Original plasmid bacterium plasmids. Medical search. Frequent questions

The Mobilisatsia/Plasmida experiment was set up to invesitgate the impact of space flight on plasmid-mediated conjugation. (sckcen.be)
Plasmid delivery through conjugation between bacterial species has proven effective in creating novel antimicrobial agents, targeting specific genes to eliminate or suppress pathogens. (eurekalert.org)
In response to this unmet requirement, a team of researchers from Canada have developed and optimized the transfer of superior conjugative plasmids between bacteria and different yeast species via conjugation. (eurekalert.org)
To create our novel plasmids, we built derivatives of the conjugative plasmid, pTA-Mob 2.0, using designed gene deletions and cluster mutations to improve bacterial conjugation with yeasts ," explained Dr. Bogumil J. Karas, Assistant Professor at University of Western Ontario and corresponding author of the study that was published in Volume 2022 of BioDesign Research on 1 September 2022 . (eurekalert.org)
The team first optimized this plasmid for bacteria-to-yeast conjugation by deleting 55 genes or small genetic regions to create four streamlined plasmids: M1-M4, with two clones each. (eurekalert.org)
These modified plasmids were then transferred from Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) bacteria to S. cerevisiae via conjugation and assessed based on the yeast colony formation. (eurekalert.org)
Plasmid M3 clone 1 (M3C1) showed the most significant increase in conjugation efficiency. (eurekalert.org)
As compared to the original pTA-Mob 2.0 plasmid, the bacteria-yeast conjugation frequency for pSC5 was 10- and 23-fold more when tested in cis (which mobilizes itself) and trans (which mobilizes another plasmid) setups, respectively. (eurekalert.org)
This enhanced conjugation was further replicated with a different bacterial species- Sinorhizobium meliloti, as the pSC5-carrying donor, suggesting that this mechanism can be used with different bacteria. (eurekalert.org)
Bacteria display a variety of mechanisms to control plasmid conjugation. (frontiersin.org)
Among them, fertility inhibition (FI) systems prevent conjugation of co-resident plasmids within donor cells. (frontiersin.org)
In this work, inhibition of conjugation of broad host range IncW plasmids was analyzed in the presence of a set of co-resident plasmids. (frontiersin.org)
Strong FI systems against plasmid R388 conjugation were found in IncF/MOB F12 as well as in IncI/MOB P12 plasmids, represented by plasmids F and R64, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
It was also discovered that the R388 gene osa , which affects T-DNA transfer, also prevented conjugation of IncP-1/MOB P11 plasmids represented by plasmids RP4 and R751. (frontiersin.org)
Conjugation experiments of different mobilizable plasmids, helped by either FI-susceptible or FI-resistant transfer systems, demonstrated that the conjugative component affected by both PifC and Osa was the type IV conjugative coupling protein. (frontiersin.org)
Natural means to inhibit conjugation can be encoded by recipient bacteria as defense systems against potentially harmful invading genomes, as are the cases of restriction-modification ( Wilkins, 2002 ) or CRISPR-Cas systems ( Marraffini and Sontheimer, 2008 ). (frontiersin.org)
Since the relevant products act in trans , the FinOP system collaterally inhibits conjugation of related plasmids ( Frost and Koraimann, 2010 ). (frontiersin.org)
Beyond FinOP, there exist "unusual" FI systems that affect conjugation of unrelated co-resident plasmids. (frontiersin.org)
Two genes of IncP-1α plasmids, fiwA and fiwB , block conjugation of IncW plasmids ( Fong and Stanisich, 1989 ). (frontiersin.org)
Incorporating our fitness results into a simple population dynamics model revealed a new set of conditions for plasmid stability in bacterial communities, with plasmid persistence increasing with bacterial diversity and becoming less dependent on conjugation. (nature.com)
Plasmids are extra-chromosomal mobile genetic elements able to transfer between bacteria through conjugation 1 . (nature.com)
The method used is known as conjugation, which is a technique utilised by certain bacterial groups to transfer their traits to other bacteria. (eurekalert.org)
The lack of a region carrying the tra genes was found to account for the inability to undergo conjugation for various sizes of IncHI2 plasmids harbored by animal strains. (edu.hk)
By transductions, conjugation, and transformation the TEs can be moved from one bacterium to another. (vedantu.com)
10 3 transformants per microgram of DNA the method replaces in most instances conjugation for the transfer of non-replicative plasmids used in gene replacement, site-specific gene integration and transposon mutagenesis experiments. (nau.edu)

