• Note to the Reader Please cite this work as: Williams RW, Gu J, Qi S, Lu L (2001) The genetic structure of recombinant inbred mice: High-resolution consensus maps for complex trait analysis. (nervenet.org)
  • Systems genetics and systems biology analysis of paraquat neurotoxicity in BXD recombinant inbred mice. (cdc.gov)
  • however, because the increased proportion of deleterious homozygotes exposes the allele to natural selection, in the long run its frequency decreases more rapidly in inbred populations. (wikipedia.org)
  • The creation of ultra-high density genetic maps using large populations of advanced recombinant inbred lines (RILs) is an efficient way to identify QTL for complex agronomic traits. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The efficacy of predicting the performance of grain sorghum hybrids using genomic information of parental genotypes was assessed in three grain sorghum populations using genomic, pedigree, and environmental covariables interaction models. (usda.gov)
  • Spring NIAB_TetHex_NAM: consisting of 58 bi-parental populations, created by crossing 58 tetraploid accessions ( Triticum durum, T. dicoccum, T. dicoccoides ) to the bread wheat T. aestivum spring cultivar Paragon, to generate 1,784 recombinant inbred lines (RILs). (niab.com)
  • Winter NIAB_TetHex_NAM: consisting of 21 bi-parental populations, created by crossing 21 tetraploid accessions to the bread wheat winter cultivar Robigus, to generate 646 RILs. (niab.com)
  • Spring NIAB_SHW_NAM: consisting of 64 bi-parental populations, created by crossing 64 SHW accessions to the bread wheat spring cultivar Paragon, to generate 4,200 RILs. (niab.com)
  • An association mapping panel of 410 inbred lines and four bi-parental populations were evaluated in field trials in Kenya and South Africa under optimum and low nitrogen conditions and genotyped with 259,798 SNP markers. (cgiar.org)
  • When inbred lines of cross-pollinating species are used to make hybrids, heterosis can reach almost 300% over the mid-parent (MP) value but considerably less when the performance of the parental populations (from which the inbred lines were developed) is used as the benchmark. (researchsquare.com)
  • Posselt [ 7 ] demonstrated a significant positive correlation between forage yield of perennial ryegrass hybrids and the geographical distance between their parental populations. (researchsquare.com)
  • Optimal contributions approaches to parental selection in closed breeding populations aim to maximize genetic gains, while restraining long-term inbreeding. (worldfishcenter.org)
  • Here, we examined the genetic basis of Goss's wilt through differential gene expression, standard genome-wide association mapping (GWAS), extreme phenotype (XP) GWAS using highly resistant (R) and highly susceptible (S) lines, and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping using 3 bi-parental populations, identifying 11 disease association loci. (nsf.gov)
  • Indian and Pakistani Parsi populations showed high level of homozygosity in their genome compared to their putative parental and present neighbors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inbreeding between related parents and especially from self-crosses is known to cause diminished growth and developmental abnormalities in the resulting progeny. (sisef.it)
  • The results showed a significant inbreeding depression, with a height growth reduction of 15% in selfed progeny, when compared with crosses from unrelated parents. (sisef.it)
  • This was associated with specific, unrelated, crosses and not to high inbreeding rates such as found among selfed progeny. (sisef.it)
  • Recombinant inbred strains derived from crosses between high and low activity strains exhibit segregation characteristic of a single allele difference. (jci.org)
  • In extreme cases, this usually leads to at least temporarily decreased biological fitness of a population (called inbreeding depression), which is its ability to survive and reproduce. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inbreeding can significantly influence gene expression which can prevent inbreeding depression. (wikipedia.org)
  • When deleterious recessive alleles are unmasked due to the increased homozygosity generated by inbreeding, this can cause inbreeding depression. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study looks at the magnitude and variation in selfing and the impact in inbreeding depression across several E. globulus families collected over the years in a seed orchard. (sisef.it)
  • These inbreeding depression values varied among families, ranging between 7% and 24%, evidencing the importance of genetic background. (sisef.it)
  • Pilakouta N, Smiseth PT (2016) Maternal effects alter the severity of inbreeding depression in the offspring. (quadrat.ac.uk)
