• Among the baseline characteristics, serous pigment epithelial detachment (B = - 2.580, P = 0.032) and thick-choroid (B = 1.980, P = 0.019) were significantly associated with recurrence. (plos.org)
  • Thinner choroid and serous pigment epithelial detachment appear protective for recurrences. (plos.org)
  • Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is characterized by serous neurosensory retinal detachment at the posterior pole due to leakage from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) [ 1 - 5 ]. (plos.org)
  • Persistent serous retinal detachment in a patient with chronic CSC can lead to permanent visual impairment due to RPE decompensation and disruption of the photoreceptor ellipsoid zone [ 1 , 2 , 12 , 13 ]. (plos.org)
  • Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a disease in which a serous detachment of the neurosensory retina occurs over an area of leakage from the choriocapillaris through the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). (medscape.com)
  • However, it is now recognized that CSCR may present with diffuse retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction (eg, diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy, chronic CSCR, decompensated RPE) characterized by persistent neurosensory retinal detachment overlying areas of RPE atrophy and pigment mottling. (medscape.com)
  • and serous retinal detachment (See Figure 1C) . (reviewofophthalmology.com)
  • Further complications can include neovascular glaucoma, vitreous haemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment. (novartis.be)
  • PURPOSE: Comparisons of the surgical and anatomic results of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery have been investigated previously. (bvsalud.org)
  • The second volume of this set covers several choroid and retinal disorders including, commotio retinae, choroidal rupture and macular trauma, retinal breaks and detachment, and a variety of congenital / genetic eye diseases such as Best's disease and Stargardt disease. (benthambooks.com)
  • Retinal tears put us at great risk of developing a retinal detachment, which is a separation of the retina from the wall of the eye. (gbretina.com)
  • A retinal detachment due to a retinal tear is surgical problem that is often reparable by either scleral buckling or vitrectomy surgery. (gbretina.com)
  • The self-limiting unilateral macular serous retinal detachment is the most common form of central serous chorioretinopathy, but a wide variability of presentations exist. (eyesoneyecare.com)
  • As the tumor enlarges, it may cause distortion of the pupil (iris melanoma), blurred vision (ciliary body melanoma), or markedly decreased visual acuity caused by secondary retinal detachment (choroidal melanoma). (cigna.com)
  • Retinal detachment is separation of the neurosensory retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The most common cause is a retinal break (a tear or, less commonly, a hole-rhegmatogenous detachment). (msdmanuals.com)
  • ultrasonography may help determine the presence and type of retinal detachment if it cannot be seen with funduscopy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Immediate treatment is imperative if rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is acute and threatens central vision. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Treatment of rhegmatogenous detachment may include sealing retinal breaks (by laser or cryotherapy), supporting the breaks with scleral buckling, pneumatic retinopexy, and/or vitrectomy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There are 3 types of detachment: rhegmatogenous (which involves a retinal break), traction, and serous (exudative) detachment. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Traction retinal detachment can be caused by vitreoretinal traction due to preretinal fibrous membranes as may occur in proliferative diabetic or sickle cell retinopathy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Retinal detachment is painless. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Indirect ophthalmoscopy shows the retinal detachment and can differentiate the subtypes of retinal detachment in nearly all cases. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Currently, there are a limited number of reports of structural changes in the retina and choroid in acute anterior uveitis (AAU). (biomedcentral.com)
  • For these reasons, choroidal and retinal changes in active anterior uveitis are not well known. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In Fuchs' uveitis syndrome, patients exhibit a relatively thin choroid, which might be the result of the chronic inflammation associated with the disease [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1 Isolated anterior uveitis usually causes non-cystic retinal thickening that correlates well with disease activity. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