The resistance plasmids carried genes encoding β-lactamases of Ambler class A (SHV-12), B (VIM-1 or VIM-4), and C (CMY-2, CMY-4, or CMY-13) ( Table ), which represent key emerging resistance determinants to ESC and carbapenems. (cdc.gov)
This implies that FI are rapidly-moving accessory genes, possibly acting on evolutionary fights between plasmids for the colonization of specific hosts. (frontiersin.org)
Among them, different plasmids (IncI1, IncFI, CloDF13-like, and IncX) inhibit the transfer of IncF plasmids, although the responsible genes were not characterized ( Gasson and Willetts, 1975 ). (frontiersin.org)
Understanding the interaction network between transmissible plasmids is essential to know how the main carriers of antibiotic resistance genes disseminate in the environment. (frontiersin.org)
Some of the most clinically relevant resistance genes, such those encoding carbapenemases (ß-lactamase enzymes able to degrade carbapenem antibiotics), are carried on conjugative plasmids that spread across high-risk bacterial clones 5 , 6 . (nature.com)
AMR, through acquired genes located on transposons or conjugative plasmids, is the horizontal transmission of genes required for a given bacteria to withstand antibiotics. (mdpi.com)
These include transfer of chromosomal mutations marked with antibiotic resistance genes between P. aeruginosa strains, which solves the riddle of not having an efficient and reliable transduction procedure for this bacterium. (nau.edu)
Composite transposons contain genes for antibiotic resistance some have multiple resistance genes can move rapidly between plasmids and through a bacterial population gene cassettes sets of resistance genes can exist as separate genetic elements. (web.app)
If the dna of a plasmid conferring drug resistance carrying the genes for kanamycin resistance, for example is denatured to singlestranded forms and then allowed to renature slowly, some of the strands form an unusual shape under the electron microscope. (web.app)
RESULTS: All carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae isolates (carrying either bla(NDM-1), or/and bla(OXA-48)) carried multiple AMR plasmids encoding 34 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) conferring resistance to antimicrobials from 6 different classes. (cdc.gov)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and sequencing was used to determine the presence of β-lactamase encoding genes (bla) including bla NDM-1 and plasmid-mediated quinolone and aminoglycoside resistance determinants. (who.int)

PCR-based replicon typing was applied to type the resistance plasmids carried by 26 Escherichia coli transconjugants or transformants obtained from epidemiologically unrelated clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae associated with community- or hospital-acquired infections in the United States or southern Europe (Italy and Greece). (cdc.gov)
The plasmid donors from the United States consisted of 4 previously characterized ESC-resistant Salmonella isolates submitted to the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) from 1996 to 1998 ( 12 ) and 6 ESC-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates collected by NARMS from 2000 to 2001 ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
The 6 Salmonella and 4 E. coli plasmid donors selected for this study were a small sample of epidemiologically unrelated isolates representative of those carrying a bla CMY-2 β-lactamase gene on plasmids classified as type A or B on the basis of the bla CMY-2 hybridization pattern ( 6 , 13 ). (cdc.gov)
In this study, we determined the fitness effects of the major antibiotic resistance plasmid pOXA-48_K8 in wild-type, ecologically compatible enterobacterial isolates from the human gut microbiota. (nature.com)
Plasmids harboring mcr-1 in Salmonella food isolates were all conjugative and similar as plasmids reported in other species of Enterobacteriaceae, whereas mcr-1-bearing plasmids from animal Salmonella isolates were not conjugative, and belonged to the IncHI2 type. (edu.hk)
These data suggest that transmission of mcr-1-positive Salmonella from animal to food might not be a common event and food isolates may have acquired mcr-1-bearing plasmids from other mcr-1-positive bacteria such as E. coli, which co-exist in food samples. (edu.hk)
From this information, PCRs identifying novel features of pCT were designed and applied to isolates from several countries, showing that the plasmid has disseminated worldwide in bacteria from humans and animals. (birmingham.ac.uk)
OBJECTIVES: The study aim was to investigate multidrug-resistant (MDR) plasmids from a collection of 10 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates identified within the same healthcare institution in Pakistan. (cdc.gov)
METHODS: Plasmids were isolated from 10 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and from a corresponding set of Escherichia coli transconjugants, then sequenced using Nanopore/Illumina technology to generate plasmid hybrid assemblies. (cdc.gov)
Most bla(NDM-1-)plasmids shared identical AMR regions suggesting potential genetic material/plasmid exchange between K. pneumoniae isolates of this collection. (cdc.gov)
CONCLUSION: This study highlights the complexity and diversity of the plasmid-based genetic background of carbapenemase-producing clinical isolates from Pakistan. (cdc.gov)
The mcr-1 gene was first reported in 2015 in food, animal, and patient isolates from China ( 1 ) and is notable for being the first plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism to be identified. (cdc.gov)

