• The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
  • Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
  • In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
  • As a result of the rapid, global spread of H1N1, the first pandemic of the 21st century was declared in June of 2009. (bcm.edu)
  • Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
  • Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
  • The two influenza A virus subtypes have cocirculated in human populations since 1977: influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). (cdc.gov)
  • Reassortment between influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses resulted in the circulation of A (H1N2) virus during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
  • In April 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-which was different from currently circulating influenza A (H1N1) viruses-emerged and its subsequent spread resulted in the first pandemic of the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with H1N1 influenza should wear a face mask when within 6 feet of others at home. (medscape.com)
  • The 2009 influenza A (H1N1) monovalent vaccine was released in mid October. (medscape.com)
  • Targeted populations recommended to receive the 2009 H1N1 vaccine included pregnant women, household contacts and caregivers of children younger than 6 months, healthcare and emergency medical services personnel, children aged 6 months to 18 years, young adults aged 19-24 years, and persons aged 25 through 64 years with conditions associated with higher risk of medical complications from influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Now H1N1 is a component of the trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccines. (medscape.com)
  • A 2012 study in Denmark found no evidence of an increased risk of fetal death associated with exposure to an adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza vaccine during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza A viruses have predominated overall, with both influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) circulating. (canada.ca)
  • About 50 million population were killed over the world by 1918 H1N1 (Spanish flu), around 4 million people were killed worldwide by Asian flu (1957 H2n2) initiated in China, 2005 H5N1 (Bird flu) caused deaths of 1 million population over the world, as well as birds and 2009H1N1 (Swine flu), caused the death of 18000 people. (ijpsr.com)
  • Although the recent sporadic outbreaks of influenza A virus H5N1 and of a new variant of H1N1 in 2009 were less serious than initially feared, public health responses gave an indication of the potential for pandemic influenza A to wreak havoc amongst human populations. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • The nucleoprotein plays critical roles in viral RNA replication and genome assembly, and nucleozin was shown to block replication of H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 viruses in cell culture experiments and also to protect mice from lethal challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A H5N1. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • In a study to identify cellular proteins required by the H1N1 influenza virus, collaborators from Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yale Medical School, and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute have now made an unexpected discovery. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • They then examined the effect of the knockdowns on H1N1 activity by measuring changes in the presence of viral protein on the surface on infected cells. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • The work identified more than 120 genes which were required to be expressed for H1N1 infectivity but, surprisingly, also identified a class of genes that permitted greater influenza replication when they were blocked. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • The pandemic swine flu (H1N1) virus has proved to be less lethal than originally feared but, although most infected individuals experience relatively mild and self-limiting symptoms, some patients with no previous underlying medical condition have died. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • An international team of researchers has now found a possible explanation of why some people develop severe pneumonia when infected with the H1N1 virus. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • A typical innate antiviral response with increased levels of chemokines IP-10, MCP-1 and MIP-1β and an absence of anti-H1N1 antibodies characterised the early response in all infected individuals, but elevated levels of IFN-γ and mediators that stimulate Th17 and Th1 responses were found only in hospitalised patients. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • [12] Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu manungsa , babi , lan unggas , kang ing awalé diarani " flu babi " lan uga ditepungi minangka influenza A/H1N1 , kang muncul ing Mèksiko , Amérikah Sarékat , lan sapérangan nagara liya. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2015) demonstrated that RBD of 1918 H1N1 NS1 interacted directly with second caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) of RIG-I, but no interaction was observed in case of Udorn H3N2 strain. (datexis.com)
  • This year marks the 100th anniversary of the Spanish flu (H1N1) outbreak of 1918, which is recognized as the most lethal natural event in recent history. (virosin.org)
  • Treatment of mice infected with a lethal inoculum of pandemic A/CA/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 (pdmCa09) with 4'-FlU alleviated pneumonia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Oct 12, 2009 (CIDRAP News) - A collection of new studies is demonstrating once again the ability of the pandemic H1N1 virus to make some people desperately sick and is raising questions about the potential strain on critical-care resources this fall and winter. (umn.edu)
  • ECMO cases Down Under The third report, by a large team called the Australia and New Zealand Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Influenza Investigators, covers all patients treated with ECMO for H1N1-related ARDS in the two countries from June through August. (umn.edu)