  • Pilakouta N, Jamieson S, Moorad JA, Smiseth PT (2015) Parental care buffers against inbreeding depression in burying beetles. (quadrat.ac.uk)
  • Comparisons of maternal half-siblings in broods with no mortality produced similar results, indicating differential allocation rather than covariation between female quality and relatedness or sex-specific inbreeding depression in survival. (datadryad.org)
  • As males suffer greater inbreeding depression, overproducing females after mating with related males may reduce fitness costs of inbreeding in a system with no inbreeding avoidance, while biasing the sex of outbred offspring towards males may maximize fitness via increased mating success of outbred sons. (datadryad.org)
  • Cultivars of perennial grass species are usually synthetics with a limited number of constituent parental clones, prone to inbreeding depression. (uky.edu)
  • In hybrid breeding, identifying a prominent hybrid that can be released as a cultivar involves parental development, crossing among selected parents, and a lengthy process of multi-environment evaluation of hybrids along the parents. (usda.gov)
  • The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of predicting the performance of grain sorghum hybrids using genomic information of parental genotypes. (usda.gov)
  • The results suggest that genomic prediction could become an effective tool for predicting the performance of sorghum hybrids from parental genotypes. (usda.gov)
  • In Swiss alpine swards, we observed frequent prevalence of triploid hybrids of Festuca pratensis × F. apennina with outstanding competitiveness relative to their parental species in the sites of sympatric occurrence. (researchsquare.com)
  • Variation of SCE frequencies was observed, however, between the different hybrid clones, and most hybrids showed consistently less SCE per chromosome than the corresponding parental cell types did under similar growth conditions. (biologists.com)
  • Highly heterozygous F1-hybrids outperform their parental inbred lines, a phenomenon known as heterosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • It was hypothesized that hybrid vigor is promoted through a higher nutrient use efficiency which is linked to an improved root system performance of hybrids in comparison to their inbred parents. (bvsalud.org)
  • Genetical genomics is further enhanced by using recombinant inbred lines as a mapping population. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study we have increased the density of microsatellite markers 2- to 5-fold in each of several major RI sets that share C57BL/6 as a parental strain (AXB, BXA, BXD, BXH, and CXB). (nervenet.org)
  • Inbreeding results in homozygosity, which can increase the chances of offspring being affected by recessive traits. (wikipedia.org)
  • Correlation coefficients between the homozygosity-by-descent estimates were high but only for inbred individuals, with nearly absolute correlation between single-point measures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Characterization and management of long runs of homozygosity in parental nucleus lines and their associated crossbred progeny / Howard Jeremy, Tiezzi Francesco, Huang Yijian, Gray Kent, Maltecca Christian. (unifi.it)
  • Classical and ancestral inbreeding coefficients were computed from pedigree data using the gene dropping method. (scirp.org)
  • Average classical inbreeding coefficients of inbred individuals were 2.19%, 1.94% and 2.07%, while average Ballou's ancestral inbreeding coefficients were 3.69%, 1.39% and 2.21% for the Angler, Red-and-White DP and the combined breed pedigree analyses, respectively. (scirp.org)
  • Estimates of inbreeding coefficients in human studies have traditionally been computed from genealogical data, although their reliability has often been in question, with problems including incomplete genealogical records or false paternities [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Resequencing at ≥40-Fold Depth of the Parental Genomes of a Solanum lycopersicum × S. pimpinellifolium Recombinant Inbred Line Population and Characterization of Frame-Shift InDels That Are Highly Likely to Perturb Protein Function. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Inbreeding can result in purging of deleterious alleles from a population through purifying selection. (wikipedia.org)
  • As an example, the genetic variation of three quantitative traits including iodine value, oil content, and linolenic acid content, in a bi-parental recombinant inbreeding line population of flax with 243 individuals was evaluated using our statistical models and a joint analysis of data over multiple environments is suggested for genetic parameter estimation. (usda.gov)
  • Potential Inbreeding in a Small Population of a Mass Flowering Species, Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (Xanthorrhoeaceae): Is Your Mother My Father? (scirp.org)