These data indicate that plasmid exchange between microorganisms is occuring during space flight conditions. (sckcen.be)
[15] [19] This definition excluded substances that kill bacteria but that are not produced by microorganisms (such as gastric juices and hydrogen peroxide ). (wikipedia.org)

Analysis of the mechanisms of inhibition between conjugative plasmids could provide new alternatives to fight antibiotic resistance dissemination. (frontiersin.org)
use plates with antibiotics for any strains that should have a plasmid that confers antibiotic resistance. (haverford.edu)
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria . (wikipedia.org)
In current usage, the term "antibiotic" is applied to any medication that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth, regardless of whether that medication is produced by a microorganism or not. (wikipedia.org)

The present invention belongs to the bioengineering field, and relates to a method for fermentation production of L-theanine by using an Escherichia coli genetically engineered bacterium. (justia.com)

E. coli strains are often genetically modified to contain a mutant recA allele and thereby ensure the stability of extrachromosomal segments of DNA, known as plasmids. (wikipedia.org)
It was observed that plasmid exchange between the gram positive bacterial strains occurred in space flgiht more efficient than in the ground control experiment. (sckcen.be)
The enzyme activities of recombinant strains over-expressing PDI and CPR5 reached the highest levels of 259.47 U/mL and 161.34 U/mL, 635% and 357% higher than the original enzyme activity, respectively. (inra.fr)

or mutated pTA-Mob 2.0 Tp/To plasmids from E. coli. (eurekalert.org)
Lactic acid lowers the pH of the surface of the intestine, reducing the viability of many gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, such as E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella, which threaten the health of infants. (eurekalert.org)
Since the report of its discovery in E. coli in late 2015, the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, has been detected in various bacterial species in clinical setting and various environmental niches. (edu.hk)

Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as phages, plasmids and transposons, play a crucial role in bacterial adaptation and evolution. (sckcen.be)
For example, there are three groups of transposons in gramnegative bacteria. (web.app)
Plasmids and conjugative transposons are very important in horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. (web.app)
Class ii broadspectrum mercury resistance transposons in grampositive bacteria from natural environments. (web.app)
Figure 2017 is a composite diagram of an r plasmid, indicating the various places at which transposons. (web.app)

Our data revealed that Salmonella recovered from animals and food specimens exhibited highly different PFGE patterns, and acquired mcr-1-encoding plasmids via different mechanism. (edu.hk)

The continued emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic bacteria are ever-growing threats to health and economy. (cdc.gov)

Understanding the molecular epidemiology of resistance plasmids has been a major issue since scientists became aware of plasmids' role in the spread of antimicrobial drug resistance. (cdc.gov)

The sequence was a 93,629-bp plasmid encoding a single antimicrobial drug resistance gene, blaCTX-M-14. (birmingham.ac.uk)

