Parenchyma microglia. Medical search. Frequent questions

An overview of the roles and relationships of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia in the CNS. (abcam.com)
We then discuss emerging roles for each glial cell type (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells and microglia) in regulating the development and plasticity of the nervous system. (biologists.com)
In this white paper, we discuss the role of microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes in the neuroinflammatory processes highlighting the relevant antibody markers with a particular focus on multiple sclerosis. (atlasantibodies.com)
Glial cells, comprising astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, are the non-neuronal cell population of the central nervous system (CNS). (atlasantibodies.com)
Here we report single-nucleus RNA sequencing of microglia, astrocytes and the neurovasculature from frontal, temporal and occipital cortical tissue from control and FTD-GRN brains. (bvsalud.org)
Furthermore, neuropathologists have found that glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, are activated in each of these disorders, accompanied by low-to-moderate levels of inflammatory mediators in the parenchyma [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In fact TWEAK is indicated by microglia cells and astrocytes in normal mind (14) and an earlier statement shown that microglia cells and microglia-conditioned medium improved GB cell migration assisting and advertising the invasive phenotype of glioma cells (15). (biotech2012.org)
In particular her research is focused on how different cell types in the brain (neurons, microglia, astrocytes and endothelial cells) coordinate and interact to regulate these processes. (exeter.ac.uk)

Herein, we investigate how inflammatory mediators, including microglia, interleukin 1 beta (IL1β), and signaling through interleukin 1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1), influence the survival of retinal neurons in response to excitotoxic damage. (biomedcentral.com)
We conclude that reactive microglia provide protection to retinal neurons, since the absence of microglia is detrimental to survival. (biomedcentral.com)
The brain parenchyma comprises the functional tissue in the brain, including neurons and glial cells, responsible for cognition and coordination. (thehealthboard.com)
The brain parenchyma consists of neurons and glial cells. (thehealthboard.com)
Brain parenchyma is partially made up of neurons that communicate with organs or muscles of the body. (thehealthboard.com)
They also eat debris and parts of dead neurons, as do microglia, the third type. (thehealthboard.com)
Additionally, an aberrant response of microglia to Aβ deposits and degenerating neurons can lead to inflammatory states that further contribute to neuronal damage [ 3 ] Thus, finding ways to preferentially enhance microglial phagocytosis of toxic deposits such as Aβ without degradation of healthy synapses or exaggerated inflammatory responses could be an effective preventive and therapeutic strategy in NDDs, such as AD (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
This inflammatory process is critical to the development of HAND as it brings both infected and uninfected cells into the brain where they activate and infect macrophages/microglia and effect damage to the BBB and other cells within the CNS, including neurons. (elsevierpure.com)
CASPR2-IgG exposed neonates achieved milestones similarly to HC-IgG exposed controls but, when adult, the CASPR2-IgG exposed progeny showed marked social interaction deficits, abnormally located glutamatergic neurons in layers V-VI of the somatosensory cortex, a 16% increase in activated microglia, and a 15-52% decrease in glutamatergic synapses in layers of the prefrontal and somatosensory cortices. (ox.ac.uk)
Prior studies have recently shown that gelatin coatings lower activation of digestive microglia and mitigate the ubiquitous loss of neurons adjacent to implanted probes, both of which impede implant function. (lu.se)

Particularly, yolk sac-derived macrophages including microglia may possibly have different tasks since they are confronted with different target structures, mainly apoptotic cells during developmental tissue remodeling, while bone marrow-derived macrophages have a higher chance to be confronted with pathogens, mainly during defense against invading microbes. (frontiersin.org)