  • R. King and J. M. Zalucki, "Potential Inbreeding in a Small Population of a Mass Flowering Species, Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (Xanthorrhoeaceae): Is Your Mother My Father? (scirp.org)
  • Effective population size was calculated based on the increase of classical inbreeding, and based on ancestral inbreeding to obtain what was termed as ancestral effective population size. (scirp.org)
  • The effective population size estimates ranged from 156 to 170 for the classical inbreeding based method, and as low as from 50 to 54 for the ancestral history coefficient based method. (scirp.org)
  • With the availability of pedigree information, pedigree analysis can offer a better understanding of the population structure and trends in inbreeding of these breeds. (scirp.org)
  • To address this issue, we tested the effects of paraquat in a genetic reference population of mice (the BXD recombinant inbred strain family). (cdc.gov)
  • This is likely due to small population size and high level of inbreeding. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Physiological and genetic analyses of inbred mouse strains with a type I iodothyronine 5' deiodinase deficiency. (jci.org)
  • Inbred mouse strains differ in their capacity to deiodinate iododioxin and iodothyronines, with strains segregating into high or low activity groups. (jci.org)
  • Southern analyses using a 5'DI probe identified a restriction fragment length variant that segregated with 5'DI activity in 33 of 35 recombinant inbred strains derived from four different pairs of high and low activity parental strains. (jci.org)
  • Recombinant inbred (RI) strains of mice are an important resource used to map and analyze complex traits. (nervenet.org)
  • Genomes of individuals strains typically incorporate 45-55 recombinations between parental chromosomes. (nervenet.org)
  • Recombinant inbred (RI) strains have been used to map a wide range of Mendelian loci and quantitative traits (Taylor, 1989). (nervenet.org)
  • To test this hypothesis, we treated male mice from 28 to 39 BXD strains plus the parental strains with 1 of 3 doses of paraquat, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg 3 times on a weekly basis. (cdc.gov)
  • In plant breeding, inbred lines are used as stocks for the creation of hybrid lines to make use of the effects of heterosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Seven yellow inbred lines of corn ( Zea mays L.) were used as parents in this study. (scialert.net)
  • Across 968 offspring, the probability of being male decreased with increasing parental relatedness but not father ARS or heterozygosity. (datadryad.org)
  • Across 162 offspring, egg volume correlated negatively with parental relatedness and varied with lay-date, but was unrelated to father ARS or heterozygosity. (datadryad.org)
  • Genome-wide metrics included, pedigree inbreeding, heterozygosity and proportion of the genome in ROH of at least 5 Mb. (unifi.it)
  • Averaged across replicates and breeds, progeny had higher levels of heterozygosity (0.0056 ± 0.002%) and lower proportion of the genome in a ROH of at least 5 Mb (−0.015 ± 0.003%) than their parental genomes when genomic relationships were constrained, while pedigree relationships resulted in negligible differences at the genomic level. (unifi.it)
  • An excellent explanation of Wright's Coefficient of Inbreeding (COI) can be found in Willis, Genetics of the Dog (Howell 1989) p. 320-5. (ashgi.org)
  • The Angler pedigree was more complete (88%) in the first parental generation but completeness declined with increasing pedigree depth. (scirp.org)
  • Though they are both rather inbred they have almost no common pedigree. (ashgi.org)
  • We conducted a simulation using observed genotypes to determine the impact of minimizing parental relationships on multiple diversity metrics within nucleus herds, i.e. pedigree-(A), SNP-by-SNP relationship matrix or ROH relationship matrix. (unifi.it)
  • Furthermore, compared to using pedigree relationships, using genomic information to constrain parental relationships resulted in maintaining more genetic diversity and more effectively targeted low diversity regions. (unifi.it)
  • An individual who inherits such deleterious traits is colloquially referred to as inbred. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subsequent research was mainly focused mainly on the effects of inbreeding on human fertility, early morbidity and mortality, and the effects on quantitative biological traits [ 8 - 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An experiment was conducted to assess genetic divergence among 60 inbred lines included 27 maintainer (B-) and 33 restorer (R-) lines of pearl millet based on quantitative data of grain yield and its ten component traits using hierarchical cluster and principal component analysis (PCA). (icrisat.org)
