• To clarify the threat posed by emergence of highly pathogenic influenza A(H7N9) virus infection among humans, we characterized the viral polymerase complex. (cdc.gov)
  • Outbreaks of influenza in pigs from infection with swine influenza A viruses are common. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, pigs are uniquely susceptible to infection with influenza viruses of human, swine, and avian origin. (cdc.gov)
  • Infection occurs by direct contact of skin or mucous membrane with virus-laden lesions or secretions. (medscape.com)
  • After the primary infection, the virus spreads from the infected epithelial cells to nearby sensory nerve endings and is transported along the nerve axon to the cell body located in the trigeminal ganglion. (medscape.com)
  • Recurrent ocular HSV infection traditionally has been thought of as reactivation of the virus in the trigeminal ganglion, which migrates down the nerve axon to produce a lytic infection in ocular tissue. (medscape.com)
  • We found that during systemic cytopathic virus infection, hematopoietic cells were essential for production of IFN-I, inhibition of viral spread to peripheral organs, and limiting cell damage. (uzh.ch)
  • In a model of autoimmune diabetes induced by noncytopathic virus infection, hematopoietic cell-derived IFN-I was essential for CD8(+) T cell-dependent cytotoxicity in pancreatic beta-islet cells and induction of diabetes. (uzh.ch)
  • These data suggest that during systemic viral infection primarily hematopoietic cell-derived IFN-I controls viral replication and viral-induced disease. (uzh.ch)
  • Transmission of influenza viruses into the human population requires surmounting biological barriers to cross-species infection," says biochemist Jennifer Doudna, the principal investigator for this research. (scienceblog.com)
  • One way in which an influenza virus surmounts biological barriers to cross-species infection is through a mutational change in its polymerase, the enzyme that enables the virus to replicate. (scienceblog.com)
  • Disrupting polymerase function can stop the virus from replicating and thereby reduce the spread and severity of an infection. (scienceblog.com)
  • No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found, and no human cases of H7N9 virus infection have been detected outside China, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in persons with acute respiratory illness and relevant exposure history and should contact their state health departments regarding specimen collection and facilitation of confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
  • As of October 3, 2016, at least 856 cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in 16 countries had been reported to the World Health Organization, among which 452 had ended in death, for an apparent case fatality rate of 52.8% ( WHO, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We performed in vivo assays in rabbits to study virus replication kinetics in several tissues at the early stage of infection, and to estimate the minimum infective dose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human monkeypox (hMPX), a smallpox-like disease caused by infection with the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is endemic to Central and Western Africa. (go.jp)
  • The segmented nature of the virus genome permits genetic reassortments to occur during co-infection of a host with different influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
  • A number of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) virus isolates of European marine origin were shown to be of low pathogenicity or non-pathogenic to Atlantic salmon parr by waterborne infection. (dtu.dk)
  • HIV is grouped into the genus Lentivirus (lentus, from Latin) due to the slow course of infection and thus disease, with a long latency period, persistent viral replication and central nervous system involvement ( 1 ). (scielo.sa.cr)
  • Terms and Abbreviations Used in This Publication Acute hepatitis C Newly acquired symptomatic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Infection of human brain cells by HIV-1: restricted virus production in chronically infected human glial cell lines. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The replication of these viruses within cells relies on specialized membranous structures termed replication organelles (ROs) that form during infection but whose origin remains elusive. (figshare.com)
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious, potentially life-threatening viral infection caused by a previously unrecognized virus from the Coronaviridae family, the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). (medscape.com)
  • Primary CMV infection may be a cause of fever of unknown origin. (medscape.com)
  • Replication may be categorized into immediate early, delayed early, and late gene expression based on time of synthesis after infection. (medscape.com)
  • The virus exhibits persistent, asymptomatic infection with profuse urinary virus excretion in the ubiquitous rodent vector, Mastomys natalensi s. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • tent, asymptomatic infection, with profuse urinary virus excretion in Mastomys natalensi s, the ubiqui- The emergence of this highly virulent and contagious tous and highly commensal rodent host2,3. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • The HIV-1 gag and env genes amplified from blood plasma samples of a unique cohort of acute HIV-1 infections are analyzed in this project with the aim to assess virus adaptations during acute HIV-1 infection and how these relates to the replicative capacity of the virus. (lu.se)
