Packaging the viral capsid proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

N is physically colocalized with the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase early in the replication cycle and forms interactions with non-structural protein 3, a component of the replicase-transcriptase complex. (wikipedia.org)
How can this protein shell be strong enough to remain intact as it enters a host cell, and yet quickly open up to release the viral genome after replication? (elifesciences.org)
In particular, the SA Cas9 gene is only ~3,200 base pairs (bp) in size and this has allowed us to design fully infectious but replication-incompetent viral vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV), which represents a highly efficient in vivo delivery system but only has a packaging limit of ~4,800 bp. (duke.edu)
The non-structural (NS) proteins of the Flaviviridae members play a dual role in genome replication and virion morphogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
To overcome this constraint, viral proteins often exhibit multiple functions that come into play at different stages during the viral replication cycle. (bvsalud.org)
In recent years, increasing lines of evidence have indicated that the M protein has obvious influence on the pathotypes of NDV, and the interaction of M protein with cellular proteins is also closely associated with the replication and pathogenicity of NDV. (bvsalud.org)
Immunofluorescence studies of virally infected cells revealed that UL15 was necessary for the localisation of the remaining terminase components (UL28 and UL33) to nuclear sites of viral DNA replication, where packaging occurs. (gla.ac.uk)
Similar experiments revealed that, in the absence of UL6, none of the terminase components localised to replication compartments (RCs), suggesting that UL6 might be required for retaining the terminase at sites of DNA packaging. (gla.ac.uk)
We have also found that, as with the alpha- and betaherpesviruses, lytic replication of KSHV prospects to the formation of at least three capsid varieties, A, B, and C, with people of approximately 200, 230, and 300 MDa, respectively. (monthion.com)
Since most normally healthy KSHV-infected individuals remain disease free, a healthy cellular immune response probably retains active viral replication in check. (monthion.com)
Tumor formation probably requires not only an initial illness of critical numbers of target cells but also the continual recruitment of fresh cells to replace those lysed from low levels of spontaneous lytic viral replication (11, 37). (monthion.com)
Such processes clearly depend on viral replication, including successful formation of infectious particles. (monthion.com)
As with all herpesviruses, the 1st structures to appear following a initiation of KSHV replication are the capsidsthe icosahedral particles that fill the nucleus and, when fully mature, harbor the linear viral genome. (monthion.com)
The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein is an attractive target for preventing capsid assembly and viral replication. (ghuhlo.top)
By directly attaching to the core protein carboxyl-terminal domain, Ciclopirox derivatives may be able to suppress HBV virus assembly and subsequent viral replication inhibition. (ghuhlo.top)
Approved treatments for HBV infection include nucleos(t)ide analogs (NUCs) that inhibit the reverse transcription activity of P protein, but in most cases, discontinuing therapy leads to viral replication relapse and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. (ghuhlo.top)
In addition, viral particles empty of the genome are produced by S proteins, which can be active in modulating immune responses during replication. (ghuhlo.top)
Recent studies show that core proteins play an essential role in cccDNA formation and virus replication [4]. (ghuhlo.top)
Enhanced replication of rubella virus (RuV) and replicons by de novo synthesized viral structural proteins has been previously described. (cdc.gov)
It is not clear whether the CP in the virus particles, i.e., the exogenous CP, modulate viral genome replication. (cdc.gov)
In this study, we found that exogenous RuV CP also enhanced viral genome replication, either when used to package replicons or when mixed with RNA during transfection. (cdc.gov)
These results suggest that the exogenous RuV CP increases efficiency of early viral genome replication by modulating the stage(s) prior to and/or at the initiation of negative-strand RNA synthesis, possibly through a general mechanism such as protecting viral RNA. (cdc.gov)
Biochemical processes as diverse as the elastic response of DNA, protein-induced DNA bending, chromosomal segregation, replication, transcription, translation, protein translocation across membranes, catalyzed protein and nucleic acid folding and unfolding, and even the ubiquitous processes of induced-fit molecular recognition, are all examples in which forces and torques develop in molecules as they move along their reaction coordinates. (berkeley.edu)
In prokaryotes, and specially in eukaryotes, replication and transcription regulation involve the interaction of many specialized protein factors at regulator locations on the sequence to ensure correct sequence recognition, initiation, processivity, fidelity, and kinetic control. (berkeley.edu)
Their mechanism of RNA packaging, replication and transcription is similar to that of the Reoviridae of which one member, rotavirus, is a major cause of infant gastroenteritis. (cuny.edu)
This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanism of viral RNA packaging and replication. (cuny.edu)
During viral replication, two genomes are combined in a process called dimerisation that is assumed to be a prerequisite for genome packaging. (europa.eu)
In genome packaging, viruses gather their genomes into capsids whose main purpose is to protect the genomes until they can be released into a new host for further replication. (europa.eu)
These two conformations therefore act like a molecular switch to direct the fate of the viral RNA, and thus viral replication. (europa.eu)
Productive picornavirus infection requires the hijacking of host cell pathways to aid with the different stages of virus entry, synthesis of the viral polyprotein, and viral genome replication. (wrlfmd.org)
577Role of Cellular Proteins in RV Replication. (vdocuments.net)
The involvement of viral DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of virulence genes, transcription, DNA replication, and repair make them significant targets. (mdpi.com)
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid is highly acid labile and tends to dissociate into pentameric subunits at acidic condition to release viral RNA for initiating virus replication. (biomedcentral.com)
In the differentiated keratinocytes of the suprabasal layers of the epithelium, the virus switches to a rolling-circle mode of DNA replication, amplifies its DNA to high copy number, synthesizes capsid proteins, and causes viral assembly to occur 3. (ghise-ioan.ro)
The most common way of producing AAV for gene therapy involves transient transfection of three different plasmids into the cells - the transfer plasmid containing the gene of interest, the second with the rep-cap sequences for viral replication and capsid assembly, and the final helper plasmid contains the adenovirus helper functions. (cellculturedish.com)
The general treatment strategy is to eliminate as many of the visible lesions as possible until the host immune system can control viral replication. (medscape.com)