  • One study that showed a 20-percent change in retinal thickness correlated well with a 10-letter change in visual acuity, suggesting that changes in SD-OCT could be a meaningful measure of treatment success in macular edema related to uveitis. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
  • Ocular involvement has been observed in 30% to 70% of BD patients, manifesting as anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis, panuveitis, and/or retinal vasculitis [ 1 3 4 ]. (ekjo.org)
  • In addition, imaging modalities, such as indocyanine green angiography, in patients with active Behçet uveitis (BU) have shown irregular filling of the choriocapillaris, choroidal filling defects, and dye leakage from choroidal vessels, suggesting involvement of the choroid in BD [ 9 10 ]. (ekjo.org)
  • EDI-OCT has shown significantly increased choroidal thickness in BD patients with active uveitis [ 11 12 ], as well as in the uninvolved eyes of patients with unilateral BU, compared with control subjects [ 11 ]. (ekjo.org)
  • That is, the highly vascularized choroid is likely to be affected, regardless of whether clinical uveitis is present. (ekjo.org)
  • Ocular involvement-presenting as chorioretinitis, uveitis, occlusive retinal vasculitis, or optic neuritis [ 4 , 5 ]-occurs in some cases of WNV infection, although the pathogenesis and sequelae of these complications are unclear. (molvis.org)
  • Overview of Uveitis Uveitis is defined as inflammation of the uveal tract-the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the most common retinal vascular disorder after diabetic retinopathy. (novartis.be)
  • Occlusion of a retinal vein causes haemorrhage and macular oedema, which can lead to a painless reduction in vision. (novartis.be)
  • Based on the prognosis of the retinal vein occlusion, current treatment modalities offer an excellent chance at recovery of vision. (gbretina.com)
  • Retinal dystrophy and subretinal drusenoid deposits in female choroideremia carriers. (nature.com)
  • With further imaging advances, the theory of a pachychoroidal driven process has incorporated findings such as increased choroidal thickness, dilated choroidal veins and thinning of the inner choroid to the CSCR disease process. (medscape.com)
  • Another study showed significant choroidal thinning in patients with hydroxychloroquine retinopathy compared to those without the treatment but on long-term of hydroxychloroquine, and a third study showed increased choroidal thickness in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • The mean subfoveal choroidal thicknesses (SFCTs) in groups 1-3 were 326.7 ± 64.2, 296.1 ± 66.6, and 294.9 ± 41.7 μm, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thick-choroid CSC was defined as mean subfoveal choroidal thickness more than 300.0 μ m. (plos.org)
  • Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) of 9 mm×9 mm scanning mode was used to measure the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) automatically in nine macular regions according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study classification system using TOPCON Advanced Boundary Segmentation (TABS) software. (cjeo-journal.org)
  • To investigate whether subfoveal choroidal thickness, measured using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), is an indicator of subclinical ocular or systemic inflammation in eyes with Behçet disease (BD) without active ocular inflammation. (ekjo.org)
  • Subfoveal choroidal thickness was measured using EDI-OCT. (ekjo.org)
  • The mean subfoveal choroidal thicknesses differed significantly among these groups. (ekjo.org)
  • Subfoveal choroidal thickness, as measured by EDI-OCT, may be a clinical indicator of subclinical ocular inflammation and systemic inflammation in BD patients without active ocular inflammation. (ekjo.org)
  • [ 9 ] These studies support the belief of diffuse systemic effect on the choroidal vasculature. (medscape.com)
  • Breaks in Bruch's membrane are required for new vessels to pass from the choroidal vasculature to the retina. (novartis.be)
  • Pachychoroid spectrum disorder (PCD) is a group of disorders characterized by chronic choroid thickening and dysfunction of choroidal vasculature. (cjeo-journal.org)
  • The ocular toxicity risks in patients taking hydroxychloroquine are familiar to all optometrists and ophthalmologists, but the exact effect of hydroxychloroquine on choroidal vasculature is unclear. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • While optical coherence tomography angiography provides an en face depiction of the choroidal vasculature, it does not reveal flow dynamics. (arvojournals.org)