In a process called transformation, plasmid DNA is taken up by the bacteria under a variety of conditions. (wikipedia.org)
Choi, KH, Kumar, A & Schweizer, HP 2006, ' A 10-min method for preparation of highly electrocompetent Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells: Application for DNA fragment transfer between chromosomes and plasmid transformation ', Journal of Microbiological Methods , vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 391-397. (nau.edu)
Thus, preliminary, it is necessary to develop key tools such as plasmids, efficient transformation methods, and gene expression systems to make Leuconostoc a more promising host for use in a wide variety of applications. (biomedcentral.com)

Thereafter, five derivative plasmids of M3C1 were created containing the traJ mutation, including the pSuperCon5 (pSC5) plasmid with additional elements for improved conjugative transfer to diverse yeast species and diatoms. (eurekalert.org)
Furthermore, the pSC5 plasmid allowed for successful DNA transfer to seven yeast species, including Candida auris -a known pathogen-albeit with varying levels of efficiency. (eurekalert.org)
In addition, in silico analysis of FI proteins suggests that they represent recent acquisitions of conjugative plasmids, i.e., are not shared by members of the same plasmid species. (frontiersin.org)
Plasmids can be transferred between bacteria, potentially spreading the resistance gene to other bacterial species. (cdc.gov)

Purification of this plasmid from bacterial cultures can then allow high-fidelity PCR amplification of the original plasmid sequence. (wikipedia.org)
The results were compared with those of plasmid sequence types (pSTs) defined by plasmid multilocus sequence typing (pMLST). (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
Conclusion: OSNAp is a novel holistic approach to assess relatedness of a population of plasmids in a given plasmid group based on nucleotide sequence data. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
Complete Sequence and Molecular Epidemiology of IncK Epidemic Plasmid Encoding blaCTX-M-14. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Dive into the research topics of 'Complete Sequence and Molecular Epidemiology of IncK Epidemic Plasmid Encoding blaCTX-M-14. (birmingham.ac.uk)
From the sequence analysis, a single mutation (C→T) at position 4690 was found, and we confirmed that this single mutation was responsible for the increased plasmid copy number. (biomedcentral.com)

We used this approach to study 26 epidemiologically unrelated Enterobacteriaceae and demonstrate the dominance of incompatibility (Inc) A/C or Inc N-related plasmids carrying some emerging resistance determinants to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems. (cdc.gov)
Plasmids were originally classified in incompatibility (Inc) groups ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Full characterization of MDR plasmids, including determination of next generation sequencing (NGS)-based AMR profiles, plasmid incompatibility groups, and types, was carried out. (cdc.gov)

Transformants retain the plasmid throughout cell divisions such that it can be recovered and used in other applications. (wikipedia.org)

Since many antibiotics lead to DNA damage, and all bacteria rely on RecA to fix this damage, inhibitors of RecA could be used to enhance the toxicity of antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
However, the effectiveness and easy access to antibiotics have also led to their overuse [8] and some bacteria have evolved resistance to them. (wikipedia.org)

Plasmids are small genetic structures that are independent from the chromosomes and can replicate on their own. (eurekalert.org)
TEs can insert randomly and move from chromosomes to plasmids and vice versa. (vedantu.com)
The main difference between plasmid and transposon is that plasmid transfer genetic material between genomes whereas transposon transfer genetic material between chromosomes within the same genome. (web.app)

In some bacteria, RecA posttranslational modification via phosphorylation of a serine residue on Loop 2 can interfere with homologous recombination. (wikipedia.org)
We developed permissR, an R package to identify permissive sites for chromosomal integration, which can be used in conjunction with pSelAct-Express, a non-replicating integrative plasmid that enables recombination into a permissive genomic location. (biorxiv.org)
Transpose elements are involved in transposition events (this includes both replication and recombination) that mostly give rise to two copies of the original TE. (vedantu.com)

Moreover, genomic results showed a link between pOXA-48_K8 fitness effects and bacterial phylogeny, helping to explain plasmid epidemiology. (nature.com)
A tree was generated using the neighbor-net, an algorithm for constructing phylogenetic networks based on distance between taxa, to visualize the plasmid phylogeny drawn from binary sequences. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)