A protein shell called a capsid protects the virus during this journey. (elifesciences.org)
Be they SARS-CoV-2, HIV, or phages that infect bacteria, all viruses comprise at least two components: their genetic material-DNA or RNA-and a protective shell called a capsid. (acs.org)
In most cases, the virus's genetic material, DNA, is enclosed within a protective protein shell called a capsid. (lu.se)

Missing from these hypothesis is how nucleic acids became virus particles - that is, how they acquired structural proteins. (virology.ws)
Many cell proteins have jelly role motifs, and some form 60-subunit virus-like particles in cells. (virology.ws)
At some point these genetic elements acquired structural proteins from the cells and became bona fide virus particles. (virology.ws)
Viral particles are present in hepatocytes and renal cells. (cdc.gov)
F) Electron microscopic image of viral particles in hepatocytes (scale bar = 200 nm). (cdc.gov)
G) Electron microscopic image of viral viral particles in renal cells (scale bar = 200 nm). (cdc.gov)
Fusion of the vesicles with the plasma membrane releases the viral particles. (monthion.com)
Towards this goal, CPV virus-like particles (VLPs) produced by expression of the CPV-VP2 capsid protein in a baculovirus expression system were examined for attachment of small molecules and delivery to tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Many viral particles are in the nanometer size range and are naturally uniform in size because of the structural constraints on capsid assembly. (biomedcentral.com)
While infectious plant viral particles can be produced in large quantities, generating substantial amounts of most animal viruses in cell culture systems is not economical. (biomedcentral.com)
Viral particles are also being explored as tumor targeting agents. (biomedcentral.com)
Production of the viral particles, however, is confined to females and occurs only in ovaries. (esc-sec.ca)
These viral particles are released into the lumen of the oviduct, where they accumulate until injection into the caterpillar host. (esc-sec.ca)
Recently, a group from France has shown that the proteins that make up the coat of braconid polydnavirus particles are highly similar to those of 'nudiviruses' 1 , a group of conventional insect viruses that are capable of integrating their genomes into those of their hosts. (esc-sec.ca)
The efficiency of packaging a delivery construct, also known as the transfer vector, into lentiviral particles can vary greatly depending on the size and composition of the transfer vector. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Thus, a reasonably well packaged, VSV-G pseudotyped lentiviral vector will have an infectivity in the range of 1 TU per 200 viral particles for inefficient transfer vectors to 1 TU per 1 viral particle when 100% efficient viral packaging occurs. (sigmaaldrich.com)

It seems likely that viral structural proteins originated from cellular genes. (virology.ws)
By harnessing these viral vectors' ability to efficiently infect both dividing and non-dividing cells, scientists can introduce specific genes into diseased tissues and initiate targeted cellular responses aimed at restoring normal physiological functions. (aliyuncs.com)
For example, adenoviral vectors can be used to introduce genes encoding calcium-handling proteins involved in excitation-contraction coupling, which is essential for proper contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle cells. (aliyuncs.com)
The laboratory has cloned and sequenced the three genomic segments and identified the viral genes. (cuny.edu)
The genes of the virus have been expressed from the cDNA copies of the genome in E. coli and the viral proteins are now being studied, in particular the viral RNA-directed RNA polymerase P2. (cuny.edu)
Once injected, the virus gains access to various host tissues where some of its genes are expressed, leading to the synthesis of viral proteins that do the dirty work, i.e., depress the host immune response and perturb host development. (esc-sec.ca)
While the virus does not replicate in the caterpillar, it is the expression of viral genes that makes it possible for the wasp egg and larva to survive within the host. (esc-sec.ca)
The viral genome maintains itself as an episome in basal cells, where the viral genes are poorly expressed. (ghise-ioan.ro)
The genes within our cells contain the necessary information to direct the production of proteins and enzymes to support normal functions in the body. (cellculturedish.com)
Structural genes encode proteins that are not involved in gene regulation. (p450inhibitors.com)

We have now built and tested several AAV-based vectors, each expressing the SA Cas9 protein, as well as two HSV-1-specific guide RNAs, that are being tested for efficacy in latently HSV-1-infected mice. (duke.edu)
I refer to these as "smart bombs" that can cleave the HSV-1 genome, and destroy the latent virus, if delivered to latently infected neurons using viral vectors. (duke.edu)
The only viral vectors that really make sense at this point are based on adeno-associated virus (AAV), which has been successfully used in gene therapy trials in humans. (duke.edu)
When our AAV vectors are packaged into virus, different serotypes can be conferred to the virus by using different capsid proteins for the packaging. (vectorbuilder.kr)
X-ray and cryo-EM image reconstructions have been used to determine the structures of AAV variants 1-9 (sometimes called "serotypes" and including viruses from two different species, Adeno-associated dependoparvovirus A and Adeno-associated dependoparvovirus B ), recombinant AAV vectors carrying foreign genetic information (rAAVs), capsid mutants, or any of the above complexed with specific antibodies, glycans or other receptors, at high resolution. (ictv.global)
To further expand the tropism and thus potential applications of AAV vectors, we utilized an alternative approach that employs chemical modifications to covalently link small molecules to reactive exposed Lysine residues of AAV capsids. (nature.com)
Thus, chemical engineering the AAV capsid holds great potential for development of future generations of AAV vectors. (nature.com)
Crucially, some viral vectors (i.e., viruses specifically used to deliver genetic material into cells) have the potential to circumvent the blood-brain- (BBB) and blood-spinal cord barriers (BSCB) when intravenously injected. (frontiersin.org)
Gene therapy aims to treat diseases through genetic modification, most frequently genetically engineered viral vectors are used to deliver a genetic payload to the cells. (cellculturedish.com)
There are non-viral methods in development, however, viral vectors are still the most popular approach with two-thirds of the clinical trials to date delivered via viral vector. (cellculturedish.com)
This is the principle behind CAR T-cell therapy where the patient's own immune cells are collected and modified with viral vectors in a laboratory before being reintroduced to the patient where they can exert their effect against the target cancer cells in vivo . (cellculturedish.com)
Added to this is the desire in the industry for costly GMP-compliant manufacturing since plasmid DNA is an upstream raw material for viral vectors in clinical applications, which has imposed increasing levels of GMP stringency where more defined cell culture media/growth conditions without animal-derived components, better in-process monitoring and overall process control are required. (cellculturedish.com)

