Lactate dehydrogenaseNADHOxaloacetateCitric acidSuccinate dehydrogenaseIsocitrateFumarateGlutamateCitrate synthasePyruvate dehydroBeta oxidationKrebsCytoplasmicEnzymeCatalyzesInhibitionAldehydeReductionAlpha-ketoglutarateAspartateFatty acidsAcetylIrreversibleOxidoreductaseAlcoholReactionsMitochondrial matrixGeneActivityDecreaseASSAYGlutarylEthanolSerumInvolvesCarbonReactionCarnitineMoleculesOccurIncreaseHigh
Lactate dehydrogenase5
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is added to prevent interference from endogenous pyruvate which is normally present in serum. (labtestsguide.com)
- Other features that contribute to the stabilization of thermophilic lactate dehydrogenase and thermophilic MDH-the incorporation of alanine into alpha helices and the introduction of negatively charged amino acids near their amino termini, both of which stabilize the alpha helix as a result of interaction with the positive part of the alpha-helix dipole-also were observed in hMDH. (proteopedia.org)
- Quantitative cytochrome oxidase (COX) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was determined histochemically. (molvis.org)
- When oxygen is limited, pyruvate is converted into lactate by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). (encyclopedia.pub)
- The kidney was not able to balance the NADH excess even though an increase in malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine transaminase activities was noted [23]. (precisionfda.org)
NADH9
- Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate, utilizing the NAD/NADH cofactor system in the citric acid cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- NADH and FADH 2 are coenzymes that accept the electrons released in oxidation reactions, and are utilized in oxidative phosphorylation . (citizendium.org)
- The oxidation of isocitrate is coupled with the reduction of NAD þ to NADH and the production of CO2. (encyclopedia.com)
- The determination was based on the detection of NADH, formed by oxidation of L-malate to oxaloacetate, catalysed by L-malate dehydrogenase. (ucp.pt)
- Furthermore BC was also assayed with an enzyme-coupled assay where ADP development was supervised WH 4-023 spectrophotometrically at 340 nm via NADH oxidation [12]. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
- One unit causes the oxidation of one micromole of NADH per minute under the conditions described below. (toyobousa.com)
- Because NADH and acetyl CoA are required as a cofactor of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and as an activator of pyruvate carboxylase, respectively, their diminished concentration contributes to the inhibition of gluconeogenesis. (medscape.com)
- NAD + is the main cofactor for most dehydrogenases, the main pathway for NADH oxidation is the electron transport and oxidative phosphorilation. (dehydrogenases.com)
- Many recent data revealed that kidney alcohol dehydrogenase activity increased significantly after ethanol administration what affected the capacity of the kidney to prevent NADH accumulation in the cytosol. (precisionfda.org)
Oxaloacetate6
- All three effectors (malate, oxaloacetate and citrate) bind to the same putative allosteric site. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus, glutamate can react with the aminotransferase in this complex without glutamate inhibiting production of oxaloacetate by the malate dehydrogenase in the complex. (wikipedia.org)
- The conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate could also be facilitated because in the trienzyme complex, oxaloacetate might be directly transferred from malate dehydrogenase to the aminotransferase. (wikipedia.org)
- Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) catalyzes the reduction of oxaloacetate with simultaneous oxidation of NADH+ to NAD. (labtestsguide.com)
- MDH_HALMA ] Catalyzes the reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate. (proteopedia.org)
- It oxidizes L-malate to oxaloacetate and donates electrons to ubiquinone-1 and other artificial acceptors or, via the electron transfer chain, to oxygen. (rhea-db.org)
Citric acid4
- Because malate dehydrogenase is closely tied to the citric acid cycle, regulation is highly dependent on TCA products. (wikipedia.org)
- In many tissues, especially heart tissue, fatty acids are broken down through a process known as beta oxidation which results in acetyl-CoA which can be used in the citric acid cycle. (citizendium.org)
- Functions of the membrane-associated and cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenases in the citric acid cycle of Escherichia coli. (rhea-db.org)
- This process involves four main metabolic pathways: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation. (microbiologynote.com)
Succinate dehydrogenase1
- It is formed by the oxidation of succinate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. (vital-minerals.co.uk)
Isocitrate2
- Also the enzymes citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, that regulate the first three steps of the TCA cycle, are inhibited by high concentrations of ATP. (citizendium.org)
- Following the formation of isocitrate there are four oxidation-reduction reactions, the first of which, the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. (encyclopedia.com)
Fumarate1
- Fumarate is then converted by the enzyme fumarase to malate. (vital-minerals.co.uk)
Glutamate1
- Formation of this ternary complex enables low levels of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, in the presence of the aminotransferase, to reverse inhibition of malate oxidation by glutamate. (wikipedia.org)