To investigate microglia turnover, lethally irradiated CX3CR1-GFP mice that express GFP in microglial cells were rescued by bone marrow transplantation from universal DsRed donor mice. (arvojournals.org)
Our data also suggests that microglia aid in recovery after ICH through the phagocytosis of myelin debris and that phagocytosis quells microglial pro-inflammatory responses. (uconn.edu)
A recurring feature of embryonic microglial distribution is their association with developing axon tracts which, together with in vitro data, supports the idea of a physiological role for microglia in neurite development. (biogps.org)
In vitro studies have extensively characterized microglial functions using rodent cultures, but human microglia research has been limited due to the scarcity of primary sources. (thankinhcac.top)
Among these cell lines, the human microglial clone 3 cell line, HMC3, and the "Immortalized Human Microglia - SV40" have gained attention. (thankinhcac.top)
RESULT A. Differential regulations of expressions of urokinase type plasminogen activators in microglia and astrocyte by microglial activators. (123dok.co)
Together, these proposals comprise the "microglial priming hypothesis," which predicts that microglia, primed by an existing pathology such as synapse, axon, or neuronal cell body degeneration or by amyloid deposition can be stimulated to an aggressive state of inflammation by secondary influences, such as infection and injury, and during this window of activation can exacerbate neuronal death. (jneurosci.org)
Although our results show that microglial replacement with peripheral derived myeloid cells is feasible and that irradiation-induced changes can be reversed by the replacement of microglia with monocytes in the hippocampus, we also observe that brain-wide engraftment of peripheral myeloid cells (relying on irradiation) can result in cognitive and synaptic deficits. (scite.ai)
Subventricular zone/white matter microglia reconstitute the empty adult microglial niche in a dynamic wave. (stanford.edu)
Using an inducible Cx3cr1 CreERT2/+-Csf1r +/fl system, we found that postdevelopmental, microglia-specific Csf1r haploinsufficiency resulted in reduced expression of homeostatic microglial markers. (stanford.edu)
As microglial elimination is unlikely to be clinically feasible for extended durations, we treated adult CSF1R+/- mice at different disease stages with a microglia-modulating dose of the CSF1R inhibitor PLX5622, which prevented microglial dyshomeostasis along with synaptic- and ECM-related deficits. (stanford.edu)
In conclusion, the beneficial effects of gelatin may be the combined results of faster healing of the blood brain barrier curtailing leakage of blood borne molecules/cells into brain parenchyma and to a modulation of the microglial population response favoring restitution of the injured tissue. (lu.se)

Therefore TWEAK produced in the brain parenchyma may bind to Fn14 within the glioma cell surface and contribute KN-93 Phosphate to glioma cell invasiveness. (biotech2012.org)

Microglia undergo considerable molecular changes when transforming functional phenotypes from "surveying" into "primed" phenotypes. (atlasantibodies.com)
Upon activation, microglia can polarize into many phenotypes ranging from pro-inflammatory to a phenotype associated with wound healing and repair. (uconn.edu)
However, the dichotomy between those opposed microglia phenotypes potentially offers new therapeutic options to support regenerative processes: A better understanding of the distinct components of microglia activation and polarization might enable us to reduce harmful and to enhance beneficial functions. (biomedcentral.com)
Upon exposure to cytokines and other environmental stimuli, microglia readily acquire different phenotypes that are characterized by varying levels of inflammatory response [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Similar phenotypes were observed in constitutive global Csf1r haploinsufficient mice and could be reversed/prevented by microglia elimination in adulthood. (stanford.edu)
Moreover, gelatin alters microglia phenotypes and modulates gelatinase activity for up to 2. (lu.se)

Ptgs2)-expressing microglia in fetal brain parenchyma and perivascular spaces. (bvsalud.org)
CASPR2-IgG but not HC-IgG bound to fetal brain parenchyma, from which CASPR2-antibodies could be eluted. (ox.ac.uk)

Fate-mapping and developmental analyses have revealed that microglia are derived from the embryonic yolk sac, unlike circulating monocytes, which are derived from the adult bone marrow. (elifesciences.org)

While research in this area is still just beginning, accumulating evidence points toward a novel role for microglia in regulating the ECM during normal brain homeostasis, and such processes may, in turn, become dysfunctional in disease. (stanford.edu)

Common mechanisms of recognition, engulfment, and degradation of the different types of cargo are assumed, but very little is known about the shared and specific molecules involved in the phagocytosis of each target by microglia. (frontiersin.org)
Phagocytosis has been traditionally studied in pathological conditions, leading to the assumption that microglia have to be activated in order to become efficient phagocytes. (frontiersin.org)
As the resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, microglia are crucial for the phagocytosis of infectious agents, apoptotic cells and synapses. (elifesciences.org)
Microglia perform multiple functions in the central nervous system, including surveillance, phagocytosis and release of a variety of soluble factors. (biomedcentral.com)
Notably, inflammatory response and phagocytosis are among the most crucial properties of microglia that are not only important for their physiological functions but also relevant to their implication in brain pathologies. (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally, phagocytosis, a function microglia share with other tissue macrophages, is critical to their role in brain disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
Phagocytosis is initiated by the interaction of target particles with phagocytic receptors expressed on microglia. (biomedcentral.com)