The extra sequences at the N-termini of viral jelly roll capsid proteins, involved in recognizing the viral genome, likely evolved after the capture of these proteins from cells. (virology.ws)
Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree comparison of gene sequences of viral isolates from Chinese giant salamander (CGSIV) and 5 known viral strains, People's Republic of China, 2010. (cdc.gov)
All sequences were edited by using the DNASTAR 5.0 package (DNASTAR, Madison, WI, USA). (cdc.gov)
These sequences were aligned with the ClustalX package (www.clustal.org) and truncated to equal bp, respectively. (cdc.gov)
A) NJ tree of major capsid protein sequences of CGSIV and the 5 viral strains. (cdc.gov)
B) NJ tree of ATPase sequences of CGSIV and the 5 viral strains. (cdc.gov)
Wild-type (WT) AAV serotypes exhibit different tissue tropism due to different capsid protein sequences or variable regions interacting with disparate cell surface receptors, and thus can be utilized for different target tissues 3 . (nature.com)
Called FARS-seq for short, it investigates the sequences and structures in HIV-1 that play an important role in dimerisation and genome packaging. (europa.eu)
The absence of splicing made other DNA molecules visible that were shortened due to the lack of sequences in the core protein coding region. (globaltechbiz.com)
In addition there are HBV capsids in the nucleus of HepG2 cells that contain genomes which are shortened and lack sequences in the core protein coding region. (globaltechbiz.com)

N protein is localized primarily to the cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
Most viruses capsid spontaneously self-assembles around the viral genome in the cytoplasm, thus linking the assembly and packaging process. (expasy.org)
Capsids probably acquire the two outer layers while budding through the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm (5, 14). (monthion.com)
After initial binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) on the cell surface, the virus binds to its primary receptor called sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) through the large surface protein (LHBsAg) preS1 domain and enters the cytoplasm with the help of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) [5, 6]. (ghuhlo.top)
The capsid enters into the cytoplasm possibly via permeabilization of the host plasma membrane. (expasy.org)
The rest of the capsid is released into the host cytoplasm. (expasy.org)
Polycystronic mRNA are transcribed by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) P2 inside the core particle and released into the cell cytoplasm, so that dsRNA is never exposed to the cytoplasm. (expasy.org)
The capsid is matured and enveloped in the cytoplasm. (expasy.org)
Furthermore there was nearly full-length DNA in the cytoplasm of LMH cells that was not guarded in viral capsids. (globaltechbiz.com)
Hence two results reflecting capsid disassembly in the nucleus in individual HepG2 cells have emerged in the cytoplasm of poultry LMH cells. (globaltechbiz.com)
Set up of HBV capsids takes place in the cytoplasm and begins with product packaging of viral polymerase and pregenomic RNA CAL-130 (pgRNA) by recently produced core proteins. (globaltechbiz.com)
DHBV capsids made in the cytoplasm of transfected LMH cells are either secreted into culture supernatant or transported to the cell nucleus where the viral genome is usually released and converted into covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) [14]. (globaltechbiz.com)

While these results suggested that ORF7 is important for KSHV terminase function and capsid formation, the function of ORF67.5 was completely unknown. (bvsalud.org)

In addition to its interactions with RNA, N forms protein-protein interactions with the coronavirus membrane protein (M) during the process of viral assembly. (wikipedia.org)
Formation of RNPs is thought to involve allosteric interactions between RNA and multiple RNA-binding regions of the protein. (wikipedia.org)
Encapsidation of the genome occurs through interactions between N and M. N is essential for viral assembly. (wikipedia.org)
Helical capsids are assembled around genomic RNA or DNA, and rely on self and nucleic acid interactions to assemble. (expasy.org)
ESR12 studied the interactions of M-protein, the main virulence factor and adhesin of Streptococcus pyogenes. (europa.eu)
Using cutting-edge techniques, he identified novel interactions, suggesting previously unknown immune evasion strategies and that the protein interaction networks that form depend on the local microenvironment (Chowdhury et al. (europa.eu)
Viruses 14: v14040792 (2022)), and mapped 59 host protein interactions to the viral surface. (europa.eu)
Novel interactions were also demonstrated between UL33 and the HSV-1 DNA packaging proteins UL6 and UL25. (gla.ac.uk)
It is therefore not yet possible to conclude whether the observed interactions of UL33 with these four proteins are essential for viral DNA packaging. (gla.ac.uk)
By the same token, the reason(s) why nine of the 16 mutants are defective in DNA packaging remains unclear, but does not appear to be associated with their ability to form known protein-protein interactions or to localise to sites of DNA packaging. (gla.ac.uk)
Among them, dystrophin strengthens the sarcolemma through protein-lipid interactions, and its absence due to gene mutations leads to the severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (cea.fr)
SANS data for the protein/lipid complexes were obtained with contrast-matched bicelles under various phospholipid compositions to probe the role of electrostatic interactions. (cea.fr)
We are studying the structural basis of protein-DNA interactions and their relevance in the processes of control of gene expression using single molecule manipulation methods. (berkeley.edu)
Packaging and capsid assembly in RNA viruses can involve interactions between capsid proteins and secondary structures in the viral genome as exemplified by the RNA bacteriophage MS2 and as proposed for other RNA viruses of plants, animals and human. (wrlfmd.org)

