AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHumanitiesInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
Y ChromosomeChromosomes, Human, YChromosomesChromosome MappingX ChromosomeSex ChromosomesChromosome BandingSex Chromosome AberrationsChromosome DeletionChromosome AberrationsGenes, Y-LinkedChromosomes, HumanChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Chromosome SegregationChromosomes, PlantSex-Determining Region Y ProteinKaryotypingChromosomes, BacterialChromosomes, Human, XChromosomes, Human, Pair 7Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17In Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceChromosomes, Human, Pair 21Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6Chromosome PairingSex Chromosome Disorders of Sex DevelopmentChromosomes, Human, Pair 9Chromosomes, MammalianOligospermiaChromosomes, FungalGenetic MarkersChromosomes, Artificial, BacterialChromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XChromosomes, Human, Pair 2Seminal Plasma ProteinsChromosomes, Human, Pair 16Chromosome PaintingChromosomes, Human, Pair 22Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13Molecular Sequence DataChromosomes, Human, Pair 4Base SequenceChromosome DisordersInfertility, MaleChromosomes, Human, Pair 10SileneGenes, sryHaplotypesAzoospermiaChromosomes, Human, Pair 19Genetic LinkageChromosomes, Human, Pair 8Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5Chromosomes, Human, 1-3Sex Determination AnalysisSex Determination ProcessesChromosomes, Human, Pair 15Microsatellite RepeatsSequence Tagged SitesChromosomes, InsectChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20Ring ChromosomesChromosome BreakageChromosomes, Human, 16-18Chromosomes, Artificial, YeastEvolution, MolecularMeiosisChromosome InversionChromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YChromosomes, Human, 13-15CentromereCrosses, GeneticGene PoolGenetic VariationRecombination, GeneticMosaicismTranslocation, GeneticX Chromosome InactivationSpermatogenesisMutationPhylogenyDNAChromosome PositioningHybrid CellsChromosomes, Human, 19-20AneuploidyGenetic LociChromosomes, Human, 4-5Models, GeneticTurner SyndromeSex Chromosome DisordersAllelesChromosome StructuresPolymerase Chain ReactionPhenotypeGenetics, Population
ChromosomalHomologous chromosomesAutosomesHumansNumbers of chromosomesGenomeTotal of 46Short arm of chromosomeFemales have two X chromosomesBase pairsGene on chromosome23rd pairMeiosisRecombinationDrosophilaDiploid chromosomeNucleusDeletionGeneticsSegregationHuman Y chromosomeRegion of chromosomeContain the same genesAutosomalCellsSequenceExtra chromosomeSmallest chromosomeScientistsSequencesStructuresHomologyChromatinMeioticAneuploidiesCellEggsGenes that provideAbnormalitiesInterphaseTranslocationsSpecies have differentLociCircularEvolutionaryChromatidsMales and femalesSegregateNovoGenomesAdenineProteinsGenetic materialMosquitoesMeSHOnsetCopiesMammalsIndividual spermRarelyNucleotideDeterminesPaternal
Chromosomal10
  • We exposed human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro to 0.3 and 1 Gy of 60Co gamma rays to evaluate whether the ability and sensitivity to detect chromosomal aberrations by chromosome painting is independent or not to the specific paint probes. (nih.gov)
  • Autosomes are homologous chromosomes i.e. chromosomes which contain the same genes (regions of DNA) in the same order along their chromosomal arms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosomal crossover or crossing over is the exchange of genetic material during sexual reproduction between two homologous chromosomes' non-sister chromatids that results in recombinant chromosomes.It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination which occurs in the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis during a process called synapsis. (answersmcq.com)
  • In genetics a centimorgan (abbreviated cM) or map unit (m.u.) is a unit for measuring genetic linkage.It is defined as the distance between chromosome positions (also termed loci or markers) for which the expected average number of intervening chromosomal crossovers in a single generation is 0.01. (answersmcq.com)
  • So the other requirement for this new species to emerge from the chromosomal rearrangement is that heterozygote brothers and sisters from the parent with the unusual chromosome must mate (inbreeding). (madsci.org)
  • Through inbreeding, the rare chromosomal rearrangement may come to exist in both affected chromosomes of one of the next offspring ( homozygote ). (madsci.org)
  • Phylogenomic analyses (Supplementary Fig. 5 ) used to assign A. sativa chromosomes to subgenomes showed that gene order is conserved in the proximal chromosomal regions. (nature.com)
  • What is even more surprising is that even though some chromosomes have fused during the lepidopteran evolution, the genes remain on their own side of the chromosome even after chromosomal fusions. (the-scientist.com)