  • We examined the M splicing of human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses by comparing three H1N1 and H3N2 strains, respectively, through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We randomly selected M sequences of human H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 viruses isolated from 1933 to 2020 and examined their phylogenetic relationships. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To explore the physiological role of the various levels of M2 protein in pathogenicity, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with the H1N1 WSN wild-type strain, mutant H1N1 (55T), and chimeric viruses including H1N1 + H3wt and H1N1 + H3mut. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consequently, herboxidiene treatment dramatically decreased both the H1N1 and H3N2 virus titers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, a lower M2 expression only attenuated H1N1 virus replication and in vivo pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This attenuated phenotype was restored by M replacement of H3N2 M in a chimeric H1N1 virus, despite low M2 levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Flu vaccines usually work better against H1N1 viruses, which is another good reason to get vaccinated, since H1N1 is circulating too. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza viruses have continually demonstrated an ability to cause major epidemics of respiratory disease. (cdc.gov)
  • A further indication of the impact of influenza epidemics is the significant elevation of mortality that often occurs. (cdc.gov)
  • Observations during influenza epidemics indicate that most influenza-related deaths occur among: (1) persons older than 65 years of age and (2) persons with chronic, underlying disorders of the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and/or renal systems, as well as those with metabolic diseases (including diabetes mellitus), severe anemia, and/or compromised immune function. (cdc.gov)
  • The sharp rise in influenza-associated acute respiratory illnesses that occurs during annual seasonal epidemics results in increased numbers of visits to physicians' offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency departments. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses can be divided into 4 types: A, B, C, and D. Influenza type C viruses are not associated with severe disease, epidemics, or pandemics, and influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people, so neither will be discussed further here. (cdc.gov)
  • Antigenic drift, along with waning immunity, results in annual influenza epidemics, since the protection that remains from past exposures to similar viruses is incomplete. (cdc.gov)
  • For these reasons, major epidemics of respiratory disease caused by new variants of influenza continue to occur. (canada.ca)
  • Epidemics of influenza typically occur during the winter months in temperate regions and have been responsible for an average of approximately 36,000 deaths/year in the United States during 1990--1999 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • the epidemics of "Asian" influenza in 1957 and "Hong Kong" influenza in 1968 together resulted in an estimated 1-4 million deaths. (who.int)
  • Influenza is a serious health threat causing occasional pandemics and seasonal epidemics. (datexis.com)
  • Being associated with seasonal influenza (flu) epidemics, IAVs have caused several pandemics worldwide, including the 1918 Spanish flu, which resulted in 50 million deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More than a decade ago, the fi rst human cases of dis- cess to a vaccine during the fi rst wave of a pandemic and ease caused by avian infl uenza virus A (H5N1) ap- perhaps throughout its duration" ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
  • Unless advised by the CDC or regional health departments, clinicians do not routinely need to test for avian influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Countries where avian influenza has been reported. (medscape.com)
  • About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. (bcm.edu)
  • To date, the avian flu virus has not acquired to ability to spread easily from person to person - a necessary step in order for a virus to cause a pandemic. (bcm.edu)
  • TWiV 1047: Long COVID and avian flu in ferrets September 24, 2023 TWiV explains a study of postacute sequelae of COVID-19 at 2 years, and airborne transmission of human-isolated avian H3N8 influenza virus between ferrets. (microbe.tv)
  • This statement contains new information on human and avian influenza epidemiology. (canada.ca)
  • The most notorious ones being the avian influenza or bird flu, H5N1 and H7N9. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Next generation antivirals are needed to treat seasonal infections and prepare against zoonotic spillover of avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential. (bvsalud.org)
  • Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
  • Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
  • The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
  • Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on surface proteins called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
  • A few bat species were recently shown to be infected by influenza viruses originally designated as new influenza A subtypes H17N10 and H18N11. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but are further broken down into 2 lineages: Yamagata and Victoria. (cdc.gov)
  • Three types of influenza virus are known to affect humans: A, B, and C. Type A influenza has subtypes determined by the surface antigens hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes on the basis of two surface antigens: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Three subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1, H2 and H3) and two subtypes of neuraminidase (N1 and N2) are recognized among influenza A viruses that have caused widespread human disease. (canada.ca)
  • Infection with a virus of one subtype confers little or no protection against viruses of other subtypes. (canada.ca)
  • Influenza A viruses are classified into several subtypes based on the structural proteins hemagglutinin (HA/H) and neuraminidase (NA/N), such as H1-H18 and N1-N11 [ 24 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • During the last century, various subtypes of the influenza virus caused five pandemic respiratory diseases, and pigs were found to be a major reservoir of such viruses. (ijpsr.com)
  • Thus far, influenza is classified on the subtypes of 18 hemagglutinins and 11 neuraminidases (Tong et al. (datexis.com)
  • This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)
  • Licensure of a high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine for persons aged ≥65 years (Fluzone high-dose) and guidance for use-United States, 2010. (netce.com)