We have previously discussed the idea that viruses originated from selfish genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons when these nucleic acids acquired structural proteins (see A plasmid on the road to becoming a virus ). (virology.ws)
I want to explore in more detail the idea that the structural proteins of viruses likely originated from cell proteins ( link to paper ). (virology.ws)
The matrix Z proteins of arenaviruses are related to cellular RING domain proteins, and the matrix proteins of some negative strand RNA viruses are related to cellular cyclophilin. (virology.ws)
There are many more examples, providing support for the hypothesis that viruses evolved on multiple instances by recruiting different cell proteins. (virology.ws)
Given this information on the origin of viral capsid proteins, we can modify the three hypotheses for the origin of viruses into one. (virology.ws)
Now, the question if of course - is it of viral origin or is it a cellular protein co-opted by viruses? (virology.ws)
To honor Michael, we invite submissions for this Special Issue of Viruses focusing on Michael's interests: virus structures and assembly mechanisms, conformational transitions and structure-function relationships, and genome packaging and virus infection mechanisms. (mdpi.com)
Unlike the capsids of many other viruses, those of HIV have irregular structures that rapidly fall apart once removed from the virus. (elifesciences.org)
We are continuing our work on using CRISPR/Cas technology to cleave viral genomic DNA as a possible approach to the treatment of chronic diseases caused by human viruses, concentrating at present on Human Papilloma Virus 16 (HPV16), which causes malignant cervical, anal and head-and-neck cancers, as well as on HIV-1, the cause of AIDS. (duke.edu)
The abilities of these mutants to complement the DNA packaging and growth defects of viruses lacking functional copies of UL33 (the null mutant dlUL33 and the temperature sensitive mutant ts1233) were examined. (gla.ac.uk)
This means that all individuals within a species known to carry one of these viruses contain the viral DNA within their own genome. (esc-sec.ca)
Non-enveloped viruses protect their genomes by packaging them into an outer shell or capsid of virus-encoded proteins. (wrlfmd.org)
In the picornavirus family of non-enveloped RNA viruses, the requirements for genome packaging remain poorly understood. (wrlfmd.org)
The molecular motors that drive this DNA packaging process, however, have remained almost as enigmatic as the viruses themselves. (lbl.gov)
In his latest research, he and a team of collaborators have shed new light on a type of molecular motor used to package the DNA of a number of viruses, including such human pathogens as herpes and the adenoviruses. (lbl.gov)
From left) Craig Hetherington, Carlos Bustamante and Shixin Liu have shed new light on a type of molecular motor used to package the DNA of a number of viruses, including herpes and the adenoviruses. (lbl.gov)
Genome condensation and packaging are essential processes in the life cycle of viruses. (mdpi.com)
A key step in the assembly of many viruses is the packaging of double-stranded DNA into a viral procapsid (an empty protein shell) by the action of an ATP-powered portal motor complex. (umn.edu)

Retroviral structural proteins also appear to have originated from cell proteins, with clear homologies with matrix, capsid, and nucleocapsid proteins. (virology.ws)
The N protein is the most highly expressed of the four major coronavirus structural proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The N protein is the most highly expressed in host cells of the four major structural proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Like the other structural proteins, the gene encoding the N protein is located toward the 3' end of the genome. (wikipedia.org)
We demonstrated that CP does not affect the translation efficiency from genomic (gRNA) or subgenomic RNA (sgRNA), the intracellular distribution of the non-structural proteins (NSP), or sgRNA synthesis. (cdc.gov)

The core proteins of alphaviruses (think Semliki Forest virus) has structural similarity with chymotrypsin-like serine proteases. (virology.ws)
Mechanistically, QL-007 blocked the encapsidation of pgRNA and induced aberrant polymers assembly at concentrations ≥100 nM, while having no impact on the stability of core proteins. (bvsalud.org)

The UL33 gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes a 130 amino acid (aa) protein that is essential for the cleavage of concatemeric viral DNA into monomeric genomes and their packaging into preformed capsids. (gla.ac.uk)
An examination of the nucleic acid sequence alignment of 48 full-length rubella virus genomes revealed that the 5' terminus of the genome is more conserved than the commonly used detection windows for rubella virus RNA located in the E1 protein coding region, suggesting that the 5' terminus could be a target for improving detection of all rubella virus genotypes. (cdc.gov)
During lytic infection of alpha- and betaherpesviruses, the viral genome is replicated as a precursor form, which contains tandem genomes linked via terminal repeats (TRs). (bvsalud.org)
Here, we describe further development of an in vivo library selection platform based on self-assembling protein nanoparticles encapsulating their own mRNA genomes (synthetic nucleocapsids or synNCs). (uw.edu)
Their genomes might code for only a tiny fraction of the proteins made by plants or animals, but "they can take over entire biological systems to do what they need to do. (acs.org)
Remarkably we have previously observed comparable shortened genomes and non-protected viral DNA in human HepG2 cells yet exclusively in the nucleus where uncoating CAL-130 and final discharge of viral genomes takes place. (globaltechbiz.com)
Furthermore some capsids contain smaller sized genomes that result from invert transcription of varied spliced types of pgRNA [8] [9]. (globaltechbiz.com)
Such capsids containing spliced genomes can be found at low frequency in comparison to people that have full-length DNA usually. (globaltechbiz.com)
Such intracellular recycling of viral genomes also occurs in HepG2 cells that are transfected with HBV coding plasmid. (globaltechbiz.com)