These observations are extended to human microglia, providing the first demonstration of type 2 differentiation of CNS-derived APCs. (aai.org)

Defined mediators switched microglia from one polarization state to the other, a process more effective when transforming M2 microglia towards M1 than vice versa. (biomedcentral.com)

Our goal is to interrogate the ontogeny, phenotype and functions of the different macrophage populations in a preclinical model of glioma, with a particular focus on the brain-resident macrophages including perivascular macrophages adjacent to blood vessels and microglia in the brain parenchyma. (usz.ch)
Microglia-the resident immune cells of the brain-are activated after brain lesions, e.g., cerebral ischemia, and polarize towards a classic "M1" pro-inflammatory or an alternative "M2" anti-inflammatory phenotype following characteristic temporo-spatial patterns, contributing either to secondary tissue damage or to regenerative responses. (biomedcentral.com)
Primary rat microglia in vitro were polarized towards a M1 phenotype by LPS, or to a M2 phenotype by IL4, while simultaneous exposure to LPS plus IL4 resulted in a hybrid phenotype expressing both M1- and M2-characteristic markers. (biomedcentral.com)
Overall our results demonstrate that TWEAK-induced KN-93 Phosphate Lyn activation may be an important signaling mechanism that promotes the invasion of glioma cells into the surrounding mind parenchyma a phenotype responsible for poor prognosis. (biotech2012.org)

In fact, as antigen-presenting cells (APC), microglia are endowed with the ability to release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines into the CNS tissue microenvironment. (atlasantibodies.com)
In accordance with the nomenclature of peripheral macrophages, activated microglia that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) and lead to neuronal loss and to impairment of tissue repair are categorized as "classically" activated (M1). (biomedcentral.com)

Microglia, the resident macrophages of the neural parenchyma, regulate a wide variety of processes in the brain, from development and synapse remodeling, to inflammatory insult and antigen presentation. (elifesciences.org)
Additionally, they regulate the concentration of ions in the space in between cells in the brain parenchyma, which keeps the organ as a whole functioning properly, and support the blood-brain barrier, which prevents certain substances from entering the brain via blood vessels. (thehealthboard.com)
Within the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are the resident immune cells that mediate and regulate inflammatory processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Apart from their immune functions, microglia also regulate synaptic architecture and neurogenesis, among other cerebral processes. (thankinhcac.top)

The "alternative" activation results in M2 microglia polarization, releasing neurotrophic factors and promoting healing and repair [ 13 , 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, microglia phagocytoses brain-specific cargo, such as axonal and myelin debris in spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis, amyloid-β deposits in Alzheimer's disease, and supernumerary synapses in postnatal development. (frontiersin.org)
Microglia as hackers of the matrix: sculpting synapses and the extracellular space. (stanford.edu)
Microglia shape the synaptic environment in health and disease, but synapses do not exist in a vacuum. (stanford.edu)
As it relates to synapses, microglia are reported to modify the perisynaptic matrix, which is the diffuse matrix that surrounds dendritic and axonal terminals, as well as perineuronal nets (PNNs), specialized reticular formations of compact ECM that enwrap neuronal subsets and stabilize proximal synapses. (stanford.edu)
The interconnected relationship between synapses and the ECM in which they are embedded suggests that alterations in one structure necessarily affect the dynamics of the other, and microglia may need to sculpt the matrix to modify the synapses within. (stanford.edu)

Polarized microglia had differential effects on the differentiation potential of NSCs in vitro and in vivo, with M1 microglia promoting astrocytogenesis, while M2 microglia supported neurogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Microglia colonize the brain parenchyma at early stages of development and accumulate in specific regions where they actively participate in cell death, angiogenesis, neurogenesis and synapse elimination. (biogps.org)

Microglia cells are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system [ 10 ]. (springer.com)
Microglia, the resident immune cells in the CNS, have been studied extensively with regard to their roles in inflammation and disease, but less is known about their functions in the developing and adult brain ( Casano and Peri, 2015 ). (biologists.com)
Microglia are the innate immune cells of the central nervous system and are derived from erythro-myeloid precursor cells that originate in the yolk sac during early stages of development [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
As the resident immune cells of the brain parenchyma, they constantly monitor the CNS microenvironment and become rapidly activated in response to various stimuli. (thankinhcac.top)
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are increasingly implicated in the regulation of brain health and disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Within an hour of head injury, the researchers observed parts of microglia (immune cells that act as first responders in the brain) extending toward the glial limitans and forming a stable network resembling a honeycomb. (blogspot.com)