Be it bacteria or humans, transposable elements have accumulated with the passage of time and are shaping genomes due to their mobilization. (vedantu.com)

Our study has 2 aims: 1) to investigate phylogenetic relatedness among plasmids carrying extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) and carbapenem resistance determinants emerging in 3 different countries (Greece, Italy, and the United States) and 2) to ascertain the sensitivity of the method. (cdc.gov)
We aimed to develop a new method for phylogenetic analysis of plasmids, open reading frame (ORF)-based binarized structure network analysis of plasmids (OSNAp). (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
Results: All I1 plasmids were placed on the phylogenetic tree constructed from the binary sequences. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)

Inc is a manifestation of plasmid relatedness based on commonality of replication controls. (cdc.gov)
After replication, plasmids were recovered and screened in indicator bacteria. (mssm.edu)

These fitness costs make it difficult to explain how plasmids are maintained in bacterial populations over the long-term in the absence of selection for plasmid-encoded traits, a puzzle known as "the plasmid-paradox" 10 . (nature.com)
The spread of plasmids, which carry traits useful for bacteria, can be rapid among bacterial communities. (eurekalert.org)

These examples do not necessarily replicate plasmid fitness effects in natural bacterial hosts, which remain largely unexplored. (nature.com)
Prokaryotes like bacteria can replicate themselves by this simple cell division process of binary fission . (docbrown.info)

Polymerase chain reaction-based replicon typing represents a novel method to describe the dissemination and follow the evolution of resistance plasmids. (cdc.gov)
The ease of NDM-1 plasmid transmissibility may help their dissemination among the Enterobacteriaceae. (who.int)

Glycerol bacteria or puncture bacteria containing the corresponding plasmids (1 tube) 3. (synbio-tech.com)

Methods: With the OSNAp, the genetic structures of plasmids in a given plasmid group are expressed as binary sequences based on the presence or absence of ORFs regardless of their positions or directions. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)

Mechanisms to control conjugative transfer are also present in plasmids themselves. (frontiersin.org)
For example, all conjugative plasmids code for exclusion systems that act in recipient bacteria to prevent competition between identical plasmid backbones, block uneconomical excess of conjugative transfer, and protect recipients from lethal zygosis ( Garcillan-Barcia and de la Cruz, 2008 ). (frontiersin.org)

abstract = "Objectives: Systematic comparison of multiple plasmids remains challenging. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
abstract = "Members of the Bacillus cereus sensu lato group of bacteria often contain multiple large plasmids, including those encoding virulence factors in B. anthracis. (dundee.ac.uk)

Complete DNA sequences can be used as a platform to develop rapid epidemiologic tools to identify and trace the spread of plasmids in clinically relevant pathogens, thus facilitating a better understanding of their distribution and ability to transfer between bacteria of humans and animals. (birmingham.ac.uk)
This study emphasizes the need for characterization of MDR plasmids to determine their complete molecular background and monitor AMR through plasmid transmission between multi-resistant bacterial pathogens. (cdc.gov)

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are near-ubiquitous in prokaryotes and have multiple biological roles, including plasmid stabilization during vegetative growth. (dundee.ac.uk)

Plasmid persistence in bacterial populations is strongly influenced by the fitness effects associated with plasmid carriage. (nature.com)
Third, most mathematical models of plasmid population biology study clonal or near-clonal populations. (nature.com)
To fully understand plasmid persistence in natural bacterial populations, it will be necessary to address these limitations. (nature.com)
Here, we have shown that a Type III TA system, based on an RNA antitoxin and endoribonuclease toxin, from plasmid pAW63 in Bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki HD-73 can dramatically promote plasmid retention in populations undergoing sporulation and germination, and we provide evidence that this occurs through the post-segregational killing of plasmid-free forespores. (dundee.ac.uk)

You can estimate the quantity of bacteria in a colony over time and when you plot the results over a long period of time e.g. many hours, you can derive and bacterial growth curve graph like the one shown above. (docbrown.info)
Finally, in the growth of the colony, not only are the food resources being diminished, but bacteria produce toxins as a waste product. (docbrown.info)

