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Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan EquineEncephalomyelitis, Venezuelan EquineEncephalitis Virus, Eastern EquineEncephalomyelitis, EquineEncephalitis Virus, Western EquineEncephalitis VirusesAlphavirusEncephalitis Virus, JapaneseRepliconHorse DiseasesEncephalomyelitis, Eastern EquineViral VaccinesOchlerotatusCulicidaeHorsesEncephalitis, JapaneseEncephalitis Virus, St. LouisEncephalitis Viruses, Tick-BorneEncephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, ExperimentalVenezuelaSindbis VirusCricetinaeAntibodies, ViralVaccines, AttenuatedCulexSouth AmericaSigmodontinaeEncephalitisVero CellsEncephalomyelitisEncephalomyelitis, Western EquineEncephalitis, ArbovirusAedesArbovirusesEncephalitis, ViralCercopithecus aethiopsInsect VectorsViremiaVirulenceRNA, ViralArbovirus InfectionsVaccines, SyntheticColombiaNeutralization TestsVirus ReplicationEncephalomyelitis, Acute DisseminatedViral Envelope ProteinsCell LineEncephalitis, St. LouisRodent DiseasesVirus CultivationViral Plaque AssayViral Structural ProteinsEncephalitis Virus, Murray ValleyEncephalitis, Tick-BorneGenetic VectorsMice, Inbred BALB CMolecular Sequence DataVaccinationAlphavirus InfectionsMesocricetusAntibodies, NeutralizingPanamaBrainViral Nonstructural ProteinsPhylogenyCapsid ProteinsHemagglutination Inhibition TestsMexicoDisease Models, AnimalJapanese Encephalitis VaccinesAmino Acid SequenceViral ProteinsImmunity, MucosalFlavivirusVirionAntigens, ViralCobalt IsotopesCytopathogenic Effect, ViralEncephalitis Viruses, JapaneseVirus AssemblyMyelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
AlphavirusesInfectionMeningitisViral arteritisMosquitoesArbovirusesHorsesEpizooticCentral and SouVaccine1995CranialHerpes simplDiffuseArthropod-borne virusesInfectiousArboviralDiseaseInfluenzaAcuteDiseasesClinicalHumansLaboratoryDistinctDiagnosisConsistentBacteriaSymptomsEasternEbolaHepatitisStrainsFatalPathogensWesternMarburgSubtypeHighlyIllnessReplicateHumanJapaneseMosquitoOutbreakCasesLarge
Alphaviruses1
  • Other alphaviruses associated with equine encephalitis are Semliki Forest virus in Africa and Ross River virus in Australia and the South Pacific. (msdvetmanual.com)
Infection7
  • After infection, equines may suddenly die or show progressive central nervous system disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • Equine arboviral encephalomyelitis is due to infection with arthropod-borne viruses typically belonging to the families Togaviridae (genus Alphavirus ) or Flaviviridae (genus Flavivirus ). (msdvetmanual.com)
  • however, serologic testing and necropsy are required for definitive diagnosis of viral infection and subsequent encephalomyelitis. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Brain infection is thought to occur by means of direct neuronal transmission of the virus from a peripheral site to the brain via the trigeminal or olfactory nerve and indirect immune-mediated processes inducing neuroinflammation. (medscape.com)
  • produced JEV RNA in saliva after 21 days at 18 °C. For some mosquito-virus pairs, infection and salivary RNA titres reduced over time, suggesting unstable infection dynamics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Background: Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) is a naturally acquired infection and potentially devastating bioweapon, with no specific human countermeasures. (bvsalud.org)
  • no other clinical entity has attached more attention now-a-day than those precipitated by the infection with a hemorrhagic fever virus. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Meningitis3
  • they are usually characterized by diffuse encephalomyelitis Meningitis, Encephalitis, and Encephalomyelitis or meningoencephalomyelitis, signs of CNS dysfunction, and moderate to high mortality rates. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 may produce a more subacute encephalitis, apparent psychiatric syndromes, and benign recurrent meningitis. (medscape.com)
  • From an epidemiologic and pathophysiologic perspective, encephalitis is distinct from meningitis, though on clinical evaluation both can be present, with signs and symptoms of meningeal inflammation. (medscape.com)
Viral arteritis1
Mosquitoes5
  • The virus that causes VEE is transmitted primarily by mosquitoes that bite an infected animal and then bite and feed on another animal or human. (wikipedia.org)
  • Culex taenopius mosquitos, which prefer rodents, were replaced by Aedes taeniorhynchus mosquitoes, which are more likely to bite humans and large equines. (wikipedia.org)
  • only female devices, such as whistling, blowing air across the mouth of mosquitoes are infected with and transmit VEE viruses a 1-gallon glass jug, scraping of a scrub brush on a metal (and other mosquito-borne arboviruses). (cdc.gov)