An analysis of the sequence an structure of major virion proteins has identified likely ancestors in cellular proteins. (virology.ws)
While uncleaved NS2-3 in complex with NS4A is essential for virion assembly, it cannot replace free NS3/4A in the viral replicase. (bvsalud.org)
This indicates that the linker region and the cytosolic C-terminal part of NS4A are critical for the formation of protein complexes required for virion morphogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
For the bovine viral diarrhea virus, the non-structural protein (NS) 4A functions as an NS3 protease cofactor, a replicase building block, and a component in virion morphogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
As an important structural protein in virion morphogenesis, the matrix (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is demonstrated to be a nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking protein and plays essential roles in viral assembly and budding. (bvsalud.org)
The virion has a double capsid structure: the outer capsid has a T=13 icosahedral symmetry and the inner capsid has a T=2* icosahedral symmetry . (expasy.org)
Multimeric protein P3 adsorb to host type IV pili which retracts bringing the virion in contact with the host membrane (e.g. (expasy.org)
However, the acid stability of virus capsid is greatly required for the maintenance of intact virion during the process of virus culture and vaccine production. (biomedcentral.com)
The virion consists of single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 8500 nucleotides in length and icosahedron capsid protein [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Scaffolding proteins play important roles in supporting the plasma membrane (sarcolemma) of muscle cells. (cea.fr)

Structural and Molecular Basis for Coordination in a Viral DNA Packaging Motor. (utmb.edu)
When bound to anionic bicelles, large modifications of the protein threedimensional structure were detected, as revealed by a significant increase of the protein gyration radius from 42 5 1 to 60 5 4 A . R1-3/anionic bicelle complexes were further analyzed by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. (cea.fr)
Structural basis of molecular motor regulation in a viral capsid. (cuny.edu)
Although more adeno-associated virus AAV-based drugs enter the clinic, vector tissue tropism remains an unresolved challenge that limits its full potential despite that the tissue tropism of naturally occurring AAV serotypes can be altered by genetic engineering capsid vie DNA shuffling, or molecular evolution. (nature.com)
The Phi29 packaging ATPase is considered a model for ring-shaped molecular motors that are common in living cells and rely on the coordinated action of their subunits to perform crucial biological functions. (lbl.gov)

Assembly and packaging are linked. (expasy.org)
In this study, we evaluated a small molecule compound called QL-007, which could potentially influence capsid assembly, using HBV replicated and susceptible cell models as well as mice infected with rAAV-HBV. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we use timeresolved small-angle X-ray scattering to uncover the nonequilibrium self-assembly dynamics of icosahedral viral capsids packaging their full RNA genome. (cea.fr)
574Structural Proteins: Translation, Processing, and Assembly. (vdocuments.net)
By modeling capsid assembly, researchers can understand weak points in the capsid's structure. (acs.org)
This study provides three examples of the tool's utility in the elimination of ring penetrations in increasingly complex systems: a lignin polymer, a viral capsid assembly, and a highly glycosylated protein aggrecan. (cbirt.net)
The researchers illustrate the efficacy of LBE with three instances of increasing complexity: a lignin polymer, a viral capsid assembly, and a bulky, highly glycosylated protein. (cbirt.net)
In other species, the attachment apparatus is a heteromeric protein assembly that utilizes the rough lipopolysaccharide as a receptor (e.g. (expasy.org)
The generation of an infectious FMDV particle is a complex feat of engineering mainly involved in the process of capsid assembly, RNA encapsidation, and the viral maturation which are regulated by complicated events in infected cells. (biomedcentral.com)

The viral core protein retains protease activity, needed for cleavage from a protein precursor. (virology.ws)
One genomic unit of the precursor form is packaged into a capsid and is cleaved at the TR by the terminase complex. (bvsalud.org)
Many picornaviruses, including foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), assemble capsids via the multimerization of several copies of a single capsid precursor protein into a pentameric subunit which further encapsidates the RNA. (wrlfmd.org)

Dengue Virus Nonstructural Protein 5 (NS5) Assembles into a Dimer with a Unique Methyltransferase and Polymerase Interface. (utmb.edu)
In the capsid the viral polymerase changes pgRNA into one stranded DNA. (globaltechbiz.com)
Furthermore HepG2 cell nuclei harbour almost full-length DNA that is not guarded in viral capsids but is usually nevertheless connected with polymerase protein. (globaltechbiz.com)

In SARS-CoV, the causative agent of SARS, the N protein is 422 amino acid residues long and in SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, it is 419 residues long. (wikipedia.org)
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein is arginine methylated by protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1)at residues R95 and R177. (wikipedia.org)
By state-of-the-art sequencing ESR6&7 showed that Bartonella henselae adhesin A (BadA) is nearly 4000 residues long (not ≈3000), and with ESR12 determined which parts of this very long protein bound human fibronectin as a promising basis for novel antimicrobial therapies. (europa.eu)
We found that a quadrangle region in the viral capsid was the place where a great many pH-sensitive residues were distributed. (biomedcentral.com)
As the uncoating event of FMDV is dependent on the pH-sensitive amino acid residues in the capsid, this most pH-sensitive position indicates a potential candidate location for RNA delivery triggered by the acid-induced coat disassociation. (biomedcentral.com)
The uncoating of FMDV depends on irreversible structural rearrangements triggered by the interaction between the pH-sensitive amino acid residues with other residues in the capsid. (biomedcentral.com)

The nucleocapsid (N) protein is a protein that packages the positive-sense RNA genome of coronaviruses to form ribonucleoprotein structures enclosed within the viral capsid. (wikipedia.org)
After uncoating, the virus takes its genome into the nucleus through the nuclear transfer signal on its nucleocapsid proteins. (ghuhlo.top)