Citrate synthase3
- The potential ability of the aminotransferase to transfer directly alpha-ketoglutarate to the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in this multienzyme system plus the ability of succinyl-CoA, a product of this transfer, to inhibit citrate synthase could play a role in preventing alpha-ketoglutarate and citrate from accumulating in high levels. (wikipedia.org)
- This includes both the entry point enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase. (citizendium.org)
- The enzymatic activity of isolated bacterial CT was frequently assayed within the invert (nonphysiological) path using the radioactivity assay that assessed the biotin-dependent decarboxylation of radiolabeled malonyl-CoA or where acetyl-CoA creation was combined towards the citrate synthase-malate dehydrogenase response and NAD+ decrease was supervised spectrophotometrically at 340 nm [12]. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
Pyruvate dehydro2
- Such enzymes include the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that synthesises the acetyl-CoA needed for the first reaction of the TCA cycle. (citizendium.org)
- In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate can be transported into mitochondria and decarboxylated to produce acetyl CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) in the mitochondria. (encyclopedia.pub)
Beta oxidation3
- Sometimes beta oxidation can yield propionyl CoA which can result in further glucose production by gluconeogenesis in liver. (citizendium.org)
- Fatty acid uptake, peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta-oxidation, and omega-oxidation of fatty acids were all increased. (biomedcentral.com)
- encodes an peroxisomal NAD-malate dehydrogenase that is involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation through providing NAD to the process of converting fatty acyl CoA to acetyl CoA. (or.jp)
Krebs4
- The enzymatic steps of glycolysis and the subsequent synthesis of acetyl-CoA involve a linear sequence, whereas the oxidation of acetyl-CoA in the Krebs cycle is a cyclic sequence of reactions in which the starting substrate is subsequently regenerated with each turn of the cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
- β-oxidation - breaking down MK into acetyl~CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle , or ketone bodies are formed from it. (wikilectures.eu)
- Aerobic respiration can be divided into four main steps: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. (stemcelldaily.com)
- Aerobic respiration consists of four main steps: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. (stemcelldaily.com)
Cytoplasmic2
- In addition to a cytoplasmic, NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), Corynebacterium glutamicum possesses a highly active membrane-associated malate dehydrogenase (acceptor) (EC 1.1.99.16). (rhea-db.org)
- The mutant possesses normal levels of cytoplasmic NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase. (rhea-db.org)
Enzyme6
- Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial also known as malate dehydrogenase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MDH2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- This would maintain the catalytic activity of the multienzyme system because alpha-ketoglutarate and citrate allosterically inhibit malate dehydrogenase and dissociate this enzyme from the multienzyme system. (wikipedia.org)
- Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Malate Dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids. (operatiebrp.nl)
- Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Rat Malate Dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (operatiebrp.nl)
- This enzyme is useful for enzymatic determination of carbon dioxide when coupled with malate dehydrogenase (MAD-201, MAD-211) in clinical analysis. (toyobousa.com)
- The enzyme is therefore called malate:quinone oxidoreductase, abbreviated to Mqo. (rhea-db.org)
Catalyzes1
- ADH catalyzes the oxidation of retinol to retinal, which is converted to retinoic acid by ALDH. (precisionfda.org)
Inhibition2
- As a result of the inhibition of butyryl CoA dehydrogenase, the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids stops at the level of hexanoyl CoA and butyryl CoA. (medscape.com)
- The inhibition of glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase results in the accumulation of glutaryl CoA, which could inhibit transmitochondrial malate transport, a rate-limiting step in the early phase of gluconeogenesis, and consequently suppress gluconeogenesis. (medscape.com)
Aldehyde3
- In our previous study we found that the total activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase in cancer ON123300 of RCC is at the same level as in normal renal tissue [10]. (precisionfda.org)
- 2005). One of the most important osmoprotectants is betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (Kumar et al. (precisionfda.org)
- 2004). Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) belongs to the ALDH9 family and catalyses the irreversible oxidation of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine (N, N, N-trimethyl amine), a vital osmolyte accumulated in cells under osmotic stress (Chen and Murata, 2011). (precisionfda.org)
Reduction4
- Chloroplast NADP-malate dehydrogenase: structural basis of light-dependent regulation of activity by thiol oxidation and reduction. (expasy.org)
- Both of these processes need to occur simultaneously, or at least in series because we cannot have an oxidation without a reduction. (solvedlib.com)
