• Also called Delta cells, D cells secrete somatostatin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other hormones produced include somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, amylin and ghrelin. (wikipedia.org)
  • 10] In contrast to individuals with VIP-secreting pancreatic tumors, patients with neurogenic lesions generally have normal serum levels of pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin, insulin, and somatostatin. (medscape.com)
  • The production of somatostatin by the pancreatic islets, which regulates insulin and glucagon production in neighboring islet cells, is an example of paracrine regulation. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Islet cells commonly are referred to as APUD cells, a name derived from their high amine content and capacity for amine precursor uptake with decarboxylation. (medscape.com)
  • 1,2,3] They originate in amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system and in adrenal or extra-adrenal neurogenic sites. (medscape.com)
  • The detailed study of neuroendocrine cells by Pearse ( 3 , 4 ) led to the development of the concept of amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) applied the term carcinoid to all tumors of the diffuse endocrine system (synonymous with amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation [APUD] and neuroendocrine cell system). (medscape.com)
  • however, tumors can originate from any cell of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system and, therefore, produce several intestinal hormones. (medscape.com)
  • They may manifest as sporadic tumors or as part of certain syndromes, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors may be functional or nonfunctional. (medscape.com)
  • Although nonfunctional islet cell tumors are not uncommon at autopsy, most islet cell tumors with clinical manifestations are functional. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatic islet cell tumors may secrete 2 or more polypeptide hormones. (medscape.com)
  • Islet cell tumors in this group are often multiple and malignant. (medscape.com)
  • This article reviews the role of imaging in the management of islet cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • No universally agreed-upon algorithm exists in the radiologic investigation of pancratic neuroendocrine (islet cell) tumors of the pancreas. (medscape.com)
  • Evidence has shown that endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) can be used to accurately diagnose and localize primary endocrine tumors of the pancreas, especially insulinomas and gastrinomas. (medscape.com)
  • Rare and slow growing carcinoid and non-carcinoid tumors develop from these cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • APUD cells Neuroendocrine tumors List of human cell types derived from the germ layers Rehfeld JF (October 1998). (wikipedia.org)
  • The current neuroendocrine classification of cells and tumors uses immunohistochemical (IHC), ultrastructural, and molecular biologic features to define members of the DNS ( 6 , 7 and 8 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors arise from neuroendocrine cells, which are widespread in the human body, especially in the organs derived from the primitive intestine. (medscape.com)
  • In 1914, Gosset and Masson demonstrated that carcinoid tumors might arise from enterochromaffin cells (Kulchitsky cell) within glands of Lieberkühn using silver impregnation techniques. (medscape.com)
  • In 1928, Masson established characterization of carcinoids as argentaffin cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors and related syndromes may be a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia . (medscape.com)
  • Amine storage and function in peptide hormone-producing cells. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Trk-like (A-B-C) proteins which are secreted by the cells making up the sub-population of the endocrine cells carry out the neurotrophin synthesis, amine and/or peptide storage as well as the regulation of the blood circulation of the gastrointestinal tract. (fusabil.org)
  • Pancreatic enteroendocrine cells are located in the islets of Langerhans and produce most importantly the hormones insulin and glucagon. (wikipedia.org)
  • In pancreatic islets, GLUT2 allows a rapid equilibration of glucose between the extracellular space and the interior of the cells and it may play a crucial role in the glucose signaling mechanism leading to insulin secretion (43). (justia.com)
  • Therefore, while GLUT2 levels are unchanged or even upregulated in several tissues such as the liver and the intestine during the hyperglycemic conditions observed in diabetes, the same gene undergoes a drastic dysregulation only in the pancreatic islets. (justia.com)
  • This factor is abundantly expressed in the pancreatic islets and in the brain and has been named IB-1 for Islet-Brain 1. (justia.com)
  • The IB1 gene is highly expressed in the pancreatic islets and in the brain and to a much lesser extent in the heart and the kidney. (justia.com)
  • other secreted hormones may include secreted gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide. (medscape.com)
  • Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Feyrter ( 2 ) considered the clear cells of the gastrointestinal tract to be peripheral endocrine or paracrine cells. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Cells found throughout the lining of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that contain and secrete regulatory PEPTIDE HORMONES and/or BIOGENIC AMINES . (nih.gov)
  • Gastrointestinal endocrine cells are distributed in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract and they synthesize various kinds of gastrointestinal hormones. (fusabil.org)
  • The existence of endocrine cells has been immunohistochemically demonstrated in the gastrointestinal tract mucosa of different fish species 8 - 18 . (fusabil.org)
  • The gastrointestinal tract is composed of numerous cell types that are important for immune activation and barrier surface defenses. (handwiki.org)
  • Clinical features of the syndrome depend on tumor cell type. (medscape.com)