Resident central nervous system (CNS) macrophages comprise microglia in the CNS parenchyma and perivascular macrophages (PVM) in perivascular spaces (PVS) of bood vessels. (usz.ch)

Moreover, p66Shc (−/−) diabetic mice show significantly less cognitive dysfunction and decreased levels of OS and the numbers of microglia. (nature.com)
When primary cultured microglia prepared from enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing transgenic rats were injected into the common carotid artery, GFP-positive microglia were detected in the brain parenchyma of CatD -/- , but not wild-type, mice. (elsevierpure.com)
We show that, using the ME7 model of prion disease, intracerebral challenge with LPS results in dramatic interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression, neutrophil infiltration, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the brain parenchyma of prion-diseased mice compared with the same challenge in normal mice. (jneurosci.org)

In this study, we monitor mRNA expression and the activities of uPA in cultures of microglia as well as uPA and tPA in astrocyte cultures from rat brain. (123dok.co)

Although our systematic analysis yields no molecular traces of SARS-CoV-2 in the brain, we observe broad cellular perturbations indicating that barrier cells of the choroid plexus sense and relay peripheral inflammation into the brain and show that peripheral T cells infiltrate the parenchyma. (nature.com)
The process by which infected monocytes cross the BBB and infiltrate the CNS parenchyma is mediated, in part, by the interactions of a variety of molecules, including adhesion proteins. (elsevierpure.com)

In this review we directly extrapolate basic phagocytic mechanisms from bone marrow-derived tissue macrophages to the less-known processes of microglia, but would like to point out that these assumed similarities might not fully hold true to the yolk sac-derived microglia. (frontiersin.org)
Microglia are similar, but not identical to other tissue macrophages, and in this review, we will first summarize the differences in the origin, lineage and population maintenance of microglia and macrophages. (frontiersin.org)
But how different are microglia really from other tissue resident macrophages in terms of origin, lineage, and identity? (frontiersin.org)
In the next sections, we will review evidence about the origin, lineage, identity, and population dynamics of microglia compared to other tissue-resident macrophages and highlight commonalities and differences. (frontiersin.org)
During brain injury or infection, bone-marrow derived macrophages invade neural tissue, making it difficult to distinguish between invading macrophages and resident microglia. (elifesciences.org)
Different cues produced within the CNS tissue microenvironment choreograph the microglia specification to enable the dramatic changes of the activation state of these cells. (atlasantibodies.com)
The brain parenchyma is the functional tissue in the brain. (thehealthboard.com)
Generally, injuries to the brain parenchyma are known as brain lesions, which involve damaged brain tissue. (thehealthboard.com)
In a resting state, microglia are involved in the maintenance of cell homeostasis surveying their microenvironment and communicating with the neuronal tissue via extremely motile processes and protrusions [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell death in the underlying brain tissue (the parenchyma) didn't occur until 9-12 hours after injury. (blogspot.com)
Background Microglia, the primary resident myeloid cells of brain, play critical roles in immune defense by maintaining tissue homeostasis and responding to injury or disease. (scite.ai)

Recent data, however, has shown that unchallenged microglia phagocytose apoptotic cells during development and in adult neurogenic niches, suggesting an overlooked role in brain remodeling throughout the normal lifespan. (frontiersin.org)
In vitro, microglia phagocytose myelin, which resulted in a decrease in pro-inflammatory gene expression. (uconn.edu)

To prevent garbage buildup, the brain is equipped with efficient phagocytes: the microglia. (frontiersin.org)

Methods Using whole body irradiation, bone marrow transplant, and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibition, we achieve long-term and brain-wide (~ 80%) engraftment and colonization of peripheral bone marrow-derived myeloid cells (i.e. monocytes) in the brain parenchyma and evaluated the long-term effects of their colonization in the CNS. (scite.ai)
Our findings shed light on the overlapping and distinct functional complexity and diversity of myeloid cells of the CNS and provide new insight into repopulating microglia function and dynamics in the mouse brain. (stanford.edu)

Activated M1 microglia upregulates cell surface markers, like HLA-DRA and CD86, thus promoting neuroinflammation and damage to oligodendrocytes. (atlasantibodies.com)