  • Previous hypotheses for the pathophysiology have included abnormal ion transport across the RPE and focal choroidal vasculopathy. (medscape.com)
  • During lower mean CD4+ T cells (368.4/µL choroidal vasculopathy in the macula. (cdc.gov)
  • 314 eyes of 274 patients with PCD including 149 eyes of 113 patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), 95 eyes of 81 patients with polypoid choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), 70 eyes of 60 patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), along with 382 eyes of 199 normal subjects matched diopter, age and gender with PCD were selected for likelihood ratio analysis. (cjeo-journal.org)
  • This indicates the importance of OCT examination for detection of subclinical choroidal and retinal changes in all types of AAU. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because BD is a systemic vascular disease, these findings suggest that patients with BD and without any evidence of ocular involvement may still have subclinical choroidal involvement [ 11 ]. (ekjo.org)
  • Lastly, serous retinal detachments are characterized by a separation between the neurosensory retina and RPE. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
  • Traction and serous retinal detachments (not involving retinal breaks) cause central or peripheral vision loss. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Traction and serous retinal detachments do not involve a break and are called nonrhegmatogenous. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 12 PDR is characterised by the growth of new blood vessels from the retinal surface towards the vitreous cavity in response to chronic retinal hypoxia. (novartis.be)
  • Choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) occurs when abnormal blood vessels originating from the choroid grow into the retina through the Bruch's membrane. (novartis.be)
  • Retina CAD is a software tool for support ophthalmologists at evaluating changes in retinal blood vessels in large-scale screening programs. (talkb2b.net)
  • Diabetes is a disease that primarily affects the competency of our small blood vessels. (gbretina.com)
  • The choroid is the area between the retina and the sclera, and it contains the major blood vessels that provide nutrients and oxygen to the eye. (reachmd.com)
  • These vision problems are due to an ongoing loss of cells (atrophy) in the specialized light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye (retina) and a nearby network of blood vessels (the choroid). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Studies using multifocal electroretinography have demonstrated bilateral diffuse retinal dysfunction even when CSCR was active only in one eye. (medscape.com)
  • Although the devastating ocular symptoms of BD in the fundus are caused by obliterative and necrotizing vasculitis, histopathological studies of the choroid have demonstrated diffuse and focal infiltration by inflammatory cells, including CD4+ T cells and macrophages [ 7 8 ]. (ekjo.org)
  • A small percentage of choroidal nevi can become something more concerning, like a choroidal melanoma, which is why it is important to have choroidal nevi checked at least once annually by a dilated fundoscopic exam and fundus photography. (gbretina.com)
  • Melanoma of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, and choroid), though rare, is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. (cigna.com)
  • The typical choroidal melanoma is a brown, elevated, dome-shaped subretinal mass. (cigna.com)
  • SD-OCT can identify hyperreflectivity, thinning, loss of or edema of retinal and chorioretinal interface layers in white dot syndromes, which may provide more accurate case definitions of these disorders and better prognostic clues. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
  • In these diseases, human motion analysis is seen as fundamental towards an early diagnosis and improved management. (talkb2b.net)
  • Choroid CAD is a software that improves the diagnosis and clinical follow-up of ocular diseases by supporting the assessment of thickness changes of choroidal membrane. (talkb2b.net)
  • Frequently a surgical urgency, a diagnosis of a retinal tear usually requires prompt in-office treatment with laser. (gbretina.com)
  • Characteristic to the disease is the profound atrophy of the brain accompanied by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and the presence of tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). (frontiersin.org)
  • OCT is the gold standard for detecting subretinal fluid and retinal atrophy. (eyesoneyecare.com)
  • Figure 2 demonstrates complex, resolved central serous chorioretinopathy with outer retinal atrophy. (eyesoneyecare.com)