  • Stomach enteroendocrine cells, which release gastrin, and stimulate gastric acid secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • S cells secrete secretin mostly from the duodenum, but also in decreasing amounts throughout the rest of the small intestine, and stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The G cells secrete gastrin, post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve can release gastrin-releasing peptide during parasympathetic stimulation to stimulate secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • VIP resembles secretin, which stimulates the secretion of alkaline pancreatic juices. (medscape.com)
  • Endocrine function of bombesin regulates the secretion of gastric acid and its motility. (fusabil.org)
  • In vertebrates, CCK-8 plays in important role in the control of gut motility, stimulation of pancreatic secretion and inhibition of gastric emptying 21 , 22 . (fusabil.org)
  • Neurotensin regulates several biological processes, such as intestinal motility, secretion, vascular smooth muscle activity, and intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, but recent evidence indicates that in neurotensin there is also a potent neuroimmunomodulator 24 . (fusabil.org)
  • Secretin stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid 26 . (fusabil.org)
  • Furthermore, the sudden increase in gastric acid secretion following a meal can causes a physiological phenomenon called the alkaline tide , which is due to the production and export of bicarbonate from parietal cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • In rats (Rattus rattus) the short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR43 is expressed both by this cell type and by mast cells of the mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dopamine and the regulation of cell proliferation in gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) pyloric mucosa. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • These cells produce SECRETIN and are found in the MUCOSA of upper SMALL INTESTINE and PYLORIC ANTRUM in mammals. (nih.gov)
  • Intestinal L cells are located in the MUCOSA of distal ILEUM and COLON . (nih.gov)
  • Paneth cells, located at the base of the crypts of the small intestinal mucosa, and displaying bright red cytoplasmic granules. (handwiki.org)
  • En ellos hay pliegues de variada longitud, grosor y número que comprometen la mucosa y submucosa, con glándulas de secreción mucosa y serosa a excepción de la vagina. (bvsalud.org)
  • insulin-secreting cells, the basolateral membrane of intestinal and kidney absorptive cells, in hepatocytes and in a subset of neurons (21,31,44). (justia.com)
  • A fragment of the murine GLUT2 promoter has been cloned and shown to be glucose-responsive when transfected into differentiated insulin-producing cells or into hepatocytes (35,36,52). (justia.com)
  • Pancreatic islet cells are part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system of the gut and pancreatic endocrine system. (medscape.com)
  • Enterochromaffin cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells with a close similarity to adrenomedullary chromaffin cells secreting serotonin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enterochromaffin-like cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin cells secreting histamine, which stimulates G cells to secrete gastrin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Parietal cells produce gastric acid ( hydrochloric acid ) in response to histamine (via H 2 receptors ), acetylcholine (M 3 receptors) and gastrin (CCK2 receptors). (wikidoc.org)
  • Paracrine regulation refers to the production of amines and hormones by cells that exert a local effect on the target cells by diffusion through the extracellular space. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
  • C. Wegner, G. Teuchert-Noodt, and R.R. Dawirs, "Demonstration of dopamine immunoreactivity in open and closed type endocrine cells of gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) stomach", LIFE SCIENCES , vol. 59, 1996, pp. 1407-1413. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells ) are the stomach epithelium cells which secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor . (wikidoc.org)
  • Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted by active transport into the stomach. (wikidoc.org)
  • K cells secrete gastric inhibitory peptide, an incretin, which also promotes triglyceride storage. (wikipedia.org)
  • L cells secrete glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin, peptide YY3-36, oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-2. (wikipedia.org)
  • I cells secrete cholecystokinin (CCK), and have the highest mucosal density in the duodenum with a decreasing amount throughout the small intestine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secrete motilin Gastric enteroendocrine cells are found in the gastric glands, mostly at their base. (wikipedia.org)
  • When exposed to bacteria or bacterial antigens , Paneth cells secrete several anti-microbial compounds (notably defensins and lysozyme ) that are known to be important in immunity and host-defense into the lumen of the intestinal gland, thereby contributing to maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier by controlling the enteric bacteria. (handwiki.org)
  • Paneth cells secrete antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which are "key mediators of host-microbe interactions, including homeostatic balance with colonizing microbiota and innate immune protection from enteric pathogens. (handwiki.org)
  • Paneth cells are stimulated to secrete defensins when exposed to bacteria (both Gram positive and Gram-negative types), or such bacterial products as lipopolysaccharide , lipoteichoic acid , muramyl dipeptide and lipid A . [9] They are also stimulated by cholinergic signaling normally preceding the arrival of food which potentially may contain a new bacterial load. (handwiki.org)
  • Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses in these enteroendocrine cells via their fermentation product (short chain fatty acid), acetate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are not clustered together but spread as single cells throughout the intestinal tract. (wikipedia.org)