  • [ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • This season, influenza B is prominent in the Americas and Africa, and influenza A H3N2 comprises half the reported cases Prof. Emerita, Stanford University in Europe and Australia, and more than 75% of strains in ChinaA. (chestervetclinic.com)
  • In temperate South America, numbers of influenza cases began to increase in May, peaking around July with the largest numbers seen for A(H3N2), but showing a second peak in August with more influenza B strains and untyped influenza A strains (Figure 1). (chestervetclinic.com)
  • However, a new virus, variant H3N2 (H3N2v), associated with pigs and originally discovered in 2011, has cropped up this year in some human outbreaks periodically since July, 2012.1,B Although the strains of influenza circulating globally now are genetically slightly different from those in the current vaccine, the CDC feels that there will be significant cross-reactive protection, so they recommend that the vaccines not be changed. (chestervetclinic.com)
  • While H3N2 viruses are still most common, there is an increasing number of influenza B viruses being detected. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccine effectiveness data for this season are not available yet, but we know that flu vaccines do not work as well against H3N2 viruses, which are predominant so far this season. (cdc.gov)
  • The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that seasonal influenza is responsible for an average of more than 20,000 deaths annually. (medscape.com)
  • These recommendations extensively revise previous influenza vaccine recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) (superseding MMWR 1983;32:333-7) and provide information on the vaccine and antiviral agent available for control of influenza in the 1984-1985 influenza season and on target groups for which special influenza control programs are recommended. (cdc.gov)
  • Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)-United States, 2012-13 influenza season. (netce.com)
  • Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. (mdpi.com)
  • Our current top-down approach the Next Pandemic Will Not Work will not provide these countries with adequate supplies of If a pandemic form of infl uenza virus A (H5N1) vaccines and antiviral agents. (cdc.gov)
  • As a result, virtually all industrialized countries and many there is suffi cient early warning that an outbreak of infl u- developing countries have mounted extensive pandemic enza (H5N1) is due to a virus that is capable of sustained preparedness efforts. (cdc.gov)
  • Several industrialized countries are stockpiling vac- with the clade 2 infl uenza virus A (H5N1) who did not re- cines against infl uenza virus A (H5N1) that might be used ceive antiviral treatment has died (Table 1) ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • If a pandemic virus were to emerge available in developing countries unless an international with a level of virulence approaching that of infl uenza virus mechanism exists to share such vaccine with them at low A (H5N1) in Indonesia, it could lead to a global population cost" ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Galur unggas kang diarani H5N1 wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing Asia nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung évolusi dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa. (wikipedia.org)
  • Experts believe that the increasing outbreaks of influenza A (H5N1) among poultry and humans have moved the world closer to a pandemic than any time since 1968. (who.int)
  • Investigators must primarily identify fi rst 6-9 months of a pandemic outbreak, vaccine compa- agents for managing infection in populations and not simply nies will be only able to produce enough doses to vaccinate seek explanations for how they work. (cdc.gov)
  • An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza-control options should also be made available to individuals who wish to reduce their chances of acquiring influenza infection or to reduce the severity of disease. (cdc.gov)
  • The spectrum of influenza infection ranges from subclinical cases to fulminating viral pneumonia. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • The most commonly used serologic test to document influenza virus infection is hemagglutination inhibition because it (and neutralization) is more sensitive than complement fixation and allows subtype and strain-specific antibody to be measured. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
  • Guidance for Clinicians on the Use of RT-PCR and Other Molecular Assays for Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infection. (netce.com)
  • Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Complications of influenza infection include secondary bacterial pneumonia and exacerbation of underlying chronic health conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • [1-5] Aspirin and other salicylate-containing medications are contraindicated for children and adolescents with influenza-like illness, as their use during influenza infection has been associated with the development of Reye syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • As a result of these antigenic changes, antibodies produced to influenza viruses as a result of infection or vaccination with earlier strains may not be protective against viruses circulating in later years. (cdc.gov)
  • Infection with influenza viruses can be asymptomatic or result in disease that ranges from mild to severe. (cdc.gov)
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome bd quinol oxidase (cyt bd), the alternative terminal oxidase of the respiratory chain, has been identified as playing a key role during chronic infection and presents a putative target for the development of novel antitubercular agents. (bvsalud.org)
  • Scientists believe evolution of viruses and infection rates started increasing since the beginning of human civilizations, as we began living in communities, grew plants and domesticated animals. (dupischai.com)
  • In this article, we'll discuss top 10 chai tea spices that possess antiviral properties and help our body to fight infection, boost immunity while reducing inflammation and oxidative stress . (dupischai.com)
  • The natural antimicrobial compounds in propolis make it an excellent infection fighter and healing agent. (donnieyance.com)
  • Influenza infection always poses a threat to human and animal health. (springeropen.com)
  • The objectives of the WHO global influenza preparedness plan are to reduce opportunities for human infection, strengthen the early warning system to early detect emergence of a pandemic virus and contain or delay spread at the source. (who.int)