  • The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 19. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A trisomy is a chromosomal disorder characterized by an additional chromosome. (dw.com)
Homologous chromosomes2
  • Consider blood type as a clear example: People with AB blood type inherited two different gene variations on their two homologous chromosomes - one for A and one for B - that, when combined, produced AB. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Or, 22 pairs (homologous chromosomes) of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. (csbsju.edu)
Autosomes11
  • Twenty-two of these pairs, called autosomes, look the same in both males and females. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Autosomes differ from allosomes because autosomes appear in pairs whose members have the same form but differ from other pairs in a diploid cell, whereas members of an allosome pair may differ from one another and thereby determine sex. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first 22 pairs are called autosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes, called autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes, which can be XX or XY. (cdc.gov)
  • Each person has 23 pairs of chro- mosomes--one pair of sex chromosomes (XX for girls and XY for boys) and 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes, called autosomes. (nih.gov)
  • These analyses are fundamental in the design of control specimens present C-heterochromatic blocks in most of campaigns because their results will help determine the their 22 chromosomes, whereas non-Andean specimens have only 4-7 autosomes with C-banding. (cdc.gov)
  • pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XY in Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, males, XX in females) (8). (cdc.gov)
  • organized in 18 pairs of autosomes and two sex chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • All other chromosomes are termed autosomes . (csbsju.edu)
  • H umans have 46 total chromosomes: 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. (csbsju.edu)
  • Cells can tolerate imbalances of sex chromosomes better than imbalances of autosomes. (csbsju.edu)
Humans12
Numbers of chromosomes3
Genome16
  • To compare the rate of chromosome translocations detected by the different pairs of chromosomes, data were normalized according to the fraction of genome painted and evaluated by unconditional logistic regression. (nih.gov)
  • However, the use of small chromosome probes is not recommended because of the high number of cells to be analyzed due to the small amount of genome painted and because it is more difficult to detect translocations in small chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • In prokaryotes, or cells without a nucleus, the chromosome represents circular DNA containing the entire genome. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Out of the 3 billion base pairs that exist in human DNA, the sequence obtained from the Human Genome Project has revealed that there are only about 30, 000 genes. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The human genome (which represents the total amount of DNA in a typical human cell) has approximately 3 × 10 9 base pairs. (encyclopedia.com)
  • If these nucleotide pairs were letters, the genome book would number over a million pages. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The genome of Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) consists of a set of eleven 'core' chromosomes, shared by most strains and responsible for housekeeping, and one or several accessory chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • The genome of Fo is typically divided into a set of eleven 'core' chromosomes, with sequences generally conserved in all Fusarium species, and responsible for housekeeping, and one or several transposon-rich and gene-poor 'accessory' chromosomes 13 . (nature.com)
  • In meiotic cells of Lilium, a group of single or low copy number DNA sequences that constitute about 0.10.2% of the genome do not replicate during the premeiotic S-phase but do so at zygotene in coordination with chromosome pairing. (illinois.edu)
  • The gibbon, the last ape to have its genome sequenced, tolerates a surprising number of chromosome rearrangements. (the-scientist.com)
  • sequencing its genome enabled scientists to confirm this as the ancestral lepidopteran chromosome number. (the-scientist.com)
  • The M. cinxia genome sequence allowed Frilander and his colleagues to reconstruct the probable chromosome fusions that created the 28 and 21 chromosomes in B. mori and H. melpomene , respectively. (the-scientist.com)
  • Here, we sequence and assemble the mule deer genome into a highly contiguous chromosome-length assembly for use in future research using long-read sequencing and Hi-C. We also provide a genome annotation and compare demographic histories of the mule deer and white-tail deer using PSMC. (biorxiv.org)