  • The enteroendocrine cells sense the metabolites from intestinal commensal microbiota and, in turn, coordinate antibacterial, mechanical, and metabolic branches of the host intestinal innate immune response to the commensal microbiota. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paneth cells are cells in the small intestine epithelium , alongside goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells. (handwiki.org)
  • They are located below the intestinal stem cells in the intestinal glands (also called crypts of Lieberkühn) and the large eosinophilic refractile granules that occupy most of their cytoplasm . (handwiki.org)
  • Paneth cells are found throughout the small intestine and the appendix at the base of the intestinal glands. (handwiki.org)
  • Protection and stimulation of these stem cells is essential for long-term maintenance of the intestinal epithelium , in which Paneth cells play a critical role. (handwiki.org)
  • Upon stimulation, adenylate cyclase is activated within the parietal cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • The cells and neoplasms of the neuroendocrine and paracrine systems make up the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The principal cells and neoplasms that form the DNS are listed in Table 11.1 . (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell secreting histamine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secretin also has been found in cells in the BRAIN and other tissues. (nih.gov)
  • The steroid-producing endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex, ovary, and testis, as well as the thyroid hormone-producing follicular cells in the thyroid gland, do not form part of the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The pancreas secretes an isosmotic fluid containing bicarbonate and several enzymes, including trypsin , chymotrypsin , lipase , and pancreatic amylase , as well as nucleolytic enzymes ( deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease ), into the small intestine. (wikidoc.org)
  • The damaged parietal cells are unable to produce the required amount of gastric acid. (wikidoc.org)
  • The DNS consists of a wide variety of cells that are present in the central and peripheral nervous system and in many classic endocrine organs ( Table 11.1 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • This structure allows defensins to insert into membranes, where they interact with one another to form pores that disrupt membrane function, leading to cell lysis. (handwiki.org)
  • This increases intracellular cyclic AMP , which leads to activation of protein kinase A. Protein kinase A phosphorylates proteins involved in the transport of H + /K + ATPase from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane . (wikidoc.org)
  • The GLUT2 facilitated glucose transporter isoform is a membrane protein present in the pancreatic .beta. (justia.com)
  • [3] Like the other epithelial cell lineages in the small intestine, Paneth cells originate at the stem cell region near the bottom of the gland. (handwiki.org)
  • Unlike the other epithelial cell types, Paneth cells migrate downward from the stem cell region and settle just adjacent to it. (handwiki.org)
  • They constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset of the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • L cells are primarily found in the ileum and large intestine (colon), but some are also found in the duodenum and jejunum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Located in a increasing manner throughout the small intestine, with the highest levels found in the in ileum, N cells release neurotensin, and control smooth muscle contraction. (wikipedia.org)
  • [2] There is an increase in Paneth cell numbers towards the end of the small intestine. (handwiki.org)
  • Therefore, Paneth cells play a role in the innate immune system. (handwiki.org)
  • [2] Furthermore, among the four aforementioned intestinal cell lineages, Paneth cells live the longest (approximately 57 days). (handwiki.org)
  • [10] For example, research showed that in the secretory granules, murine and human Paneth cells express high levels of TLR9 . (handwiki.org)
  • [11] Surprisingly, murine Paneth cells do not express mRNA transcripts for TLR4 . (handwiki.org)
  • The bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 - ) is exchanged for a chloride ion (Cl - ) on the basal side of the cell and the bicarbonate diffuses into the blood. (wikidoc.org)
  • Although the APUD concept provided a unifying theory for explaining some endocrine diseases and ectopic hormone productions, the hypothesis that the cells were all of neural crest origin, as postulated by Pearse, was later disproved by the experiments of LeDouarin ( 5 ) and others. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • 8] Approximately 5% of VIPomas are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • [7] Paneth cells support the physical barrier of the epithelium by providing essential niche signals to their neighboring intestinal stem cells. (handwiki.org)
  • On the other hand, insulinoma cells that had lost their normal glucose responsiveness have low GLUT2 content, but some glucose sensitivity may be recovered after reintroducing GLUT2 expression through stable transfection of these cells (10,16). (justia.com)
  • [4] This close relationship to the stem cell region suggests that Paneth cells are important in defending the gland stem cells from microbial damage, [4] although their function is not entirely known. (handwiki.org)
  • Small intestinal crypts house stem cells that serve to constantly replenish epithelial cells that die and are lost from the villi . (handwiki.org)
  • Neural crest cells are precursors of APUDoma and neurogenic cells. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, the lamina propria is composed of immune cells such as dendric cells, T cells, and macrophages. (handwiki.org)
  • cell lines, these transcripts are translated into immunodetectable cytoplasmic and nuclear protein. (justia.com)