  • After SARS-CoV-2 infection, people are unlikely to produce long-lasting protective antibodies against this virus. (researchgate.net)
  • Because of the important role of NS1 during viral infection, many attempts have been made to develop antiviral therapeutics targeting NS1. (datexis.com)
  • The best defence against viral infection is to prepare your innate immune system, which is the body's first line of defence against invasion by bacteria and viruses. (healthdrugpdf.com)
  • Our methodology was able to design effective NPI strategies, which were able to contain outbreaks by reducing infection attack rates (IAR) to below 10 % in low and medium virus transmissibility scenarios with 33 % and 50 % IAR, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Once-daily oral treatment of ferrets with 2 mg/kg 4'-FlU initiated 12 hours after infection rapidly stopped virus shedding and prevented transmission to untreated sentinels. (bvsalud.org)
  • With a global decline in the COVID-19 control, the infection rate of influenza virus is gradually increasing. (bvsalud.org)
  • The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
  • Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to vaccination, other public health measures are also effective in limiting influenza transmission in closed environments. (medscape.com)
  • and 5) the assessment of vaccine supply, timing of influenza vaccination, and prioritization of inactivated vaccine in shortage situations. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza-related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups, hospitalization and death among persons at high risk, otitis media among children, and work absenteeism among adults ( 8--18 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccination is the primary method opted for to prevent influenza infections. (springeropen.com)
  • As seen during the past influenza pandemics, the most effective mitigation measure is vaccination. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the use of vaccination at the early critical stages of an influenza pandemic has major challenges due to our inability to accurately predict the nature of the virus strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
  • More severe disease can result from invasion of the lungs by influenza virus (primary viral pneumonia) or by secondary bacterial pneumonia. (cdc.gov)
  • Specific laboratory tests to confirm influenza include viral culture, rapid antigen detection, and serology. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Influenza is an infectious viral illness. (cdc.gov)
  • There are over 263 different human infecting virus species from 25 viral families that produce an ever-expanding range of illnesses, infections and complications. (dupischai.com)
  • And studies show that NF-kappaB, another immune modulating compound, stimulates replication of acute viruses and is actually obligatory for viral replication. (donnieyance.com)
  • TWiEVO 95: Watering the viruses until they bloom November 14, 2023 Nels and Vincent discuss how the rewetting of seasonally dried soils, a critical event in Mediterranean grasslands that reactivates dormant soil microorganisms, leading to pulses of carbon and nitrogen mineralization, and is accompanied by a bloom of viral diversity, followed by extensive viral community turnover. (microbe.tv)
  • Antiviral drugs are the other option available for the treatment of influenza, which falls under three categories as M2 inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, and nucleoprotein inhibitors [ 15 ] targeting the viral components, thwarted by newly emerging strains. (springeropen.com)
  • In the first half of the 20th century, doctors used "convalescent serum" in an effort to treat people during outbreaks of viral infections like measles, mumps and influenza-including during the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic. (medicalxpress.com)
  • To evade host's innate immune response, influenza has evolved a few strategies for viral replication. (datexis.com)
  • We also found that viral replication was suppressed in the presence of aptamers, which suggests that the selected RNA aptamers can be developed as a useful therapeutic agent in future. (datexis.com)
  • The decoding of the virus's genome showed it belonged a viral family known as beta-coronaviruses, to which the SARS1 and MERS viruses also belong. (thebulletin.org)
  • Having previously identified oral efficacy of the nucleoside analog 4'-Fluorouridine (4'-FlU, EIDD-2749) against SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), we explored activity of the compound against seasonal and highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI) viruses in cell culture, human airway epithelium (HAE) models, and/or two animal models, ferrets and mice, that assess IAV transmission and lethal viral pneumonia, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
  • The world is currently in Phase 3 of the six-phase pandemic alert system, in which a new influenza virus subtype is causing disease in humans, but is not yet spreading efficiently and in a sustained way among humans. (who.int)
  • Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
  • The C55T substitution significantly reduced both M2 mRNA and protein levels regardless of the virus subtype. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The discrepancy in M2-dependence emphasizes the importance of M2 in human influenza A virus pathogenicity, which leads to subtype-specific evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because of the increasing proportion of elderly persons in the U.S. population and because age and its associated chronic diseases are risk factors for severe influenza illness, the future toll from influenza may increase, unless control measures are used more vigorously than in the past. (cdc.gov)
  • The Pandemic of Coronavirus disease COVID-19 cause by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome, Coronavirus-2(SARS-COV-2) began in Wuhan City from Sea food and butchery market,a City in Hubei Province of China,in end of the year 2019. (santosh.ac.in)
  • There is an unprecedented challenge to identify effective drugs for the prevention and treatment of pandemic of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). (santosh.ac.in)
  • Based on its genetic proximity it is similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). (santosh.ac.in)
  • Among the influenza viruses, types A and B cause severe tragic effects in humans. (springeropen.com)
  • From the family of the coronavirus, the pandemics severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) was originated in 2001 and 2012 respectively 1 . (ijpsr.com)