  • So, we can shuffle the chromosome and ultimately, we'll be able to shuffle the entire genome of this yeast. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • The human genome is made up of approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 23 chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • In recent years, scientists have discovered that very large stretches of the genome - on the order of millions of base pairs of DNA - can be different in seemingly normal individuals. (nih.gov)
Total of 462
Short arm of chromosome3
  • A 4.8-kb biotinylated probe for the histone gene repeat, located approximately midway along the short arm of chromosome 2, was hybridized to whole-mount embryos in late syncytial and early cellular blastoderm stages. (silverchair.com)
  • The gene for von Willebrand factor is on the short arm of chromosome 12. (medscape.com)
  • People with this condition are missing anywhere from about 300,000 DNA building blocks (300 kilobases or 300 Kb) to more than 3 million DNA building blocks (3 megabases or 3 Mb) on the short arm of chromosome 19. (medlineplus.gov)
Females have two X chromosomes3
Base pairs3
  • Exons range in size from 40 base pairs (bp) to 1.4 kb. (medscape.com)
  • Chromosome 19 spans about 59 million base pairs (the building blocks of DNA) and represents almost 2 percent of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The original chromosome has about 316,000 base pairs, which you could think of as letters. (thenakedscientists.com)
Gene on chromosome2
  • CMT1A results from a duplication of the gene on chromosome 17 that carries the instructions for producing the peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP22). (nih.gov)
  • Autosomal recessive inheritance, caused by mutations in the cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein 1 (CDMP1) gene on chromosome 20q. (theodora.com)
23rd pair3
Meiosis6
  • During meiosis, two rounds of cell division ensure that the sex cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Female meiosis provides an opportunity for genetic elements to cheat because of the highly asymmetric cell division: only chromosomes segregated to the egg are transmitted to the descendants, while the rest are degraded in polar bodies (Fig. 1). (nih.gov)
  • It is theorized that in sex-reversed XX men, the SRY mistakenly gets translocated to an X chromosome in the XX pair during meiosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Meiosis - the pairing and recombination of chromosomes, followed by segregation of half to each egg or sperm cell - is a major crossroads in all organisms reproducing sexually. (news-medical.net)
  • Thus, after meiosis, all female eggs will have one X chromosome, whereas, 50% of sperms will carry the X chromosome and 50% the Y chromosome (see diagram in class). (csbsju.edu)
  • Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes to properly segregate during meiosis. (csbsju.edu)
Recombination1
  • We analyzed a Caucasian kindred with autosomal dominant HSP and identified tight linkage between the disorder and microsatellite markers on chromosome 8q (maximum two-point LOD score 5.51 at recombination fraction 0). (nih.gov)
Drosophila2
Diploid chromosome1
  • Mosquitoes, for example have a diploid chromosome number of six, frogs have 26 and shrimp have a whopping 508 chromosomes! (howstuffworks.com)
Nucleus10
  • Every chromosome contains exactly one molecule of DNA, to be exact, and that long string of genetic info is tightly wrapped around the protein (called a histone), which acts like a spool, efficiently bundling the lengthy, info-rich molecule into the perfect size and shape to fit inside the nucleus of a cell. (howstuffworks.com)
  • A chromosome is a threadlike structure found in the nucleus of most cells that carries the genetic material in the form of a linear sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (encyclopedia.com)
  • In eukaryotes, or cells with a distinct nucleus, chromosomes are much more complex in structure. (encyclopedia.com)
  • If DNA were not coiled within chromosomes, the total DNA in a typical eukaryotic cell would extend thousands of times the length of the cell nucleus. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Chromosomes can be visualized using a microscope just prior to cell division, when the DNA within the nucleus uncoils as it replicates. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Concomitant with homolog pairing at cycle 14, both histone loci were also found to move from their position near the midline of the nucleus toward the apical side. (silverchair.com)
  • Each cell (except for red blood cells) contains a nucleus that houses these chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
  • Our DNA, including all of our genes, is stored in chromosomes , structures where proteins wind up DNA tightly so that it fits in the nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • DNA makes up genes and is spooled within chromosomes inside the nucleus of a cell. (nih.gov)
  • The inactivated X chromosome forms a small dark staining spot in nucleus, called a Barr body. (csbsju.edu)
Deletion3
