B. O., Proctor D., Blackbourn, D., Spiller B. O. and Blom A. M. (2004) KSHV complement control protein mimics human molecular mechanisms for inhibition of the complement system. (lu.se)

The body's most important nonspecific defense is the skin , which acts as a physical barrier to keep pathogens out. (khanacademy.org)

Inducing an interferon response enables IFN-γ-inducible immunity-related GTPase (IRG protein) to accumulate on the PV and to restrict parasite growth. (life-science-alliance.org)
One of the IFN-γ-induced cell-autonomous programs is associated with IFN-inducible GTPases, such as p47 immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and p65 guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) ( Kim et al, 2012 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
Preexisting antivector immunity can severely compromise the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective CD8 T-cell frequencies after type III secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. (cipsm.de)

12. LiuJZ, BlancaflorEB, NelsonRS (2005) The Tobacco mosaic virus 126-kilodalton protein, a constituent of the virus replication complex, alone or within the complex aligns with and traffics along microfilaments. (prelekara.sk)

Inactivation of 10 of the 19 A. fumigatus genes caused defects in virulence. (frontiersin.org)
The two component TCRS SsrA-SsrB in Salmonella contributes to virulence by de-repressing the H-NS mediated silencing of SPI-2 genes. (mechanobio.info)

The gene contains 53 exons (51 coding) with an open reading frame of 11,406 bp, and encodes for a 3801 amino acid protein, CHS1. (biomedcentral.com)
Encodes arabinogalactan-protein (AGP1). (or.jp)

The malarial pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum , grows within a vacuole formed by an invagination of the cell membrane of its erythrocyte host. (asmblog.org)
We characterized the role of IRG protein Irgb6 in the cell-autonomous response against T. gondii , which involves vacuole ubiquitination and breakdown. (life-science-alliance.org)

We aim to employ MPM and LSFM in combination with dual-color PALM/ d STORM to 3D tissue models to study microbial infections by human pathogens. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Tissue extracts of Mouse Testis (Lane 6) and Mouse Kidney (Lane 7) were electrophoresed using NuPAGE™ 3-8% Tris-Acetate Protein Gel (Product # EA0378BOX). (thermofisher.com)
Both plant and animal cells use PCD as a powerful weapon against biotrophic pathogens, including viruses, which draw their nutrition from living tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
Necrotrophic pathogens derive their nutrition from dead tissue, and many produce toxins specifically to trigger programmed cell death in their hosts. (biomedcentral.com)

Even openings in the skin (such as the mouth and eyes) are protected by saliva, mucus, and tears, which contain an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls. (khanacademy.org)

Some of these mitochondrial-activated inflammatory pathways can be traced back to the bacterial ancestry of mitochondria. (nature.com)
Mitochondrial-derived DAMPs can be bacterial-like. (nature.com)
Is mitochondrial-driven inflammation during cell death driven by bacterial-like DAMPs? (nature.com)
The co-chaperone Hep1 is required to prevent the aggregation of mitochondrial Hsp70 proteins. (cipsm.de)

Bacterial biofilms can generate micro-heterogeneity in terms of surface structures. (elifesciences.org)
We conclude that in early biofilms the density and rupture force of bacterial surface structures can trigger cell sorting based on similar physical principles as in developing embryos. (elifesciences.org)

Selectin is a receptor protein found on the membranes of leukocytes, platelet cells, and endothelial cells that binds membrane-bound glycans. (wikipedia.org)
Trouw L., Nilsson S., Goncalvez I., Landberg G. and Blom A. M. (2005) C4b-binding protein binds to necrotic cells and DNA, which limits DNA release and inhibits complement activation. (lu.se)

This pathogen is a parasitic protozoan that is transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly. (rnpedia.com)

Type III secretion, the mechanism that introduces bacte-rial proteins into eukaryote host cells, rates among the most exciting themes of modern pathogenic microbio-logy. (asmblog.org)
are bound to the membrane of pathogenic organisms. (workflowdigital.com)

Legionella pneumophila is an accidental human bacterial pathogen that infects and replicates within alveolar macrophages causing a severe atypical pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease. (microbialcell.com)
Conversely, bacterial growth within cholesterol-leaden macrophages was enhanced. (microbialcell.com)

Iron is essential micronutrient for all the organisms because of its ability to function as a protein bound red-ox element. (jnu.ac.in)

Anatomy47

Organisms15

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs103

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Phenomena and Processes57

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science4

Health Care1

Fungal7

Vacuolar pathogens2

Lipids2

Infection14

PAMPs5

Receptors8

Bacteria13

Arabidopsis4

Outer membrane1

Putative4

Viral3

Antibodies10

Cytoplasmic membrane2

Secretory3

Cellular12

Innate immune1

Antibody2

Serum1

Regulation14

Mutants3

Oomycete1

Motility3

Peptidoglycan2

Lipid3

Organism2

Immune7

Expression7

Recognition2

Transcription1

Intracellular1

Lateral2

Neutrophil1

Flagellin1

Patterns1

20001

Interactions5

Antigens1

Phagocytosis1

Effector4

Dynamics3

Genome1

Regulator2

Clusters1

Transcriptionally1

Mechanisms3

Defense1

Immunity3

Replication1

Virulence2

Encodes2

Vacuole2

Tissue4

Cell walls1

Mitochondrial4

Structures2

Binds2

Protozoan1

Pathogenic2

Macrophages2

Bound1