  • The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has come to be one of the gravest pandemics of the last two centuries. (frontiersin.org)
  • But maybe they've been evolving to be less severe, and maybe the spotty vaccinations we've had have been good enough to gradually suppress the virus. (fascinationplace.org)
  • There is an ominous expectation that a severe pandemic could occur and infect between 20 to 47 million people in the U.S. alone. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Flu viruses can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. (cdc.gov)
  • This report updates the 2004 recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (CDC. (cdc.gov)
  • In a pandemic, excess morbidity and mortality may occur, consequently resulting in the decline of basic health care provisions [ 11 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • The continual emergence of influenza viruses remains the main threat to human health results in a considerable record of morbidity and mortality. (springeropen.com)
  • The high rates of morbidity and mortality during influenza pandemics have resulted in social, economic and political disruption throughout the world. (who.int)
  • AIM OF THE STUDY: Influenza is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus, which has high annual morbidity and mortality worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
  • Such excess mortality is attributed not only to the direct cause of influenza pneumonia but also to an increase in deaths from cardiopulmonary disease. (cdc.gov)
  • The most common serious complications of influenza include exacerbation of underlying chronic pulmonary and cardiopulmonary diseases, such as worsening of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and congestive heart failure, as well the development of pneumonia. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • A total of 470 patients hospitalized during January 1919-January 1920 and diagnosed with Spanish influenza (as "epidemic cold" or "pneumonia due to epidemic cold") fit the criteria for inclusion in the study. (blogspot.com)
  • and emerging diseases necessitate the ongoing assessment of vaccine development priorities (e.g., pneumococcal disease in children, respiratory syncytial virus [RSV] pneumonia, malaria). (cdc.gov)
  • Two medical journal articles document the activity of propolis specifically against Staphylococcus aureus , the bacterium that causes dangerous and often deadly surgical infections, blood poisoning, and a type of pneumonia. (donnieyance.com)
  • A step forward in the treatment of influenza. (netce.com)
  • Therefore, it is of great importance to develop novel drugs for the effective treatment of influenza virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Apart from conventional antiviral drugs, TCM has been widely used in the clinical treatment of influenza in China. (bvsalud.org)
  • A 2011 CDC analysis reaffirms the importance of vaccinating pregnant women regardless of trimester and prompt treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (ie, within 2 d of symptom onset) if influenza occurs during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Virus surface antigens hemagglutinin and neuraminidase continually change. (cdc.gov)
  • Neuraminidase inhibitors are again recommended as the first-line antiviral agents for the prevention of influenza rather than amantadine. (canada.ca)
  • Circulating strains of influenza A virus with resistance to existing neuraminidase inhibitors have already been discovered, and new molecular targets would provide additional protection in the event of a fresh outbreak. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • The surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) involved in receptor binding and virus release are used to classify IAVs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The greatest impact of influenza is normally seen when new strains appear against which most of the population lacks immunity. (cdc.gov)
  • For about 20 years, efforts to reduce the impact of influenza in the United States have been aimed primarily at immunoprophylaxis of persons at greatest risk of serious illness or death. (cdc.gov)
  • In Canada, two available measures can reduce the impact of influenza: immunoprophylaxis with inactivated (killed-virus) vaccine and chemoprophylaxis or therapy with influenza-specific antiviral drugs. (canada.ca)
  • Immunization is the most effective means to reduce the impact of influenza. (canada.ca)
  • Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
  • For a more detailed description of how estimates have been determined for the numbers of deaths caused by the 1918 influenza outbreak, see Barry's section in Chapter 1 . (nationalacademies.org)
  • Hence, strategic pandemic preparedness is a major concern, as we must be reasonably assured that we can contain a pandemic influenza outbreak. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
  • Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
  • Universal Influenza Vaccine Tested Successfully in Humans. (netce.com)
  • Antigenic shifts are probably due to genetic recombination (an exchange of a gene segment) between influenza A viruses that affect humans and/or animals. (cdc.gov)
  • Many types of viruses infect all kinds of living organisms including plants, animals, humans and even microbes like bacteria. (dupischai.com)
  • 3,5] Influenza A, Hepatitis B, HIV, SARS, MERS, Dengue and Yellow fever, Measles, Mumps and Smallpox all originate from zoonotic viruses capable of moving between humans and animals and responsible for recent infectious diseases in the past few decades. (dupischai.com)
  • This virus originated from bat-derived corona viruses with spread via an unknown intermediate mammal host to humans. (santosh.ac.in)
  • These viruses can affect humans as well as some animals. (ijpsr.com)
  • These viruses are assumed to be zoonotic, which implies that the viruses can spread among creatures and humans 11 . (ijpsr.com)
  • It focuses on strengthening and building related capacities for epidemiological and laboratory surveillance of influenza both in animals and humans. (who.int)
  • Influenza is one of the oldest infectious diseases affecting humans. (virosin.org)
  • Our findings provide insights into virus adaptation processes in humans and highlights splicing regulation as a potential antiviral target. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Typical influenza illness is characterized by abrupt onset of fever, sore throat, and nonproductive cough and, unlike many other common respiratory infections, can cause extreme malaise lasting several days. (cdc.gov)