  • The deletion occurs near the middle of the chromosome at a location designated q11.2. (nih.gov)
  • 19p13.13 deletion syndrome results from the deletion of a small piece of the short (p) arm of chromosome 19 in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This deletion affects one of the two copies of chromosome 19 in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Genetics2
  • MedlinePlus Genetics provides information about each human chromosome written in lay language. (medlineplus.gov)
  • JS Genetics announces the availability of XCAT-KS, its proprietary buccal swab test for the diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome (KS) and other male sex chromosome aneuploidies. (news-medical.net)
Segregation5
  • The Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics and Evolution, led by Dr. Takashi Akera, uses mouse oocyte system to reveal both the cell biological basis and evolutionary consequences of meiotic drive, where selfish genetic elements violate Mendel's Law of Segregation to increase their own rate of transmission. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, the lab also studies basic chromosome segregation "rules" in oocytes, which can be exploited by selfish elements. (nih.gov)
  • Centromeres direct chromosome segregation, and therefore are the genetic elements with the best opportunity to cheat the segregation process. (nih.gov)
  • Centromeres incorporate both MT-binding and counteracting MT-destabilizing activities: the former attaches chromosomes to the spindle, and the latter promotes re-orientation of incorrect attachments to prevent segregation errors. (nih.gov)
  • The sequence, published today (September 10) in Nature , reveals that gibbon genes involved in chromosome segregation are rich in repetitive sequences called LAVA elements. (the-scientist.com)
Human Y chromosome1
Region of chromosome1
  • The loss of another gene, COMT , in the same region of chromosome 22 may also help explain the increased risk of behavioral problems and mental illness. (nih.gov)
Contain the same genes1
  • The two chromosomes in each pair contain the same genes, but they may have different versions of those genes because we inherit one chromosome in each pair from our mother and the other from our father. (nih.gov)
Autosomal3
  • Genetic loci for autosomal dominant HSP exist on chromosomes 2p, 14q, and 15q. (nih.gov)
  • Our results clearly establish the existence of a locus for autosomal dominant HSP on chromosome 8q23-24. (nih.gov)
  • 22-pairs of the autosomal chromosomes. (emofree.com)
Cells15
  • Now let's go back to that sperm and egg issue - these cells only have one homologous chromosome from each pair and are considered 'haploid. (howstuffworks.com)
  • It means each parent contributes one homologue to a homologous pair of chromosomes in their child's cells. (howstuffworks.com)
  • A gain or loss of chromosomes from the standard 46 ( called aneuploidy ) occurs either during the formation of reproductive cells (sperm and egg), in early fetal development or in any other cell of the body after birth. (howstuffworks.com)
  • If the one of the sex cells has the full complement of chromosomes (diploidy), then the zygote would have an extra set of chromosomes. (encyclopedia.com)
  • in other cells, it is the X chromosome inherited from the father. (wikipedia.org)
  • Normal human cells grow and function based on information in each cell's chromosomes. (cancer.org)
  • Each time a cell prepares to divide into 2 new cells, it must make a new copy of the DNA in its chromosomes. (cancer.org)
  • Though most adult cells contain two sets of chromosomes, sperm and egg cells are different. (23andme.com)
  • These special cells have just one chromosome from each pair. (23andme.com)
  • There is also a bit of mixing before the chromosomes are sorted into individual sperm or egg cells. (23andme.com)
  • These chromosome abnormalities are somatic, which means they are acquired during a person's lifetime and are present only in the cells that give rise to cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Reproductive cells-eggs and sperm-randomly receive one chromosome from each of the 23 sets instead of both so that a fertilized egg will contain the 23 pairs needed for typical development. (nih.gov)
  • In plants, polytene chromosomes have been observed in only a few species, and seemed to be restricted to ovary and immature seed tissues, e.g., in Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris (Nagl, 1981), until relatively recently, when they were observed in the cells of the anther tapetum of Vigna unguiculata (Guerra and Carvalheira, 1994) and of some Phaseolus species (Carvalheira and Guerra, 1994). (scielo.br)
  • The endomitotic cycle (endomitosis) starts with a normal prophase (endoprophase), after which the chromosome contracts further (endometaphase), their sister chromatids separate from each other (endoanaphase) and decondense to assume the interphase nuclear structure, resulting in polyploid cells, with double the chromosome number (endopolyploidy) at the end of each cycle. (scielo.br)