  • PRA (Progressive Retinal Atrophy) APR (Atrophie Progressive de la Rétine). (collie-online.com)
  • The advent of indocyanine green (ICG) angiography has highlighted the importance of the choroidal circulation to the pathogenesis of CSCR. (medscape.com)
  • ICG angiography has demonstrated both multifocal choroidal hyperpermeability and hypofluorescent areas suggestive of focal choroidal vascular compromise. (medscape.com)
  • To describe the vascular changes of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH) after ruthenium-106 brachytherapy using optical coherence tomography angiography (angio-OCT). (cnr.it)
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting in dementia and eventual death. (frontiersin.org)
  • 446 eyes of 230 healthy subjects from the pachychoroid spectrum disorder (PCD) cohort in Beijing Tongren Hospital were enrolled for the choroidal thickness distribution analysisfrom April 2018 to June 2021. (cjeo-journal.org)
  • CEA is more technically known as Choroidal Hypoplasia (CH). It is a recessively inherited eye disorder that causes abnormal development of the choroid - an important layer of tissue under the retina of the eye. (collie-online.com)
  • Although CMV is the most common congenital infection in the developed world, affecting approximately 1% of all infants born in the United States, only 10% of all infants born in the United States with congenital CMV infection have symptomatic disease at birth, including chorioretinitis. (medscape.com)
  • Beyond the neonatal period, chorioretinitis can be diagnosed in diverse clinical conditions and can reflect newly acquired diseases or reactivation. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, with increasing air travel and globalization, several emerging infectious diseases have been recognized as causing ocular disease, including retinitis, chorioretinitis, retinal vasculitis, and optic nerve involvement. (medscape.com)
  • Each of the highly respected physicians at Austin Retina is a board-certified, licensed ophthalmologist, fellowship-trained retinal specialist and retina surgeon who is an expert in managing diseases involving the retina, vitreous and macula. (austinretina.com)
  • Macular degeneration is an age-related eye disease that affects the macula, the part of the retina that contains our fovea, or center of vision. (gbretina.com)
  • While choroidal changes are associated with retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration 3 and diabetic retinopathy, 4 , 5 the limited ability to characterize choroidal flow leaves its role in pathogenesis and progression unclear. (arvojournals.org)
  • We also identified other genes, including IDO1 and BAMBI, that may influence the RPE and therefore outer blood-retinal barrier integrity during ocular infection and inflammation, or are associated with degeneration, as seen for example in aging. (molvis.org)
  • QUT researchers have applied artificial intelligence (AI) deep learning techniques to develop a more accurate and detailed method for analyzing images of the back of the eye to help clinicians better detect and track eye diseases, such as glaucoma and aged-related macular degeneration. (reachmd.com)
  • Objective To characterize the distribution characteristics of choroidal thickness in healthy normal subjects and to define the diagnostic cut-off value for pachychoroid. (cjeo-journal.org)
  • In this report, we describe the use of plane-wave ultrasound to image and characterize choroidal blood flow. (arvojournals.org)
  • Behçet disease (BD) is a systemic immune-mediated vasculitis, affecting both arteries and veins in multiple organs [ 1 2 ]. (ekjo.org)
  • Subretinal fluid in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
  • The various subtypes of central serous chorioretinopathy based on the chronicity/extent of subretinal fluid and presence of retinal/RPE changes. (eyesoneyecare.com)
  • It provides in vivo, cross-sectional, histologic information of the choroid and allows visualization of choroidal vascular structures and measurement of choroidal thickness [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Optical coherence tomography is a safe, non-invasive modality that allows for high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging of the retina through detection of relative changes in reflectivity at optical interfaces by infrared light.1 Compared with time-domain OCT, spectral-domain OCT has allowed for improved visualization of retinal morphology with its ability to achieve axial resolutions of 5 to 7 μm. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
  • Enhanced-depth- imaging OCT now allows better visualization of the choroid. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