  • Virus can be isolated from nasal washing and nasopharyngeal swab specimens obtained within 3-4 days of illness. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • However, outbreaks of febrile respiratory illness cases during the winter through spring months are characteristic of influenza. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
  • Pandemics are associated with widespread illness - and sometimes death - even in otherwise healthy people. (bcm.edu)
  • Notice to readers: considerations for distinguishing influenza-like illness from inhalational anthrax. (netce.com)
  • Influenza C is rarely reported as a cause of human illness, probably because most cases are subclinical. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses also can cause pandemics, during which rates of illness and death from influenza-related complications can increase worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses [ 6 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • In the past century, the world has witnessed three pandemics of influenza that started without warning and caused illness in more than 25% of the world's population. (who.int)
  • From face masks to social distancing, from antivirals to vaccines, these measures are predicated on the assumption that tiny viruses can cause serious illness and that such illness is transmissible person-to-person. (westonaprice.org)
  • As of February 16, 2018 most of the United States continues to experience intense and widespread flu activity, with record-breaking levels of influenza-like-illness and hospitalization rates recorded. (cdc.gov)
  • Most people with the flu have mild illness and do not need medical care or antiviral drugs. (cdc.gov)
  • Alpha, beta, gamma, and delta are the four subgroups of coronavirus, which are the largest known spherical RNA viruses. (ijpsr.com)
  • The study of five critically ill patients from near the initial epicenter of the novel coronavirus pandemic found that all five patients survived COVID-19 following the transfusion. (medicalxpress.com)
  • An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)
  • The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
  • Yet despite the legacy of the 1918 "Spanish flu," estimated to have killed at least 20 million people, 2 and the additional deaths, social disruption, and economic losses that resulted from pandemics in 1957 and 1968, the general public appears relatively unconcerned about the next "killer flu. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Considerably more attention has been focused on protecting the public from terrorist attacks than from the far more likely and pervasive threat of pandemic influenza-an event conservatively expected to cause between 2 and 8 million deaths (WHO, 2004a). (nationalacademies.org)
  • Estimated Influenza Illnesses, Medical Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths in the United States-2017-2018 Influenza Season. (netce.com)
  • The first and second waves of the Spanish influenza pandemic in Japan affected ≈21 million persons (257,000 deaths) and 2 million persons (127,000 deaths), respectively ( 1 ). (blogspot.com)
  • It is estimated that the next influenza pandemic is likely to result in between 2 and 7.4 million deaths worldwide, including 150 000-750 000 deaths in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. (who.int)
  • The "Spanish" influenza pandemic occurred in 1918-1919 and resulted in an estimated 40-50 million deaths worldwide. (who.int)
  • The design approach obtains the marginal effect of the characteristic parameters of NPIs, social behavior, and their interactions on various pandemic outcome measures including total number of contacts, infections, and deaths. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to its rapid rise of confirmed cases, it was announced as a pandemic by the world health organization and was named 'COVID 19' 2 . (ijpsr.com)
  • Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, most prominently bacteria and viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infections are caused by infectious agents (pathogens) including: Bacteria (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • In general, serology is a sensitive technique for establishing influenza infections. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • National influenza surveillance is coordinated through the Immunization and Respiratory Infections Division (IRID), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). (canada.ca)
  • Globally, influenza virus infections present a potential threat to human and animal health due to frequent reassortant and novel mutant strains [ 7 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • TWiV 1045: Less Lassa, CRISPR RNA viruses September 17, 2023 TWiV reviews a Lassa virus mRNA vaccine that confers protection against disease without inducing neutralizing antibodies, and a CRISPR-based method for engineering the genome of RNA viruses. (microbe.tv)
  • Developing an effective vaccine is the main goal of clinicians and scientists, which is under clinical trials, and some vaccines which have been approved for the treatment such as COVAXIN, COVISHIELD, ASTRA Zenaca, and SPUTNIK V vaccines are being used to develop antibodies against COVID-19, but due to spread of variants of virus these vaccines are not supposed to be 100 percent protective against the virus. (ijpsr.com)
  • In theory, transferring some of those antibodies to other people with the same virus could help their bodies fight it off. (medicalxpress.com)
  • In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic-with no vaccine or antiviral drug coming soon-antibodies from recovering patients could provide a "stopgap" measure, according to Drs. Arturo Casadevall and Liise-anne Pirofski. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Conclusions Very few healthcare providers had IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, though a significant proportion of them had been infected with the virus. (researchgate.net)
  • Because nucleic acid aptamers have comparable binding affinities with corresponding antibodies, they are regarded as potential candidates for the development of therapeutic agents or diagnostic probes (Brody and Gold, 2000). (datexis.com)
  • [15] Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké ya iku vaksin influenza trivalen ( trivalent influenza vaccine [TIV]) kang ngandhut antigen kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The length of hospitalization of patients with acute infectious diseases, including Spanish influenza, is associated with disease severity. (blogspot.com)
