Pathogenic siderophores. Medical search. Frequent questions

Siderophores (Greek: "iron carrier") are small, high-affinity iron-chelating compounds that are secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. (wikipedia.org)
Siderophores are also important for some pathogenic bacteria for their acquisition of iron. (wikipedia.org)
The strict homeostasis of iron leads to a free concentration of about 10−24 mol L−1, hence there are great evolutionary pressures put on pathogenic bacteria to obtain this metal. (wikipedia.org)
Besides siderophores, some pathogenic bacteria produce hemophores (heme binding scavenging proteins) or have receptors that bind directly to iron/heme proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Examples of siderophores produced by various bacteria and fungi: Hydroxamate siderophores Catecholate siderophores Mixed ligands Amino carboxylate ligands A comprehensive list of siderophore structures (over 250) is presented in Appendix 1 in reference. (wikipedia.org)
In bacteria, Fe2+-dependent repressors bind to DNA upstream to genes involved in siderophore production at high intracellular iron concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
Pathogenic bacteria are becoming increasingly antibiotic resistant. (ku.edu)
Pathogenic bacteria have also been involved in this crisis. (scialert.net)
one way that bacteria diversify siderophore structure is by incorporating different polyamine backbones while maintaining the catechol moieties. (biomedcentral.com)
Bacteria have not only devised ways of biosynthesizing "proprietary" siderophore molecules, but have evolved transport mechanisms that allow them to utilize foreign siderophores, or xenosiderophores, as well [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Some bacteria have evolved extraordinary ways to synthesize proprietary siderophores that require the expression of specialized TonB-dependent receptors (TBDRs) to allow for efficient siderophore uptake by the producer and its relatives [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, the iron chelator siderophore enables bacteria to consider up protein-bound iron from the web host cellular material7. (irjs.info)
To counter bacterial siderophore systems, mammalian hosts secrete siderocalin (also called lipocalin 2 or NGAL), which binds ferric-siderophore complexes rendering them unavailable to bacteria. (hal.science)
To fulfill their requirements for iron, bacteria have developed several strategies, including the reduction of ferric to ferrous ions, the secretion of high-affinity iron-chelating compounds, called siderophores , and the uptake of heterologous siderophores. (wikipedia.org)
The black pigmentation characteristic of this bacterium comes from iron acquisition that does not use the typical siderophore system of other bacteria but accumulates hemin. (up.ac.za)
Pathogenic factors include extracellular adhesins that mediate interactions with other bacteria as well as the extracellular matrix, and a host of degradative enzymes that are responsible for tissue degradation and spread of the organism including the gingipains, which are trypsin-like cysteine proteases. (up.ac.za)

We report here that SRE1, a gene encoding a GATA-type protein, bound to promoter sequences of genes involved in siderophore biosynthesis. (nih.gov)
Sre1 had sequence similarity to the fungal negative regulators of siderophore biosynthesis. (nih.gov)
They have evolved several strategies to do this, one being the biosynthesis and excretion of small, high-affinity iron chelators known as siderophores. (warwick.ac.uk)
The biosynthesis of siderophores is an important area of study, not only for potential therapeutic intervention but also to illuminate new enzyme chemistries. (warwick.ac.uk)
Two general pathways for siderophore biosynthesis exist: the well-characterized nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-dependent pathway and the NRPS-independent siderophore (NIS) pathway, which relies on a different family of sparsely investigated synthetases. (warwick.ac.uk)
A third, independent operon is responsible for biosynthesis of the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin, initially described in Enterobacter aerogenes . (biomedcentral.com)
Deletion of hapX caused downregulation of siderophore biosynthesis genes leading to a decreased production of siderophores during iron starvation. (leibniz-hki.de)
During iron starvation, HapX represses iron-consuming pathways, including heme biosynthesis and respiration, to spare iron and activates synthesis of ribotoxin AspF1 and siderophores, the latter partly by ensuring supply of the precursor, ornithine. (frontiersin.org)