  • The endoreduplication cycle differs from endomitosis because it results in polytene cells (cells with many identical paired chromatids). (scielo.br)
Sequence5
  • The function of chromosomes is to package the extremely long DNA sequence. (encyclopedia.com)
  • We produced a chromosome-scale reference sequence of oat cv. (nature.com)
  • For the Y chromosome, Philippy's team already knew the sequence. (kazu.org)
  • During HR, members of the RecA/Rad51 family of recombinases must somehow search through vast quantities of DNA sequence to align and pair single-strand DNA (ssDNA) with a homologous double-strand DNA (dsDNA) template. (nih.gov)
  • That's why it was also the very first chromosome whose DNA sequence was determined. (thenakedscientists.com)
Extra chromosome2
  • Anyway, he does not have a deficiency, he has an extra chromosome! (emofree.com)
  • Amniocentesis (until between week 14 to 18) which involves extracting a sample of amniotic fluid which is then tested for the extra chromosome. (dw.com)
Smallest chromosome3
  • ADAM PHILIPPY: You wouldn't expect it to because it's the smallest chromosome. (kazu.org)
  • Why would it take the longest to finish the smallest chromosome? (kazu.org)
  • Jef - Well, you might've thought we would start with the smallest chromosome, but chromosome 3 is actually the third smallest chromosome. (thenakedscientists.com)
Scientists2
  • With its name rooted in the Greek words for color (chroma) and body (soma), the chromosome is a cell structure (or body) that scientists can spot under a microscope by staining it with colored dyes (get it? (howstuffworks.com)
  • For the first time ever, scientists have fully decoded the Y chromosome . (kazu.org)
Sequences3
  • There is a gene in the Y chromosome that has regulatory sequences that control genes that code for maleness, called the SRY gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • An appreciable fraction of these sequences has now been found to be transcribed into poly(A) + RNA when chromosomes initiate the pairing process. (illinois.edu)
  • Here, we use single-molecule imaging to visualize Rad51 as it aligns and pairs homologous DNA sequences in real time. (nih.gov)
Structures3
  • Because that's the total number of chromosomes found in almost every human cell - 23 pairs to be exact - and those little thread-like structures pack all the information about who you are and what makes you unique. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Inside each cell, DNA is tightly wrapped together in structures called chromosomes . (teenshealth.org)
  • Polytene chromosomes are structures found in highly specialized tissues in some animal and plant species, which are amplified through successive cycles of endoreduplication, finally producing several copies of each chromosome. (scielo.br)
Homology1
Chromatin2
Meiotic3
  • Using mouse oocytes as a model, the laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics and Evolution, led by Dr. Takashi Akera focuses on both the cell biological basis and evolutionary consequences of meiotic drive. (nih.gov)
  • Previous studies in hybrids detected multiple abnormalities of spermatogenesis and a high frequency of dissociation between the X and Y chromosomes at the meiotic prophase. (mdpi.com)
  • According to this book "On average between two and three crossover events occur on each pair of human chromosomes during meiotic division I. (answersmcq.com)
Aneuploidies1
  • If you decide to use PGD for gender selection with Dr. Suchada then her choice of PGD is one that screens for all chromosome abnormalities (aneuploidies) at the same time. (ivfservicesthailand.com)
Cell13
  • The magic number of 46 (23 pairs) per cell isn't universal among living things. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Now you know the textbook example of a healthy human has 23 pairs of chromosomes in almost every cell of their body, but life isn't always a textbook. (howstuffworks.com)
  • There are 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total number of 46 chromosomes in a diploid cell, or a cell having all the genetic material. (encyclopedia.com)
  • This ensures that both sexes always have exactly one functional copy of an X chromosome in each body cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Every human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
  • That makes - 46 chromosomes in each cell. (emofree.com)
  • The fusions may be a result of lepidopterans' unstable holocentric chromosomes, which attach to spindle microtubules along their full length during cell division, as opposed to monocentric chromosomes that connect only at their centromeres. (the-scientist.com)
  • on one copy of chromosome 22 in each cell. (nih.gov)
  • Which chromosome they get from each pair is random, making each sperm or egg cell unique. (23andme.com)
  • When a sperm and egg cell join together at fertilization they create a single cell with two complete sets of 23 chromosomes. (23andme.com)