They describe a general computational method for designing proteins that self-assemble to a desired symmetric architecture. (uw.edu)
Icosahedric capsids usually assemble by affinity around the viral genome. (expasy.org)
Neo-synthesized proteins assemble into new capsids. (expasy.org)

It also exhaustively introduces the concrete mechanism of invading GC cells and the viral genome composition of adenovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). (frontiersin.org)
ESR11 studied the complex between the human adenovirus type 5 penton base capsid protein and its integrin receptor by cryo-electron microscopy, leading to a preliminary structure of the interaction of the complex, as well as a 4 Å structure of the penton base. (europa.eu)
Delivering and expressing a gene of interest typically relies on viral vector delivery systems derived from lentivirus (LV), adenovirus (AV) or adeno-associated virus (AVV). (cellculturedish.com)
Other recognized viral causes of pediatric gastroenteritis include norovirus, astrovirus, enteric adenovirus (serotypes 40 and 41), and sapovirus ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

A capsids are bare, B capsids consist of an inner array of R-268712 a fifth structural protein, ORF17.5, and C capsids contain the viral genome. (monthion.com)

It could also be used to test the effects of antiviral drugs that have been designed to target the capsid. (elifesciences.org)
Reoviridae":/by_species/104 and Totiviridae have their capsid assembled around messenger RNAs that are later replicated into genomic dsRNA, thereby hiding the dsRNA from cellular antiviral sensors. (expasy.org)
The core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs) have shown great potential as highly effective antiviral drugs against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in preclinical studies and clinical trials. (bvsalud.org)
This study used a fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) approach to reconstruct a repurposed core protein inhibitor to some novel antiviral derivatives. (ghuhlo.top)
Genomic dsRNA remains enclosed by the inner capsid, thereby "hiding" from host antiviral mechanism. (expasy.org)

Although the interaction between UL33 and UL25 warrants further examination, it could be relevant to the mechanism by which UL25 is recruited to capsids and functions at the late stages of the head-filling process. (gla.ac.uk)
Maybe the interaction mechanism between RNA molecule and viral capsid would help us solve this puzzle. (biomedcentral.com)

ESR13 studied the three-dimensional structure of a protein subunit that polymerizes into filaments to drive secretion of 15 different toxins and enzymes in the bacterium Dickeya dadantii. (europa.eu)
Structural modeling suggested that six lysines per VP2 subunit are presumably addressable for bioconjugation on the CPV capsid exterior. (biomedcentral.com)
Bustamante is the corresponding author of a paper reporting the results of this study in the journal Cell entitled "A Viral Packaging Motor Varies Its DNA Rotation and Step Size to Preserve Subunit Coordination as the Capsid Fills. (lbl.gov)
In a previous study we showed that the Phi 29 ring motor exhibits an interesting division of labor in that four of the five subunits are the workers that move the DNA into the capsid, and the remaining subunit is the supervisor that regulates the progression of the packaging cycles," says Liu. (lbl.gov)

We find that mice without ABCs display defects in anti-viral IgG2a/c antibodies and are more susceptible to reactivation of γHV68 following virus challenges that typically do not break latency. (nature.com)
Together, these results indicate that ABCs are a persistent effector subset during latent viral infection that impedes γHV68 reactivation. (nature.com)
Moreover, the effects of nigericin on mitochondrial membrane potential and viral reactivation in PEL were analyzed. (bvsalud.org)

The packaging NTPase P4 translocates the three ssRNA(+) genomic segments in the capsids where they are converted into dsRNA by the viral RdRp P2. (expasy.org)

The N protein is highly immunogenic and antibodies to N are found in patients recovered from SARS and COVID-19. (wikipedia.org)
Modified versions of AAVs range from genetic alterations of the viral cap gene to conjugation of proteins such as streptavidin or antibodies to promote interaction with specific cells. (nature.com)
PRD-0038 S vaccination elicits greater titers of antibodies cross-reacting with vaccine-mismatched clade 2 and clade 1a sarbecoviruses compared with SARS-CoV-2 S due to broader antigenic targeting, motivating the inclusion of clade 3 antigens in next-generation vaccines for enhanced resilience to viral evolution. (uw.edu)

Chronic infection with viral hepatitis affects half a billion individuals worldwide and can lead to cirrhosis, cancer, and liver failure. (wjgnet.com)
enables researchers to measure how molecules produced by host cells interact with the viral capsid, a structure that is fundamental for the virus to establish an infection. (elifesciences.org)
CD19 + CD11c + T-bet + ) are a unique population that are increased in an array of viral infections, though their role during latent infection is largely unexplored. (nature.com)
ABCs are elevated in the spleen and circulation during active viral infections and persist primarily in the spleen during chronic infection or upon infection resolution 9 , 10 . (nature.com)
Viral and Bacterial Adhesion Network Training (ViBrANT) places adhesion at the heart of virulence: it plays the first and decisive role in the infection process of pathogens. (europa.eu)
Although studies of viral gastroenteritis in children have mainly focused on community-acquired (CA) infection, the importance of healthcare-associated (HA) rotavirus infection and the potential for its prevention by vaccination has been highlighted in several recent publications ( 3 - 8 ). (cdc.gov)

Uncoating of the metastable HIV-1 capsid is a tightly regulated disassembly process required for release of the viral cDNA prior to nuclear import. (elifesciences.org)
To understand the intrinsic capsid disassembly pathway and how it can be modulated, we have developed a single-particle fluorescence microscopy method to follow the real-time uncoating kinetics of authentic HIV capsids in vitro immediately after permeabilizing the viral membrane. (elifesciences.org)
also found that a small molecule drug called PF74 causes the capsid to crack open rapidly, but the remaining shell is then stabilized against further disassembly. (elifesciences.org)