Thus, there is a big demand for high-copy-number plasmids for useful gene manipulation and overproduction of recombinant proteins in Leuconostoc . (biomedcentral.com)

As for many other gram-positive bacteria, the cell wall of L. monocytogenes contains large amounts of the anionic polymer teichoic acid (TA), covalently linked to peptidoglycan. (asm.org)
Genetic studies of TA biosynthesis in gram-positive bacteria have mostly involved B. subtilis ( 19 , 28 ). (asm.org)

It provides higher discrimination than pMLST, which may prove useful in tracing bacteria that harbor plasmids of shared origins. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)

Furthermore, the new LGG strain can potentially be better equipped to grow, for example, in the infant gut where it would be able to utilise the lactose and casein found in breastmilk, producing more lactic acid than the original strain. (eurekalert.org)
Leuconostoc is a hetero-fermentative lactic acid bacteria, and its importance is widely recognized in the dairy industry. (biomedcentral.com)

Subsequently, the pSC5 plasmid was domesticated for Golden Gate Assembly-a molecular cloning method enabling the simultaneous and directional assembly of multiple desirable DNA fragments into a single piece. (eurekalert.org)

The effectiveness of the isolated high-copy-number plasmid for the overproduction of recombinant proteins was successfully demonstrated with two protein models Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and α-amylase. (biomedcentral.com)
In particular, expression plasmids are one of the most fundamental systems for genetic manipulations and protein production, especially to carry foreign DNA and to produce recombinant proteins in a host. (biomedcentral.com)

This is why the bacterium grows poorly in milk and why it has to be separately added to probiotic dairy products. (eurekalert.org)

it is used for plasmid classification and identification ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Here, we present a suite of tools for genetic manipulation in the tomato pathogen C. michiganensis including a markerless deletion system, an integrative plasmid, and an R package for identification of permissive sites for plasmid integration. (biorxiv.org)

pTA-Mob 2.0 is composed of genetic elements required for plasmid maintenance and transfer, making it ideal for this study. (eurekalert.org)
In both cases, the responsible gene was pifC , known also to be involved in FI of IncP plasmids and Agrobacterium T-DNA transfer to plant cells. (frontiersin.org)
Bacteria display a series of mechanisms to control conjugative DNA transfer, as they do for any other physiological process ( Getino and de la Cruz, 2017 ). (frontiersin.org)
FI systems are best known as regulators of plasmid transfer in donor bacteria. (frontiersin.org)

The copies of the plasmids can be variable. (docbrown.info)
70 copies per cell) than that of the original plasmid. (biomedcentral.com)

In this lag phase the bacteria are copying their DNA and synthesising the necessary proteins in order to facilitate the binary fission - this mode of cell division. (docbrown.info)
Most of all, L. citreum is also GRAS status and a food-grade bacteria, so it can be a very attractive host for the delivery of pharmaceutical proteins into human or animals with a higher impact in Pharma and Biotech induestries. (biomedcentral.com)

Original peak diagram of sequencing results (ab1 format) 4. (synbio-tech.com)

Anatomy2

Organisms30

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs29

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes65

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

Health Care6

Conjugation25

Genes11

Isolates12

Microorganisms2

Antibiotic4

Escherichia1

Strains3

Coli3

Transposons5

Salmonella1

Pathogenic bacteria1

Spread of antimicrobial1

Antimicrobial drug resistance1

Transformation3

Species4

Sequence6

Incompatibility3

Transformants1

Antibiotics2

Chromosomes3

Recombination3

Phylogeny2

Transposable elements1

Phylogenetic3

Replication2

Traits2

Replicate2

Dissemination2

Glycerol1

Genetic structures1

Conjugative transfer2

Abstract2

Pathogens2

Prokaryotes1

Populations4

Colony2

Gene manipulation1

Gram positive2

Origins1

Lactic2

Molecular1

Recombinant2

Poorly1

Identification2

Transfer4

Copies2

Proteins2

Diagram1