  • Whilst the emergence in Europe of dengue and chikungunya has been associated with Aedes aegypti and the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus [ 2 ], for most of the equine viruses Culex mosquitoes are significantly involved in transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They are transmitted through blood-feeding insects such as mosquitoes and ticks, and include viruses such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). (encyclopedia.pub)
Arboviruses6
  • Most pathogenic arboviruses use a mosquito-to-bird or mosquito-to-rodent cycle. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Arboviral diseases are ever-emerging, and there are arboviruses pathogenic to horses on virtually every continent. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • There has been no evidence of transmission of mosquito-borne arboviruses of equine or human health concern to date in the UK. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we assess several UK mosquito species for their potential to transmit arboviruses important for both equine and human health, as measured by the presence of viral RNA in saliva at different time points after taking an infective blood meal. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study adds to the number of Palaearctic mosquito species that demonstrate expectoration of viral RNA, for arboviruses of importance to human and equine health. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses have a unique effect on neutrophil function since viral factors as well as vector factors can affect the activity of these cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
Horses2
  • The three viruses investigated in the present study (VEEV, RRV, JEV) have significant impacts on the health of people and horses (summarised in [ 15 ]) in endemic areas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus circulates in enzootic cycles between rodent hosts and mosquito vectors in Mexico, Central and South America [ 16 ] and has a complex transmission cycle involving regular mutation of the virus, facilitating transmission to humans and horses through broadening of the vector and host ranges. (biomedcentral.com)
Epizootic1
  • Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) naturally cycles between mosquitos and birds or rodents, with a case fatality rate of up to 15% in humans during epizootic outbreaks. (bvsalud.org)
Central and Sou2
  • citation needed] Though the majority of VEE outbreaks occur in Central and South America, the virus has potential to outbreak again in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • The South American variant, now called Madariaga virus (MADV), is less pathogenic and is confined to Central and South America. (msdvetmanual.com)
Vaccine1
  • Another vaccine, containing the TC-83 strain, is only used on humans in military and laboratory positions that risk contracting the virus. (wikipedia.org)
19951
  • On May 23, 1995, equine encephalitis-like cases were reported in the northwest portion of the country. (wikipedia.org)
Cranial1
Herpes simpl1
  • This patient also had positive result on polymerase chain reaction assay for herpes simplex virus, which is both sensitive and specific. (medscape.com)
Diffuse2
Arthropod-borne viruses1
  • These arthropod-borne viruses are a large group consisting of viruses from a wide range of families. (encyclopedia.pub)
Infectious2
  • 6. Equine infectious anaemia. (advocatekhoj.com)
  • the media have brought to the public's attention many newly described infectious diseases, such as ebola virus hemorrhagic fever, that were not part of common medical parlance a decade ago. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Arboviral1
  • This work adds to evidence that native mosquito species should be investigated further for their potential to vector zoonotic mosquito-borne arboviral disease of equines in northern Europe. (biomedcentral.com)
Disease3
  • The speed with which the disease spreads depends on the subtype of the VEE virus and the density of mosquito populations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Equines, rather than rodents, are the primary animal species that carry and spread the disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • in 1987, an isolated case of fatal marburg disease was recognized during routine clinical haemorrhagic fever virus surveillance conducted in kenya. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Influenza3
  • 7. Equine Influenza. (advocatekhoj.com)
  • 9. Highly pathogenic avian influenza and low pathogenic avian influenza in poultry. (advocatekhoj.com)
  • In addition, some viruses such as influenza, specifically H5N1, and West Nile virus are known to infect and replicate within neutrophils, using these cells as reservoirs for dissemination, although mechanisms involved in this phenomenon remain unclear [ 4 ] [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Acute1
  • Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is an acute or subacute illness that causes both general and focal signs of cerebral dysfunction. (medscape.com)