  • The development of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) has improved visualization of choroidal tissue, allowing choroidal involvement to be investigated noninvasively in many diseases. (ekjo.org)
  • however, the retinal thickness was significantly decreased in those with hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • Choroidal thickness was significantly greater in the NUBD (310.5 ± 81.0 µm) than in the IUBD (263.1 ± 56.6 µm, p = 0.013) and control (256.9 ± 67.9 µm, p = 0.002) groups. (ekjo.org)
  • Diabetic macular oedema (DME) is a complication of diabetes that occurs when there is damage to the blood-retinal barrier, leading to the accumulation of fluid within the intraretinal layers of the macular. (novartis.be)
  • It can occur at any stage of diabetic retinopathy, although it is more likely to occur the longer the disease goes on. (novartis.be)
  • Diabetic eye disease is a leading cause for blindness registration among working age adults. (novartis.be)
  • CME appears as low reflective intraretinal spaces that are separated by thin retinal tissue with high reflectivity. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
  • The choroid has the highest rate of blood flow per unit weight of any tissue. (arvojournals.org)
  • Dr. Alonso-Caneiro said using OCT scanning to map and monitor the thickness of the tissue layers in the eye can help clinicians to detect eye diseases. (reachmd.com)
  • In our study we looked for a new method of analyzing the images and extracting two main tissue layers at the back of the eye, the retina and choroid, with special interest in the choroid," he said. (reachmd.com)
  • The standard imaging processing techniques used with OCT define and analyze the retinal tissue layers well, but very few clinical OCT instruments have software that analyzes the choroidal tissue. (reachmd.com)
  • Being able to analyze OCT images has improved our understanding of eye tissue changes associated with normal eye development, aging, refractive errors and eye disease," Dr. Alonso-Caneiro said. (reachmd.com)
  • We feel our methods could provide a way to better map and monitor changes in choroid tissue, and potentially diagnose eye diseases earlier. (reachmd.com)
  • Following shifts in gut bacterial composition, the immune system surpasses microbial tolerance and progresses to an inflammatory state, which can induce tissue damage throughout the body and promote disease pathogenesis. (springer.com)
  • 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] AMN, a bilateral condition affecting otherwise healthy young adults, appears to involve a pathologic process occurring more in the middle and outer retinal layers rather than in the RPE and choriocapillaris. (medscape.com)
  • A choroidal nevus is a benign, pigmented spot in the choroid, one of the outer layers of our eye. (gbretina.com)
  • Several studies have investigated choroidal thickness in hydroxychloroquine and established hydroxychloroquine retinopathy, but none have conclusively determined the effects of the treatment on choroidal thickness. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • Pre-formed fibrils are an invaluable preclinical model for exploring pathogenesis of neurological diseases through aggregation of misfolded proteins. (acrobiosystems.com)
  • The etiology of central serous chorioretinopathy is not well defined but choroidal dysfunction is thought to play a key role in its pathogenesis. (eyesoneyecare.com)
  • Based on findings in neurological diseases ( 20-23 ) and pharmacological interactions ( 24-27 ), it appears that a malfunction of 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT)2 receptors may have a major role in the pathogenesis of bruxism. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The choroid is a vascular network providing the bulk of the oxygen and nutrient supply to the retina and may play a pivotal role in retinal disease pathogenesis. (arvojournals.org)
  • Some investigators believe that initial choroidal vascular compromise subsequently leads to secondary dysfunction of the overlying RPE. (medscape.com)
  • The incidence of lymphoproliferative ocular diseases, especially malignant lymphoma, has increased over the years. (medscape.com)
  • Aberrations in the gut microbiota have been shown to be associated with ocular diseases in both human and animal studies. (springer.com)
  • Future studies of the gut microbiota and its relationship with ocular disease will increase our understanding of the gut-eye axis and lead to innovative therapeutic approaches to treating ocular diseases. (springer.com)
  • Since the initial description of the disease by Nozik and Dorsch in 1973, hundreds of patients have been reported in the literature with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis (MCP). (medscape.com)