  • For example, in livestock breeding, breeders may use inbreeding when trying to establish a new and desirable trait in the stock and for producing distinct families within a breed, but will need to watch for undesirable characteristics in offspring, which can then be eliminated through further selective breeding or culling. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inbreeding also helps to ascertain the type of gene action affecting a trait. (wikipedia.org)
  • If aa is the genotype for an unwanted trait, the number of dogs exhibiting that trait will have increased because of inbreeding. (ashgi.org)
  • The objective of this study was to assess the within and across breed genetic diversity of the Angler and Red-and-White dual-purpose (DP) cattle breeds applying different inbreeding concepts. (scirp.org)
  • Long haplotypes were shared across parental breeds and thus, regions of ROH persisted in crossbred animals. (unifi.it)
  • We simulated crossbred dam (LA × LW) and market [DU × (LA × LW)] animal genotypes based on observed parental genotypes and the ROH frequency was tabulated. (unifi.it)
  • The parental inbred line No. 4 gave a good combiner for No. of rows ear -1 and grain yield plant -1 at both and across nitrogen rate. (scialert.net)
  • Cluster analysis grouped the inbred lines into eight clusters and the characters, plant height, 1000 grain weight, dry matter yield per plant and productive tillers per plant contributed maximum towards genetic divergence. (icrisat.org)
  • Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, recombinant inbred lines can provide both replicates from genetically identical individuals and samples from different segregants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The use of recombinant inbred lines allows an estimate of the heritability of expression measured by individual probes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The advantages of inbreeding may be the result of a tendency to preserve the structures of alleles interacting at different loci that have been adapted together by a common selective history. (wikipedia.org)
  • Three loci were validated using near-isogenic lines or recombinant inbred lines. (nsf.gov)
  • The main outputs are the parental allocations with their probability estimation, the crossing scheme, the observed and expected heterozygosities and the PIC and exclusion probabilities. (europa.eu)
  • A further analysis of the parental contribution of hormonally induced commercial broodstock (16 batches of 200 offspring) allowed developing protocols and guidelines on mass spawning synchronisation. (europa.eu)
  • Genetic Diversity Analysis among Inbred Lines of Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. (icrisat.org)
  • The grouping patterns of parental lines in PCA and cluster analysis were almost in agreement with each other with minor deviations. (icrisat.org)
  • It has become a faster method that allows selection of inbred parents with enhanced hybrid performance. (usda.gov)
  • One hundred and two public sorghum inbred parents were genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing. (usda.gov)
  • Impact of inbreeding on growth and development of young open-pollinated progeny of Eucalyptus globulus. (sisef.it)
  • Inbreeding in plants also occurs naturally in the form of self-pollination. (wikipedia.org)
  • All off spring in the group between 2 and 4 years of age leave their parental group so no in-breeding occurs with this family. (exmoorzoo.co.uk)
  • A half diallel cross between 7 inbred lines of maize was evaluated under two different nitrogen rates for six quantitative characters. (scialert.net)
  • Deciding who is really inbred is a methodological challenge where multi-point approaches can be very helpful once the set of SNP markers is filtered to remove linkage disequilibrium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The breed average 10-generation coefficient of inbreeding (COI) for Australian Shepherds is somewhere around 14%, or slightly higher than that of half-siblings who are otherwise unrelated. (ashgi.org)
  • An additive genetic mixed linear model was fitted to the data to evaluate the impact of inbreeding on height growth. (sisef.it)
  • Offspring of biologically related persons are subject to the possible effects of inbreeding, such as congenital birth defects. (wikipedia.org)
  • One hybrid was confirmed as a recombinant inbred between the two lineages, likely artificially post collection. (frontiersin.org)
  • By careful filtering and interpreting the SnpEff prediction tool, we have created a list of genes that are predicted to have highly perturbed protein functions in the E9 and L5 parental lines. (ox.ac.uk)