For many pathogenic fungi, siderophore-mediated iron acquisition is essential for virulence. (leibniz-hki.de)
The process of siderophore production and further mechanisms to adapt to iron limitation are strictly controlled in fungi to maintain iron homeostasis. (leibniz-hki.de)
In contrast to other pathogenic fungi, HapX of A. benhamiae was redundant for virulence and a ΔhapX mutant was still able to infect keratinized host tissues in vitro. (leibniz-hki.de)
Our findings underline the highly conserved role of the transcription factor HapX for maintaining iron homeostasis in ascomycetous fungi but, unlike in many other human and plant pathogenic fungi, HapX of A. benhamiae is not a virulence determinant. (leibniz-hki.de)
Therefore, fungi evolved fine-tuned mechanisms for uptake and storage of iron, such as the production of siderophores (low-molecular mass iron-specific chelators). (frontiersin.org)
Further, these isolates were screened for plant growth promoting activities such as diazotrophy (PCR amplification of nifH gene and acetylene reduction assay), Indole acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore production (spectrometrically), 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase for ethylene regulation (PCR screening), mineral solubilization (biochemically) and antagonistic potential against soil pathogenic fungi (dual culture assay). (akjournals.com)

The wide variety of siderophores may be due to evolutionary pressures placed on microbes to produce structurally different siderophores which cannot be transported by other microbes' specific active transport systems, or in the case of pathogens deactivated by the host organism. (wikipedia.org)
We report that Serratia plymuthica V4 produces a variety of siderophores, which we term the siderome , and which are assembled by the concerted action of enzymes encoded in two independent gene clusters. (biomedcentral.com)

Mutant strains not synthesizing polyamine-siderophores significantly increased enterobactin production levels, though lack of enterobactin did not impact the production of serratiochelins. (biomedcentral.com)
A total of 18 bacterial strains were successfully screened for in vitro antagonistic ability against Xoo , siderophore production and PGP potentials. (ppjonline.org)
Antimicrobial Activity of Rhizobium Japonicum and Bradyrhizobium Japonicum on Different Plant Pathogenic Fungal Strains. (bbrc.in)
Nandi R. G, Bara J. K, Shrivastava P. Antimicrobial Activity of Rhizobium Japonicum and Bradyrhizobium Japonicum on Different Plant Pathogenic Fungal Strains. (bbrc.in)
However, E. coli strains producing pathogen-associated siderophores including salmochelins (glucosylated enterobactin), aerobactin and yersiniabactin grew normally in the presence of Ex-FABP. (hal.science)
Background: Pathogenic strains in Escherichia coli can be divided into several pathotypes according to their virulence features. (elsevierpure.com)
Our results suggest the dynamic nature of plastic genomes in pathogenic strains of E. coli. (elsevierpure.com)

The HPI appears to be a complex of 5 genes involved in the production of an iron-siderophore yersiniabactin, which captures iron necessary and possibly rate-limiting for bacterial proliferation,[12] explaining the susceptibility among individuals with hemochromatosis or hemophilia. (medscape.com)

Here we demonstrate that the human pathogenic dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae produces the hydroxamate siderophores ferricrocin and ferrichrome C. Additionally, we show that the iron regulator HapX is crucial for the adaptation to iron starvation and iron excess, but is dispensable for virulence of A. benhamiae . (leibniz-hki.de)

Siderophores are small molecule iron-chelators produced by microorganisms and vegetation rising principally beneath low iron situations. (operatiebrp.nl)
Bacillus subtilis also produces siderophores, which are iron-chelating compounds that limit the availability of iron to pathogenic microorganisms. (biologix.co.nz)

Avian lipocalin expression in chickens following Escherichia coli infection and inhibition of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli growth by Ex-FABP. (hal.science)
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes respiratory disease and sepsis in poultry. (hal.science)

Pseudomonas fluorescens suppresses plant diseases by production of number of secondary metabolites including antibiotics, siderophores and hydrogen cyanide. (biosciregister.com)
This evaluate summarizes siderophore molecules produced by the genus Streptomyces emphasizing their potential as biotechnological producers and likewise illustrating genomic instruments for locating siderophores helpful for treating bacterial infections.The literature search was carried out utilizing PUBMED and MEDLINE databases with key phrases siderophore, secondary metabolites, Trojan horse technique, sideromycin and Streptomyces. (operatiebrp.nl)