  • CTCF-mediated transcriptional regulation through cell type-specific chromosome organization in the β-globin locus. (nih.gov)
  • Other possible changes include the presence of an extra piece of the chromosome in each cell (partial trisomy 19) or the absence of a larger segment of the chromosome in each cell (partial monosomy 19). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Thus, cell division stops at metaphase, allowing a good view of the spread chromosomes. (csbsju.edu)
Eggs1
Genes that provide2
Abnormalities1
  • Approximately 50% of MDS patients have clonal karyotypic abnormalities detected by metaphase cytogenetics and often involve partial or complete loss of a chromosome. (medscape.com)
Interphase1
Translocations2
  • We observed that the amounts of translocations are dose dependent and quite homogeneous within each dose of radiation, independently of chromosomes painted. (nih.gov)
  • Translocations of genetic material between chromosome 19 and another chromosome can also lead to extra or missing material from chromosome 19. (medlineplus.gov)
Species have different1
Loci1
  • Identifying this novel HSP locus on chromosome 8q23-24 will facilitate discovery of this HSP gene, improve genetic counseling for families with linkage to this locus, and extend our ability to correlate clinical features with different HSP loci. (nih.gov)
Circular1
  • Ring chromosomes occur when a chromosome breaks in two places and the ends of the chromosome arms fuse together to form a circular structure. (medlineplus.gov)
Evolutionary4
  • This is because in the human evolutionary lineage, two ancestral ape chromosomes fused at their telomeres [tips], producing human chromosome 2. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Throughout evolutionary history, organisms have changed the numbers and organization of their chromosomes in a variety of ways. (madsci.org)
  • One could imagine that events like this in other evolutionary scenarios might involve chromosomes duplicating or breaking into two. (madsci.org)
  • The most astonishing thing is that it seems like the genes have stayed in the same chromosomes practically throughout the evolutionary history of butterflies-at least for 140 million years. (the-scientist.com)
Chromatids1
  • These polytenics are characterized by numerous transverse bands along their linear axis, produced by the exact pairing of sister chromatids and the intimate association of their chromomeres (Ashburner, 1970). (scielo.br)
Males and females1
Segregate1
  • In the endoreduplication cycle, the chromatid number is duplicated, but they do not segregate, and after various endoreduplication cycles, larger and thicker chromosomes are produced, called polytenics. (scielo.br)
Novo1
  • In de novo Illumina assemblies, accessory chromosomes are typically dispersed over many contigs or scaffolds due to their high repeat-content, making it impossible to determine how many accessory chromosomes are present in a strain. (nature.com)
Genomes1
  • Three out of nine HCT strains investigated have undergone large-scale chromosome alterations, reflecting the remarkable plasticity of Fo genomes. (nature.com)
Adenine2
  • Complementary base pairing dictates that adenine pairs only with thymine, and guanine pairs only with cytosine (and vice versa). (encyclopedia.com)
  • The two ladder rails are called backbones, and the rungs are pairs of four building blocks (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) called bases. (nih.gov)
Proteins2
  • Genes are expressed when the chromosome uncoils with the help of enzymes called helicases and specific DNA binding proteins. (encyclopedia.com)
  • We conclude that also a non-wilt-inducing Fo pathogen relies on effector proteins for successful infection and that the Forc pathogenicity chromosome contains all the information necessary for causing root rot of cucurbits. (nature.com)
Genetic material2
  • Here's why: When a sperm and egg fuse, they combine their genetic material to form one complete, diploid set of chromosomes. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Rearrangements of genetic material between chromosome 19 and one of several other chromosomes have been found in some forms of blood cancer (leukemia). (medlineplus.gov)
Mosquitoes1
MeSH1
  • Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (musc.edu)
Onset1
  • Chromosome togetherness at the onset of ESC differentiation. (nih.gov)
Copies2
Mammals1
Individual sperm1
Rarely2
Nucleotide1
  • Successful pairing with a ninth nucleotide coincides with an additional reduction in binding free energy, and subsequent strand exchange occurs in precise 3-nt steps, reflecting the base triplet organization of the presynaptic complex. (nih.gov)
Determines1
Paternal1
  • Robbins KM, Stabley DL, Holbrook J, Sahraoui R, Sadreameli A, Conard K, Baker L, Gripp KW, Sol-Church K. Paternal uniparental disomy with segmental loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 11 are hallmark characteristics of syndromic and sporadic embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. (jefferson.edu)