Synthesis of genomic RNA appears to involve participation by the N protein. (wikipedia.org)

The binding energy of capsid subunits on the genome is moderate (~7k B T 0 , with k B the Boltzmann constant and T 0 = 298 K, the room temperature), while the energy barrier separating the complexes and the virions is high (~ 20k B T 0 ). (cea.fr)
The current model of dissociation of FMDV supports the assumption that the acidification system in endosome triggers the direct dissociation of FMDV into pentameric subunits, protein VP4, and RNA without intermediate. (biomedcentral.com)

A research group at Lund University is working to understand the process by which the virus ejects its genetic material from the capsid and into cells and what causes the virus's DNA to be released. (lu.se)

have now developed a method that can visualize individual HIV capsids - and how they disassemble - in real time using single-molecule microscopy. (elifesciences.org)
which identifies a molecule found in host cells that stabilizes the capsid of HIV. (elifesciences.org)

We were the first to report the presence of soccer ball-like capsids in ORF7-deficient KSHV-harboring lytic-induced cells. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we demonstrated that ORF67.5-deficient KSHV also formed soccer ball-like capsids in lytic-induced cells. (bvsalud.org)

It is also possible that UL33 contributes to the transient interaction of terminase with the portal protein, UL6, during packaging. (gla.ac.uk)

But these proteins aren't building a piece of cellular machinery. (acs.org)
Interacting with various low risk hpv cause cancer proteins, E6 and E7 influence fundamental cellular functions like cell cycle regulation, telomere maintenance, susceptibility to apoptosis, intercellular adhesion and regulation of immune responses. (ghise-ioan.ro)

The N protein binds to RNA to form ribonucleoprotein (RNP) structures for packaging the genome into the viral capsid. (wikipedia.org)
icosahedral protein structures are commonly observed in natural biological systems for packaging and transport (e.g. viral capsids). (uw.edu)
An increasing number of three-dimensional virus structures known to atomic resolution paved the way for derivatization of VBNPs with dyes, metals, peptides, proteins, and small molecules and is being explored for generating novel nanomaterials. (biomedcentral.com)

Just like in other retroviruses, each viral particle of HIV contains two copies of the RNA genome. (europa.eu)

There is also the phenomenon of exosomes that package nucleic acids in a membrane envelope. (virology.ws)
refers to the viral genome placement inside a capsid or an envelope. (expasy.org)
A portion of these DNA-containing capsids, as well as some DNA-free capsids (bare or A capsids [observe below]), then acquire 1st a spherical halo of proteins known as the tegument and second a surrounding envelope having a cadre of integrated proteins. (monthion.com)

Thus, our data indicated that ORF67.5 functions as a component of the KSHV terminase complex by contributing to TR cleavage, terminase complex formation, capsid formation, and virus production. (bvsalud.org)

In a gene replacement clinical trial at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 15 patients with SMA1 received a single dose of intravenous adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) carrying SMN encoding the missing SMN protein. (asgct.org)
We demonstrated that AAV9 capsid modified with N -ethyl Maleimide (NEM) increased its tropism more towards murine bone marrow (osteoblast lineage ) while decreased transduction of liver tissue compared to the unmodified capsid. (nature.com)

DNA packaging, herpes simplex virus type 1, UL33. (gla.ac.uk)
antigenic protein decorates the surface of the capsids, as does, for example, the actually smaller fundamental capsid protein VP26 of herpes simplex virus type 1. (monthion.com)

It is then transfected into packaging cells along with helper plasmids, where the region of the vector between the two inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) is packaged into live virus. (vectorbuilder.kr)
Due to their low immunogenicity in host organisms, AAV is the ideal viral vector for many animal studies. (vectorbuilder.kr)
One major concern is the host immune response against the viral vector itself. (aliyuncs.com)
It is important to note that measuring the functional titer of a recombinant lentivirus is not only dependent on how efficiently the transfer vector is packaged but also the transduction efficiency of the cell line used. (sigmaaldrich.com)
cGMP plasmid DNA is an essential starting material for viral vector production but current manufacturing strategies based on methods adapted from the basic research laboratory lack the efficiency and consistency to meet yield requirements. (cellculturedish.com)
These same issues extend to viral vector manufacturers, resulting in high cost of goods (COGS) and bottlenecks along the entire supply chain for gene therapies. (cellculturedish.com)

This phenotype was additionally confirmed by complementation studies providing the NS2-3/4A packaging molecules containing the rescue mutations in trans. (bvsalud.org)
1. There are approximately 2000 molecules of p24 protein / physical particle (PP) of lentivirus. (sigmaaldrich.com)
We have developed methods to measure the packaging of single DNA molecules into single viral proheads in real time using optical tweezers. (umn.edu)

The conflict between the acid lability in vivo and acid stability in vitro of FMDV capsid promotes the selection of a series of amino acid substitutions which can confer resistance to acid-induced FMDV inactivation. (biomedcentral.com)

The virus capsid is assembled by 60 copies of each of four structure proteins (VP1-4) in a stepwise process [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
One is that the RNA is packaged into the immature capsid after the arrangement of 12 copies of pentamer into a icosahedral capsid. (biomedcentral.com)

We know that viral proteins can be returned to cells, where they serve useful functions. (virology.ws)
The non-coding RNA of interest placed in-between the two ITRs is introduced into target cells along with the rest of viral genome. (vectorbuilder.kr)
However, production of VLPs in adequate quantities has been achieved by expression of virus capsid proteins in heterologous systems (insect cells, yeast, and bacteria). (biomedcentral.com)
ORF67.5-deficient KSHV failed to produce infectious virus and cleave the TRs, and numerous soccer ball-like capsids were observed in ORF67.5-deficient KSHV-harboring cells. (bvsalud.org)
The novel capsid and cassette design combination was characterized in vivo in TSD mice for its ability to efficiently transduce cells in the central nervous system when delivered intravenously in both adult and neonatal mice. (nih.gov)