Exogenous IL1β stimulated the proliferation and reactivity of microglia in the absence of damage, reduced numbers of dying cells in damaged retinas, and increased neuronal survival following an insult. (biomedcentral.com)
Regardless of their polarization, microglia inhibited NSC proliferation, increased NSC migration, and accelerated NSC differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)

We will then describe that resulting from engulfment and degradation of apoptotic cargo, phagocytes undergo an epigenetic, transcriptional and metabolic rewiring that leads to trained immunity, and discuss its relevance for microglia and brain function. (frontiersin.org)
Upon recognition of targets, microglia undergo extensive cytoskeletal rearrangement that allows the engulfment of particles. (biomedcentral.com)

different groups have proposed different routes including microglia devouring amyloid and the peripheral sink hypothesis. (alzforum.org)
In the pathogenesis of Alzheimer ́s disease, microglia participate in amyloid Aβ- plaques formation and the associated pathology. (atlasantibodies.com)

There are three phases for how an unknown underlying condition may cause damage in MS: An unknown soluble factor (produced by CD8+ T-cells or CD20+ B-cells), creates a toxic environment that activates microglia. (wikipedia.org)
From development to aging and disease, the brain parenchyma is under the constant threat of debris accumulation, in the form of dead cells and protein aggregates. (frontiersin.org)
On activation, microglia cells upregulate TSPO expression [ 11 ]. (springer.com)
Microglia cells play important roles not only in the survey of the brain parenchyma for danger-associated patterns and the neuroimmune system's response to these patterns, but also in physiological conditions related to cognition such as shaping neural circuit activity [ 12 ]. (springer.com)
Microglia accounts for 10-15% of all cells found within the brain. (atlasantibodies.com)
The microglia cells are multitasking and instrumental for maintaining the brain and spinal cord's essential regulatory and homeostatic functions. (atlasantibodies.com)
Naïve resting microglia cells are essentially immobile and continuously scan the CNS microenvironment for "danger signals" with their highly motile pseudopodial extensions. (atlasantibodies.com)
The alternatively activated M2 microglia cells, on the other hand, are neuroprotective. (atlasantibodies.com)
Lethal irradiation resulted in progressive loss of the native microglia population and concomitant but delayed engraftment of bone marrow derived cells (DsRed+). (arvojournals.org)
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn), the primary pathological marker of PD, can gather in the SN and trigger a neuroinflammatory response by activating microglia which can further activate the dopaminergic neuron's neuroimmune response mediated by reactive T cells through antigen presentation. (biomedcentral.com)
These repopulating cells are enriched in disease-associated microglia genes and exhibit similar phenotypic and transcriptional profiles to white-matter-associated microglia. (stanford.edu)
Compared to non-coated controls, injuries caused by gelatin coated needles showed a significantly faster resolution of post-stab bleeding/leakage and differential effects on different groups of microglia cells. (lu.se)

Hence, during pathology, microglia change their morphology and deregulate their homeostatic gene profile. (atlasantibodies.com)

We have found that Axl and Mer, two members of the TAM family of tyrosine kinases, are highly expressed on microglia in the hindbrain, compared to the spinal cord, both during homeostasis and at EAE onset. (listlabs.com)

The current study aimed at elucidating the dynamics of microglia polarization and their differential effects on NSC function. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, there is the potential for Fc receptor-mediated immunogenicity, mediated by microglia, which can cause vasogenic edema and cerebral microhemorrhage ( Panza et al , 2014 ). (biorxiv.org)
Moreover, poor spontaneous recovery from cerebral injury is associated with the incorrect timing of microglia recruitment, excessive or insufficient numbers of microglia, and an inappropriate microglia polarization [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Some clusters of activated microglia, axonal transection and myelin degeneration are present. (wikipedia.org)

In a mouse model of hemorrhagic macular degeneration, treatment with minocycline prevents microglia accumulation in the sub-retinal space and increased photoreceptor survival [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The instrument allows detection of three different colors simultaneously and enables detailed visualization of murine retinal microstructure, such as micro-vasculature and microglia. (arvojournals.org)
The integrity of the blood retinal barrier was evaluated by quantifying fluorescein angiography contrast between retinal capillaries and surrounding parenchyma. (arvojournals.org)