Diseases2
  • Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. (mdpi.com)
  • Both are mosquito-borne viruses that have emerged as fatal equine diseases, in Peru and Argentina respectively, within the last 25 years. (biomedcentral.com)
Clinical1
  • See Herpes Simplex Viruses: Test Your Knowledge, a Critical Images slideshow, for more information on clinical, histologic, and radiographic imaging findings in HSV-1 and HSV-2. (medscape.com)
Humans2
  • When a blood-feeding insect feeds on such animals, it picks up this virus and transmits it to other animals or humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • June 1993 saw a bigger outbreak in the Venezuelan state of Zulia, as 55 humans died as well as 66 equine deaths. (wikipedia.org)
Laboratory1
  • is potentially an efficient laboratory vector of JEV at temperatures as low as 18 °C warrants further investigation, as this mosquito is abundant in cooler regions of Europe and is considered an important vector for West Nile Virus, which has a comparable transmission ecology. (biomedcentral.com)
Distinct1
  • This group of viruses have been known to cause significant morbidity and mortality around the world, with the potential to spread quickly and expand their geographical range due to their distinct mode of transmission using arthropods. (encyclopedia.pub)
Diagnosis1
  • In addition, patient had periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges on electroencephalography, which supports diagnosis of herpes encephalitis. (medscape.com)
Consistent1
  • Axial diffusion-weighted image reveals restricted diffusion in left medial temporal lobe consistent with herpes encephalitis. (medscape.com)
Bacteria2
  • It is estimated that 50% or less of those individuals infected with enteric viruses or bacteria actually become ill (Haas et al. (scienceopen.com)
  • and several bacteria and nematodes may also cause encephalitis. (msdvetmanual.com)
Symptoms1
  • Healthy adults who become infected by the virus may experience flu-like symptoms, such as high fevers and headaches. (wikipedia.org)
Eastern2
Ebola5
  • this study describes the pathogenesis of the ebola-reston (ebo-r) subtype of ebola virus for experimentally infected cynomolgus monkeys. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • development of the immunoenzyme test-system for detection of ebola virus antigen]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • an enzyme immunoassay system has been developed for the detection of ebola virus antigen. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • change in biochemical and hemostatic indicators in guinea pigs upon administering ebola virus preparations]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • the biochemical and hemostatic parameters were compared in guinea pigs after inoculation of ebola virus strains lethal and nonlethal for them and of inactivated antigen of this virus. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Hepatitis1
Strains1
  • the ravn isolate was indistinguishable from reference marburg virus strains by cross-neutralization testing. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Fatal1
  • characterization of a new marburg virus isolated from a 1987 fatal case in kenya. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Pathogens1
  • Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? (mdpi.com)
Western1
Marburg2
  • this report describes the isolation and partial characterization of the new marburg virus (strain ravn) isolated from this case. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • a few nonapeptides with motifs hla class i a24, b8, b27 and b35 were predicted in marburg virus proteins. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Subtype1
  • citation needed] The Mucambo virus (subtype III) appears to have evolved ~1807 AD (95% credible interval: 1559-1944). (wikipedia.org)
Highly1
  • These forms of the virus are highly pathogenic to equines and can also affect human health. (wikipedia.org)
Illness1
  • These forms of the virus can cause human illness but generally do not affect equine health. (wikipedia.org)
Replicate1
  • 2001). The toilet flush study was designed to replicate the number of virus released from an infected individual. (scienceopen.com)
Human1
  • This outbreak resulted in 14,156 human cases that were attributable to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus with 26 human deaths. (wikipedia.org)
Japanese2
Mosquito1
  • Production of RNA in saliva was demonstrated at varying efficiencies for all mosquito-virus pairs. (biomedcentral.com)
Outbreak1
  • Between December 1992 and January 1993, the Venezuelan state of Trujillo experienced an outbreak of this virus. (wikipedia.org)
Cases2
Large1
  • The heterogeneity among this exceptionally large group of viruses makes developing therapeutics challenging. (encyclopedia.pub)