- Thus, we refer to these reactions as oxidation reduction reactions as one can't happen without the other. (solvedlib.com)
- Probably 46 is asking us to identify if these reactions are example of oxidation or reduction. (solvedlib.com)
Alpha-ketoglutarate1
- Binding experiments indicate that mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase can associate with the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and that mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase can associate with this binary complex to form a ternary complex. (wikipedia.org)
Aspartate2
- The protein encoded by this gene is localized to the mitochondria and may play pivotal roles in the malate-aspartate shuttle that operates in the metabolic coordination between cytosol and mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
- Since MDH2 plays a major role in malate-aspartate shuttling in ATP production, its overexpression likely supplies additional energy for P-glycoprotein to pump chemotherapeutic drugs out of the cells. (wikipedia.org)
Fatty acids2
- We show that marine n-3 fatty acids regulate small intestinal gene expression and increase fatty acid oxidation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Lipids as an energy source - TAG degradation in cells, β-oxidation of fatty acids. (wikilectures.eu)
Acetyl2
- The process begins with the oxidation of pyruvate, producing one CO 2 , and one acetyl-CoA. (citizendium.org)
- The carbon atom of the methyl group of acetyl-CoA is very resistant to chemical oxidation, and under ordinary circumstances, the reaction would require very harsh conditions, incompatible with the cellular environment, to oxidize the carbon atoms of acetyl-CoA to CO2. (encyclopedia.com)
Irreversible1
- The pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is irreversible. (wikilectures.eu)
Oxidoreductase1
- When the pfl1 mutants were subjected to dark fermentative conditions, they displayed an increased flux of pyruvate to lactate, elevated pyruvate decarboxylation, ethanol accumulation, diminished pyruvate oxidation by pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and lowered H2 production. (montana.edu)
Alcohol1
- We also found that renal cell cancer patients have significantly higher total activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and its class I isoenzyme in the serum. (precisionfda.org)
Reactions1
- Individual types of fatty acid oxidation are indicated by Greek letters, which determine the carbon atom on which the reactions take place. (wikilectures.eu)
Mitochondrial matrix2
- β-oxidation taking place in the mitochondrial matrix is of major importance. (wikilectures.eu)
- Pyruvate oxidation is the second step that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes or the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. (stemcelldaily.com)
Gene1
- Quantitative real time PCR, and -in a second animal experiment- intestinal fatty acid oxidation measurements confirmed significant gene expression differences and showed in a dose-dependent manner significant changes at biological functional level. (biomedcentral.com)
Activity2
- When both malate and NAD concentrations are high (10 mmol/L and 5 mmol/L, respectively), citrate can actually augment MDH2 activity. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, association of malate dehydrogenase with these other two enzymes enhances malate dehydrogenase activity due to a marked decrease in the Km of malate. (wikipedia.org)
Decrease1
- If we see a decrease in its charge or its oxidation state, it was reduced Another way when using organic chemistry is to look at the hydrogen and oxygen's. (solvedlib.com)
ASSAY2
- Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Malate Dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids. (operatiebrp.nl)
- pneumonia and an abnormal dihydrorhodamine oxidation assay result. (cdc.gov)
Glutaryl1
- MCPA also inhibits the dehydrogenation of several acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, including butyryl CoA, glutaryl CoA, and isovaleryl CoA. (medscape.com)
Ethanol1
- cancer cells have a greater capability for ethanol oxidation and less ability to remove acetaldehyde. (precisionfda.org)
Serum1
- Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Malate Dehydrogenase 1 from Rat in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (operatiebrp.nl)
Involves1
- A traditional synthesis involves oxidation of furfural (from the processing of maize) using chlorate in the presence of a vanadium-based catalyst. (vital-minerals.co.uk)
Carbon1
- These pyruvate molecules then enter the mitochondria , where they undergo oxidation, releasing carbon dioxide as a byproduct. (microbiologynote.com)
Reaction1
- So for this 1st 1 we see a loss of hydrogen ins, which is an indication of an oxidation reaction. (solvedlib.com)
Carnitine1
- Hypoglycemia results because both CoA and carnitine are necessary cofactors for long-chain fatty acid oxidation and because oxidation is a requisite for active gluconeogenesis. (medscape.com)
Molecules1
- So whenever they oxidation are are oxidized molecules, lose those electrons, they go to the reduced molecules. (solvedlib.com)
Occur1
- Enzymes catalyzing the so-called ω- and α-oxidation occur on the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum . (wikilectures.eu)
Increase1
- If we see an increase in its charger or oxidation state, it was oxidized. (solvedlib.com)
High1
- The high-resolution structure of halophilic malate dehydrogenase (hMDH) from the archaebacterium Haloarcula marismortui was determined by x-ray crystallography. (proteopedia.org)