Positively charged proteins attract negatively charged nucleic acids. (acs.org)

However, no studies have examined each of the known viral gastroenteritis agents among children with HA-AGE. (cdc.gov)

We are, however, continuing to work on perfecting the CRISPR/Cas technology as a potential treatment for chronic viral infections, using Hepatitis B virus, Human Papillomavirus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus as model systems, and we have observed promising responses in relevant disease models in mice. (duke.edu)
A better understanding of these motors could be crucial to combating viral infections. (lbl.gov)
Both cell lines aren't vunerable to HBV infections however they support the formation of pathogen contaminants upon transfection of viral genome formulated with CAL-130 plasmids. (globaltechbiz.com)

We previously reported that ORF7-deficient KSHV formed numerous immature soccer ball-like capsids and failed to cleave the TRs. (bvsalud.org)

Impedance-based biosensors allowed ESR4 to show that only the glycosylated host protein vitronectin binds YadA (Meuskens et al. (europa.eu)

Mohebbi A, Ghorbanzadeh T, Naderifar S, Khalaj F, Askari FS, Sammak AS (2023) A fragment-based drug discovery developed on ciclopirox for inhibition of Hepatitis B virus core protein: An in silico study. (ghuhlo.top)

Furthermore, QL-007 not only induced the formation of misshaped Cp149 capsids but also possessed the capability to disassemble HBV capsids. (bvsalud.org)

All three packaging defective mutants could be rescued by a selected set of two second-site mutations, located in NS2 and NS3, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
This thesis describes the creation and characterisation of a number of UL33 insertion mutants in an effort to examine structure-function relationships within this protein and gain further insights into its function. (gla.ac.uk)
Sixteen distinct mutants, encoding polypeptides with 5 aa insertions located at 14 separate positions throughout the protein, were generated. (gla.ac.uk)
Nine of the mutants were defective in both assays, and the capacity of all 16 mutants to support DNA packaging correlated precisely with their ability to complement virus growth. (gla.ac.uk)
Interestingly, of these four mutants, three supported DNA packaging to wt levels. (gla.ac.uk)

This revealed that capsids differ widely in their stability. (elifesciences.org)
These observations reconcile seemingly contradictory observations made by different research groups about how this drug affects the stability of the capsid. (elifesciences.org)

Viral etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus and Epstein-Barr virus. (cuny.edu)
Several decades passed without significant research into ru-bella, despite documentation of the viral etiology of the diseaseby Hiro and Tasaka in 1938 (31). (vdocuments.net)

Coherent neutron scattering provides structural information in addition to, or instead of, the more classical structural methods used in structural biology (XR-crystallography, NMR, cryo-electron microscopy) in challenging situations such as protein assemblies or proteins in complex environments. (cea.fr)

In this latest effort, he and his collaborators modified their standard two-bead optical-tweezers packaging assay by introducing a third "rotor bead" that enabled them to monitor changes in the angle of the DNA around its axis while simultaneously observing DNA translocation into the viral capsid. (lbl.gov)
We can measure DNA binding and initiation of translocation, the DNA translocation dynamics, and the filling of the capsid against resisting forces. (umn.edu)

As a result, each pre-mRNA gives rise to three mRNAs, which are translated to create up to 3 distinct protein products depending on the efficiency and frame-shifting effects of the splice. (ictv.global)
Like their P5 counterparts, P19 transcripts give rise to two proteins depending on whether they are translated from spliced (Rep40) or unspliced (Rep52) mRNAs. (ictv.global)

Cryoelectron microscopy reconstruction of the Phi 29 capsid (gray), connector (cyan), pRNA (magenta), and ATPase ring (blue). (lbl.gov)

Most of the dystrophin protein consists of a central domain made of 24 spectrin-like coiled-coil repeats (R). Using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and the contrast variation technique, we specifically probed the structure of the three first consecutive repeats 1-3 (R1-3), a part of dystrophin known to physiologically interact with membrane lipids. (cea.fr)
Finally, our strategy opens up new possibilities for structure determination of peripheral and integral membrane proteins not compatible with different high-resolution structural methods. (cea.fr)
Dos Santos Morais R, Delalande O, Pérez J, Mouret L, Bondon A, Martel A, Appavou MS, Le Rumeur E, Hubert JF, Combet S. Contrast-matched isotropic bicelles: a versatile tool to specifically probe the solution structure of peripheral membrane proteins using SANS. (cea.fr)
Protein P6 mediates fusion of virus membrane with host outer membrane, releasing the capsid into the periplasmic space. (expasy.org)

Anatomy11

Organisms105

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs39

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Phenomena and Processes55

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science4

Health Care1

Replication36

Shell called a capsid3

Particles16

Genes10

Vectors12

Sequences10

Cytoplasm12

Function and capsid1

Interactions14

Viruses18

Structural proteins5

Core proteins2

Genomes9

Virion9

Plasma membrane1

Molecular5

Assembly9

Precursor3

Polymerase3

Residues6

Nucleocapsid2

Assemble3

Adenovirus4

Contain the viral1

Antiviral5

Mechanism2

Subunit4

Reactivation3

Genomic segments1

Antibodies3

Infection6

Disassembly3

Synthesis1

Subunits2

Genetic1

Molecule2

Lytic2

Interaction1

Cellular2

Structures3

Retroviruses1

Envelope3

Cleavage1

AAV92

Herpes simplex vi2

Vector6

Molecules3

Vitro1

Copies2

Cells5

Nucleic1

Known viral1

Infections3

Immature1

Binds1

20231

Disassemble1

Mutants5

Stability2

Etiology2

Cryo-electron m1

Translocation2

MRNAs2

ATPase1

Membrane4