Ghrelin activates cells in the anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, including neuropeptide Y neurons that initiate appetite. (wikipedia.org)
Hypothalamic ghrelin signalling is required for reward from alcohol and palatable/rewarding foods. (wikipedia.org)
Next, endocannabinoid signaling that regulates synaptic plasticity is discussed as a key mechanism acting both at hypothalamic and mesolimbic circuits, and affecting both dopamine function and interplay between leptin and ghrelin signaling. (frontiersin.org)
Endocannabinoid2
Gastric-brain communication is an essential part of energy homeostasis, and several communication pathways are probable, including the gastric intracellular mTOR/S6K1 pathway mediating the interaction among ghrelin, nesfatin and endocannabinoid gastric systems, and both afferent and efferent vagal signals. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens neural circuitry is reexamined in order to interrogate the functional interplay between ghrelin, dopamine, orexin, and endocannabinoid signaling. (frontiersin.org)
Leptin2
Ghrelin-responsiveness of these neurons is both leptin- and insulin-sensitive. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, the role of midbrain dopamine is positioned at the intersection between selected hormonal signals involved in food reward information processing (namely, leptin, ghrelin, and insulin), and lipid-derived neural mediators such as endocannabinoids. (frontiersin.org)
Pivotal role1
In addition to local paracrine actions and peripheral endocrine effects mediated through the bloodstream, gut hormones play a pivotal role relaying information on nutritional status to important appetite controlling centres within the central nervous system (CNS), such as the hypothalamus and the brainstem. (hindawi.com)
Neuronal2
In this paper, we focus on the role of gut hormones and their related neuronal networks (the gut-brain axis) in appetite control, and their potentials as novel therapies for obesity. (hindawi.com)
Functioning as brain region for the regulation of energy homeostasis, the hypothalamus integrates different hormonal and neuronal signals controlling appetite and body weight. (frontiersin.org)
Signals1
Ghrelin is a participant in regulating the complex process of energy homeostasis which adjusts both energy input - by adjusting hunger signals - and energy output - by adjusting the proportion of energy going to ATP production, fat storage, glycogen storage, and short-term heat loss. (wikipedia.org)
Hormone4
PYY is an appetite suppressing hormone, which was isolated originally from porcine upper small intestine [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Ghrelin stimulates brain structures having a specific receptor - the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1A (GHSR-1A). (wikipedia.org)
Ghrelin was discovered after the ghrelin receptor (called growth hormone secretagogue type 1A receptor or GHS-R) was determined in 1999. (wikipedia.org)
Ghrelin and synthetic ghrelin mimetics (growth hormone secretagogues) increase body weight and fat mass by triggering receptors in the arcuate nucleus that include neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Form2
Ghrelin only becomes active when caprylic (octanoic) acid is linked posttranslationally to serine at the 3-position by the enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) to form a proteolipid. (wikipedia.org)
The non-octanoylated form is desacyl ghrelin. (wikipedia.org)
Food4
Ghrelin may help prepare for food intake by increasing gastric motility and stimulating the secretion of gastric acid. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to its function in energy homeostasis, ghrelin also activates the cholinergic-dopaminergic reward link in inputs to the ventral tegmental area and in the mesolimbic pathway, a circuit that communicates the hedonic and reinforcing aspects of natural rewards, such as food and addictive drugs such as ethanol. (wikipedia.org)
Injections of ghrelin in both humans and rats have been shown to increase food intake in a dose-dependent manner. (wikipedia.org)
Finally, type-1 cannabinoid receptor-dependent inhibition of GABA-ergic release and relapse to reward-associated stimuli is linked to ghrelin and orexin signaling in the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens network to highlight its pathological potential for food addiction-like behavior. (frontiersin.org)
Function1
The ghrelin cell is also known as an A-like cell (pancreas), X-cell (for unknown function), X/A-like cell (rats), Epsilon cell (pancreas), P/D sub 1 cell (humans) and Gr cell (abbreviation for ghrelin cell). (wikipedia.org)