Besides assembling serratiochelin A and B with diaminopropane, S. plymuthica utilizes putrescine and the same set of enzymes to assemble photobactin, a siderophore found in the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens . (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, active management strategies must be developed, based on the current dispersal patterns in Korea, to prevent the spread of this pathogenic bacterium. (online-rpd.org)
Using an in vivo growth chamber model, the pathogenic fish bacterium A. salmonicida was cultured in pure culture in vivo in its host, the Atlantic salmon, to obtain sufficient biomass to allow proteomic analysis. (canada.ca)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces two siderophores under iron-limiting conditions, pyoverdin and pyochelin. (ku.edu)
Pseudomonas fluorescens are non-pathogenic saprophytes that colonize soil, water and plant surface environments. (biosciregister.com)
Fluorescent pseudomonads such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Pseudomonas fluorescens produce pyoverdine siderophores that ensure iron-supply in iron-limited environments. (uni-hannover.de)

Biotechnological Potential of Streptomyces Siderophores as New Antibiotics. (operatiebrp.nl)

Since iron is limited in extra-intestinal tissues, E. coli produces siderophores, small molecules with high affinity for ferric iron, to sequester this essential nutrient. (hal.science)
Purified Ex-FABP inhibited growth of E. coli K-12, which only produces the siderophore enterobactin. (hal.science)

In response to iron limitation in their environment, genes involved in microbe siderophore production and uptake are derepressed, leading to manufacture of siderophores and the appropriate uptake proteins. (wikipedia.org)

This review summarizes new de-velopments in our understanding of diverse virulence factors associated encoding genes used by different pathotypes of enteric pathogenic E. coli to cause intestinal and extraintestinal diseases in humans. (preprints.org)
HapX Mediates Iron Homeostasis in the Pathogenic Dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae but Is Dispensable for Virulence. (leibniz-hki.de)
Kröber A, Scherlach K, Hortschansky P, Shelest E, Staib P, Kniemeyer O, Brakhage AA (2016) HapX Mediates Iron Homeostasis in the Pathogenic Dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae but Is Dispensable for Virulence. (leibniz-hki.de)
The pathogenic Yersinia species possess a wide range of chromosomal and plasmid-derived virulence factors, which allow entry, adherence, invasion, dissemination, and release from the host. (medscape.com)
Consistently, production of both extra and intracellular siderophores is crucial for virulence of A. fumigatus . (frontiersin.org)
Sugar-specific induction of virulence factors suggests a mechanistic link for the switch from a commensal to a pathogenic lifestyle, particularly relevant during increased algal cover and human-derived pollution on coral reefs. (uni-konstanz.de)

This study shows the natural occurrence of serratiochelins, photobactin, enterobactin, and aerobactin in a single bacterial species and illuminates the interplay between siderophore biosynthetic pathways and polyamine production, indicating routes of molecular diversification. (biomedcentral.com)

Microbes release siderophores to scavenge iron from these mineral phases by formation of soluble Fe3+ complexes that can be taken up by active transport mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial siderophores are small molecules with unmatched capacity to scavenge iron from proteins and the extracellular milieu, where it mostly occurs as insoluble Fe 3+ . (biomedcentral.com)

These bacterial iron uptake programs can be utilized for antibiotic conjugation or as targets for killing pathogenic micro organism. (operatiebrp.nl)
This bacterial strain showed plant growth-promoting properties, including biofilm formation and siderophore activity. (mdpi.com)

Because iron is toxic at high levels, iron acquisition in pathogenic organisms, including H. capsulatum, is a highly regulated process. (nih.gov)
Iron acquisition systems are crucial for the development of pathogenic bacterias6. (irjs.info)

Siderophores are usually classified by the ligands used to chelate the ferric iron. (wikipedia.org)

This is followed by excretion of the siderophore into the extracellular environment, where the siderophore acts to sequester and solubilize the iron. (wikipedia.org)