2008). We compared the gene expression profiles of microglia from control, maternally-inflamed by LPS (MI), and Dap12-mutated embryos. (biogps.org)
We compared gene expression between maternally inflamed microlgia (PBSvsLPS) and DAP12-mutant microglia (UTvsDAP12KO). (biogps.org)

Ablation of microglia with clodronate liposomes or Csf1r antagonist (PLX5622) resulted in elevated cell death and diminished neuronal survival in excitotoxin-damaged retinas. (biomedcentral.com)

Therefore individual SFK users may play a role in the propensity for glioma cell invasion into mind parenchyma. (biotech2012.org)

M2 microglia migrated less but exhibit higher phagocytic activity than M1 microglia. (biomedcentral.com)
Owing to their phagocytic and inflammatory functions, microglia are increasingly being recognized as key players in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). (biomedcentral.com)

We use this new tool to track microglia during embryonic development and in the context of ischemic injury and neuroinflammation. (elifesciences.org)

In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), the innate immune response is orchestrated by microglia. (frontiersin.org)
However, VHH have not been widely used in the central nervous system (CNS), as it is hard to reach therapeutic levels, both because of their restricted blood-brain-barrier penetration and their apparent rapid clearance from the parenchyma. (biorxiv.org)
However, their potential as central nervous system (CNS) therapeutics is largely limited by their inability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) ( Zafir-Lavie et al , 2018 ), comparatively poor biodistribution through the parenchyma ( Freskgård & Urich, 2017 ), and short half-life ( Wang et al , 2018 ). (biorxiv.org)
Microglia and inflammation have context-specific impacts upon neuronal survival in different models of central nervous system (CNS) disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Microglia in the central nervous system have a significant impact upon neuronal function and survival following injury, and this impact can be beneficial or detrimental depending on the context [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Central nervous system relapse including the brain parenchyma occurs in about 5 percent of patients with systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma . (thehealthboard.com)

Next, we analyzed the consequences of a loss of function of DAP12, a signaling molecule specifically expressed in microglia that is crucial for several aspects of microglia biology (references in Wakselman et al. (biogps.org)

Overall, this study shed light on the complex conditions governing microglia polarization and the effects of differentially polarized microglia on critical functions of NSCs in vitro and in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)

By clearing toxic Aβ aggregates, microglia can counter the progression of AD and help in the restoration of brain homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)

We investigated whether microglia aid in repair by phagocytosing myelin debris after ICH. (uconn.edu)

We performed transcriptional profiling of maternally inflamed and Dap12-mutant microglia at E17.5. (biogps.org)

Activated microglia are the primary regulators of the pro-and anti-inflammatory microenvironment of the CNS. (atlasantibodies.com)

We found that these markers were associated with microglia-mediated neurotoxicity. (nature.com)

Damage or trauma to the brain parenchyma often results in a loss of cognitive ability or even death. (thehealthboard.com)
Though it doesn't perform the cognitive and management functions that the brain parenchyma does, it's still essential for the brain to function, since it provides it with nutrients and oxygen from the rest of the body. (thehealthboard.com)
Trauma to the brain parenchyma can result in decreased cognitive functions or even death. (thehealthboard.com)

Refining the understanding of microglia activation and their modulatory effects on NSCs is likely to facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic concepts supporting the innate regenerative capacity of the brain. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy20

Organisms7

Diseases22

Chemicals and Drugs25

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes12

Disciplines and Occupations1

Health Care1

Astrocytes8

Neurons10

Macrophages including1

Microglial12

Produced in the brain parenchyma1

Phenotypes6

Fetal brain parenchyma2

Circulating monocytes1

Role for microglia1

Phagocytosis7

Human microglia1

Mediators1

Phenotype4

Cytokines2

Regulate4

Neurotrophic factors1

Synapses5

Neurogenesis2

Immune cells6

Perivascular spaces1

Mice3

Astrocyte1

Infiltrate2

Tissue11

Phagocytose2

Efficient phagocytes1

Myeloid2

Oligodendrocytes1

Proliferation2

Undergo2

Amyloid2

Cells12

Pathology1

Spinal1

Differential effects1

Cerebral2

Axonal1

Retinal3

Gene2

Csf1r1

Glioma1

Phagocytic2

Neuroinflammation1

Central nervou6

Crucial1

Vitro1

Brain homeostasis1

Myelin debris1

Transcriptional1

Microenvironment1

Markers1

Cognitive3

Activation1