  • A recent expert consultation convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that "the unpredictability of influenza viruses and the speed with which transmissibility can improve means that the time for preparedness planning is now" (WHO, 2004a). (nationalacademies.org)
  • Member States in the Western Pacific Region (WPR) of the World Health Organization (WHO), are highly vulnerable to emerging influenza viruses that have the potential to cause global pandemics. (who.int)
  • Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2022-23 influenza season. (netce.com)
  • The "World Flu Day" initiative aimed to raise public awareness about influenza, to accelerate scientific innovation and international cooperation on influenza surveillance, and to push for stronger global support on influenza prevention and control. (virosin.org)
  • At least four pandemics of influenza occurred in the 19th century, three in the 20th century, and one thus far in the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
  • The regional strategy on pandemic influenza preparedness and response aims to complement the global preparedness plan through enhancing the capacity of countries to pre-empt an influenza pandemic , as well as to mitigate the negative effects of a full-blown pandemic. (who.int)
  • A separate seasonal influenza vaccine was needed for the 2009/2010 influenza season because it was too late to incorporate the new strain into the regular influenza vaccine already in production. (medscape.com)
  • And, why the flu shot is only effective between 10%-15%, [1] depending on the influenza strain? (dupischai.com)
  • I do find this a little surprising: The Omicron variant and its many sub-variants are the dominant strain of the virus, are massively transmissible, and haven't gone away. (fascinationplace.org)
  • Given that 80% to 90% of ICU beds are filled at any given time, the findings suggest that the US critical care system could come under heavy strain as the pandemic spreads this fall and winter, several professionals involved in critical care told CIDRAP News. (umn.edu)
  • The incubation period of influenza is 2 days on average but may range from 1 to 4 days. (medscape.com)
  • The same is also true for the contagion rate, incubation period, true source of the virus. (energeticforum.com)
  • November 1, 2018, marked the first "World Flu Day" that was formally launched at the Asian-Pacific Centenary Spanish 1918-Flu Symposium in Shenzhen, China. (virosin.org)
  • On the Centenary of the Spanish Flu: Being Prepared for the Next Pandemic[J]. Virologica Sinica, 2018, 33(6): 463-466. (virosin.org)
  • Reverse Genetics for Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus: Current Status and Lessons to Learn from Other Non-segmented Negative-Sense RNA Viruses[J]. Virologica Sinica, 2018, 33(6): 472-483. (virosin.org)
  • In these circumstances (e.g., 1957 and 1968), pandemics occur, and a quarter or more of the U.S. population has been affected over a period of 2-3 months. (cdc.gov)
  • Although influenza B viruses have shown more antigenic stability than influenza A viruses, antigenic variation does occur. (canada.ca)
  • History shows that 'flu pandemics occur every 30 years or so. (healthdrugpdf.com)
  • It's not uncommon for second waves of B virus activity to occur during a flu season. (cdc.gov)
  • Drift occurs in all three types of influenza virus (A, B, C). (cdc.gov)
  • To the researchers' surprise, increased expression of IFITMs also blocked the replication of completely different viruses, including strains of West Nile and Dengue viruses. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
  • Her studies have contributed in many areas of virology, notably virus structure, assembly, RNA replication and virus release. (scitechnol.com)
  • COVID-19 was compared with dengue fever, for which oral vitamin D supplements of 4,000 IU for 10 days were significantly more effective than 1,000 IU in reducing virus replication and controlling the "cytokine storm" (dramatic immune system over-reaction) responsible for fatalities. (frontiersin.org)
  • Matters Microbial #18: The Perfect Predator: Why Phage is Rage November 30, 2023 Today Dr. Steffanie Strathdee, Associate Dean of Global Health Sciences at UC San Diego and Co-Director at the Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics, will chat with us about how bacteriophages-viruses that attack bacteria-changed her life and are becoming part of our future. (microbe.tv)
  • Interregional Spread of Influenza through United States Described by Virus Type, Size of Populations and Commuting Rates and Distance. (netce.com)
  • Enhanced surveillance with daily temperature taking and prompt reporting with isolation through home medical leave and segregation of smaller subgroups decrease the spread of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • As early as 1799, researchers puzzled over the cause of influenza, which appeared suddenly-often in diverse places at the same time-and could not be explained by any theory of contagion. (westonaprice.org)
  • 2 years, and persons of any age who have medical conditions that place them at increased risk for complications from influenza ( 2,5--7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza traditionally has been diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria, but rapid diagnostic tests, which have a high degree of specificity but only moderate sensitivity, are becoming more widely used. (medscape.com)
  • Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays have also been used to detect influenza virus RNA in clinical specimens. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Although available clinical techniques and treatment options for Spanish influenza patients were limited in this era, charts showing detailed records of lung sounds and fever exist and can be used to infer disease severity in affected persons. (blogspot.com)
  • We previously described the clinical features of Spanish influenza among patients who were hospitalized at several study sites ( 2 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Although the development and clinical application of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated unprecedented vaccine success in a short time frame, it also revealed a limitation of current vaccines in their inability to provide broad-spectrum or universal protection against emerging variants. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although FF possesses a prominent clinical therapeutic effect, seldom pharmacological studies have been reported on its anti-influenza B virus (IBV) activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • since the late 19th century, five antigenic shifts have led to pandemics in 1889-1891, 1918-1920, 1957-1958, 1968-1969, and 2009-2010. (cdc.gov)