They have devised complex regulatory mechanisms responding to Fe 2+ unavailability that induce the expression of a series of genes to produce small iron chelators, termed siderophores [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], secrete them, and take up their iron-bound forms. (biomedcentral.com)
To understand the pathogenic mechanisms of MAP infection, it is important to elucidate the within-host dynamics of MAP, especially during the initial stage of infection. (biomedcentral.com)

For example, the anthrax pathogen Bacillus anthracis releases two siderophores, bacillibactin and petrobactin, to scavenge ferric ion from iron containing proteins. (wikipedia.org)

Siderophores chelate Fe 3+ for uptake into the cell, where it is reduced to soluble Fe 2+ . (biomedcentral.com)

A potential new target for antimicrobial drugs is the production of siderophores. (ku.edu)
Plant-growth-promoting (PGP) activities include the production of phytohormones, siderophores and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase as well as the solubilization of inorganic phosphate. (benthamscience.com)
In iron stress conditions in rhizobia, siderophore production provides an added advantage, resulting in the exclusion of pathogen due to iron starvation. (bbrc.in)

Many siderophores are nonribosomal peptides, although several are biosynthesised independently. (wikipedia.org)

One such innovative way is the incorporation of polyamines into the nascent siderophore, which has evolved in multiple species that naturally produce polyamines. (biomedcentral.com)

Siderophores are key molecules in low soluble iron conditions. (biomedcentral.com)

Mass spectrometry analysis identified the 73 kDa protein as a colicin receptor, the 76 kDa protein as an outer membrane heme receptor, and the 85 kDa protein as a ferric siderophore receptor. (canada.ca)

Siderophores are amongst the strongest binders to Fe3+ known, with enterobactin being one of the strongest of these. (wikipedia.org)

These results indicate that Ex-FABP is an avian siderocalin with a siderophore-binding activity similar to that of human siderocalin and that pathogen-specific siderophores are required by APEC to overcome this innate defense protein in poultry. (hal.science)

Pyoverdines are important siderophores that guarantee iron supply to important pathogenic and non-pathogenic pseudomonads in host habitats. (uni-hannover.de)

They are current in Streptomyces, Gram-positive micro organism which can be an vital supply for locating new siderophores. (operatiebrp.nl)

The pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum requires iron for its survival during macrophage infection. (nih.gov)

Microbes usually release the iron from the siderophore by reduction to Fe2+ which has little affinity to these ligands. (wikipedia.org)

Differential gene expression analysis revealed a shift in the central carbohydrate metabolism and the induction of metalloproteases, siderophores, and toxins in Alteromonas, Erythrobacter, Oceanicola, and Alcanivorax populations. (uni-konstanz.de)

During iron sufficiency, SreA represses iron uptake, including reductive iron assimilation and siderophore-mediated iron uptake, to avoid toxic effects. (frontiersin.org)

The major groups of siderophores include the catecholates (phenolates), hydroxamates and carboxylates (e.g. derivatives of citric acid). (wikipedia.org)

High DOC concentrations on coral reefs are also hypothesized to be a determinant for switching microbial lifestyles from commensal to pathogenic, thereby contributing to coral reef degradation, but evidence is missing. (uni-konstanz.de)

Siderophores have been explored not too long ago due to their potential functions in environmental and therapeutic analysis . (operatiebrp.nl)
P. vortex's genome, for example, [32] harbors many genes which are employed in these strategies, in particular it has the potential to produce siderophores under iron-limiting conditions. (wikipedia.org)

Organisms9

Chemicals and Drugs33

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes7

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science1

Bacteria16

Biosynthesis8

Fungi6

Variety of siderophores2

Strains7

Yersiniabactin1

Hydroxamate1

Microorganisms2

Escherichia2

Secondary metabolites2

Bacterium3

Pseudomonas3

Antibiotics1

Produces2

Genes involved1

Virulence6

Biosynthetic1

Scavenge iron2

Bacterial2

Acquisition2

Ferric iron1

Extracellular1

Mechanisms2

Bacillus1

Chelate1

Production3

Peptides1

Species1

Soluble1

Receptor1

Enterobactin1

Protein1

Important1

Organism1

Survival1

Reduction1

Expression1

Toxic1

Include1

High1

Potential2