  • In the 1950s the Asian 'flu pandemic killed a mere million and in 1968 Hong Kong 'flu killed another million or so. (healthdrugpdf.com)
  • The anti-influenza effects of plants have been extensively studied, and many pharmaceutical companies have prepared their products on this basis. (springeropen.com)
  • The present review documents the successfully launched anti-influenza commercial products. (springeropen.com)
  • Recent studies give supporting evidence that natural products like extracts and other compounds derived from traditional medicinal plants have a broad spectrum of anti-influenza activities [ 16 , 17 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • it is used to identify the presence of pathogenic bacteria, and to understand the mechanism of action for some viruses. (interesjournals.org)
  • Roy used multi-disciplinary approaches to provide a detailed understanding of a complex double -stranded RNA virus, Bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of the Reoviridae (one of the largest RNA virus family) and a modelsystem for a number of similar viruses that are pathogenic to human and animal (e.g. (scitechnol.com)
  • Currently there are many influenza viruses circulating in different parts of the world with the potential to mutate into highly pathogenic forms for which there is no immunity in the current human population. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As the world's attention has been riveted upon the growing COVID-19 pandemic, many researchers have written brief reports supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency is related to the incidence and severity of COVID-19. (frontiersin.org)
  • The campaign was initiated and developed by Dr. George F. Gao in collaboration with other world's leading influenza specialists. (virosin.org)
  • There is no Specific Antiviral Treatment Recommended for COVID-19 and Vaccine Currently available.Information is Provided by Some of the more Popular Drugs,Which are being used by Some Medical Practitioners. (santosh.ac.in)
  • Various strategies such as antiviral, antibacterial, and antimalarial drugs have been employed to treat COVID- 19, but they were found to relieve the symptoms only. (ijpsr.com)
  • They had also received antiviral medications and other drugs. (medicalxpress.com)
  • A potent influenza pandemic emergency crisis would likely last much longer than most other emergency events, and the resources needed to address the crisis such as supplies of vaccines, antiviral drugs, healthcare providers, hospital beds and medical supplies would be limited. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CDC recommends that antiviral drugs be used early to treat people who are very sick with the flu (for example, people who are in the hospital) and people who are sick with the flu and are at high risk of serious flu complications, either because of their age or because they have a high risk medical condition. (cdc.gov)
  • This number is less than the com- in which countries these agents are produced and defi ne bined populations of the 9 countries that produce almost all patterns of distribution and costs. (cdc.gov)
  • Other populations at high risk for influenza-related complications are also increasing, due, for example, to the success of intensive-care units for neonates, better management of diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, and better survival rates for organ-transplant recipients. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A and B viruses both undergo gradual, continuous change in the HA and NA proteins, known as antigenic drift. (cdc.gov)
  • Changes in influenza viruses can take the form of antigenic drift or antigenic shift. (cdc.gov)
  • Antigenic drift involves small mutations in the genes of influenza viruses that lead to changes in HA and NA that accumulate over time, resulting in the emergence of novel strains that the human immune system may not recognize. (cdc.gov)
  • Antigenic drift is the primary reason people can get influenza more than once and why it is necessary to annually review and update the composition of influenza vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • Global circulation patterns of seasonal influenza viruses vary with antigenic drift. (who.int)
  • 14. Olsen C. Influenza: Pigs, People and Public Health. (netce.com)
  • Typical features of influenza include abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough (usually nonproductive), sore throat, and coryza, as well as systemic symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza , kang luwih ditepungi kanthi sebutan flu, wujud lelara nular kang disebabaké déning virus RNA saka famili Orthomyxoviridae (virus influenza), kang nyerang unggas lan mamalia . (wikipedia.org)
  • The causative agents, influenza viruses, belong to the family of Orthomyxoviridae and have single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome of 8 segments. (datexis.com)
  • Because influenza seasons are unpredictable and often fluctuate in length and severity, the overall burden seasonal influenza varies from year to year. (cdc.gov)
  • We aimed to identify physical features, including respiratory sounds, that might be associated with disease severity among patients in Japan who were affected by Spanish influenza during 1919 and 1920. (blogspot.com)
  • excess mortality again exceeded the epidemic threshold during the 1982-1983 influenza season. (cdc.gov)
  • The name "influenza" originated in 15th century Italy, from an epidemic attributed to "influence of the stars. (cdc.gov)
  • The first documented pandemic, or worldwide epidemic, that clearly fits the description of influenza was in 1580. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza C has not been associated with epidemic disease. (cdc.gov)
  • This reminded experts of the SARS1 epidemic of 2002, in which a bat virus had spread first to civets, an animal sold in wet markets, and from civets to people. (thebulletin.org)
  • A similar bat virus caused a second epidemic, known as MERS, in 2012. (thebulletin.org)
  • Furthermore, influenza frequently infects individuals, who, because of their ages or underlying health problems, are poorly able to cope with the disease and often require medical attention, including hospitalization. (cdc.gov)
  • Persons 65 years of age and older, young children, pregnant women, and persons of any age with certain underlying health problems are at increased risk for complications of influenza and hospitalization. (cdc.gov)