  • natural infection of Ebola virus in NHPs. (who.int)
  • Influenza C virus infection does not cause typical influenza illness and is not discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Moreover, The use of animals as surrogate rine host, can provide a platform for animal models for tumour viruses in hosts for the study of human tu- in vivo infection. (who.int)
  • Jan. 4, 2023 All of the previously known CRISPR immune systems protect bacteria by deactivating genes from an invading virus. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Are required viral genes split between multiple constructs to prevent production of replication-competent viruses? (uwm.edu)
  • When a virus invades an organism, it uses some of the host genes in order to replicate itself. (eurekalert.org)
  • It is interesting because, unlike most viruses, it contains genes that encode for proteins involved in DNA packaging. (eurekalert.org)
  • this could mean that during the coevolution, the virus might have acquired the genes that encode these histones. (eurekalert.org)
  • Reassortment is a process in which influenza viruses exchange genes during replication. (cdc.gov)
  • Pseudotyped reporter viruses were generated from a total of 32 env genes cloned from 5 participants (22 from brain or CSF and 10 from blood plasma) and used in single-cycle entry assays to assess entry phenotype. (natap.org)
  • Early test results indicate that a heretofore unknown mutation in one of the H1N1 genes may have played an important role in transmitting the virus into humans. (scienceblog.com)
  • Transmission of the influenza virus into a new species can be influenced by mutations in any of the virus's eight genes. (scienceblog.com)
  • DDX5 is required for cell proliferation by controlling the transcription of genes expressing DNA replication proteins in cancer cells in which the DDX5 locus is amplified, and this has uncovered a dependence on DDX5 for cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In response, we examined the viral distribution and mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens infected with both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
  • We have demonstrated that the viruses are released into exhaled air to varying degrees and a constellation of genes influences the transmissibility of the pH1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
  • While KSHV establishes latency in virtually all susceptible cell types, LECs support spontaneous expression of oncogenic lytic genes, high viral genome copies, and release of infectious virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mutant spectra are continuously and avoidably generated during RNA genome replication, and they are not just a by-product of error-prone replication, devoid of biological relevance. (springer.com)
  • Over the next few decades researchers would use SV40 replication to discover dozens of cellular proteins that are necessary for human cell genome replication. (cshl.edu)
  • The Stillman lab searched for the protein(s) that start cell chromosome duplication, rather than virus genome replication. (cshl.edu)
  • Enterovirus genome replication occurs at virus-induced structures derived from cellular membranes and lipids. (figshare.com)
  • Whole-cell data sets further revealed striking contact regions between ROs and lipid droplets that may represent a route for lipid shuttling to facilitate RO proliferation and genome replication. (figshare.com)
  • For example, it accounts for the failure of extrachromosomal DNAs without origins to replicate when introduced into host cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • T-antigen hijacks other proteins from the infected cell to replicate the virus genome. (cshl.edu)
  • A virus does not have the necessary "machinery" to replicate. (eurekalert.org)
  • We can become infected with a small number of virus particles - by inhaling particles expelled when another person coughs, for instance - and then become sick several days later as the viruses replicate within our bodies. (sciforums.com)
  • Because of these limitations, viruses can replicate only within a living host cell. (sciforums.com)
  • RNA viruses replicate as mutant distributions termed viral quasispecies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Coronavirus doesn't distinguish between any of the so-called "races" on our planet, and because the genetic make-up of people with different levels of skin pigmentation is essentially the same, and the cells of every human being are controlled by the same proteins, the infectious virus is able to penetrate and replicate using the host cell proteins of every person on the planet. (occamstypewriter.org)
  • Thus the interactions among the cis elements and trans factors of papillomaviruses are more conserved than expected from the other members of the papovavirus family, simian virus 40 and polyomavirus, for which large tumor antigen does not replicate a heterologous ori in either permissive or nonpermissive cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Propagation of the genetic material between generations requires timely and accurate duplication of DNA by semiconservative replication prior to cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives the full complement of chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • A key prerequisite for DNA replication is that it must occur with extremely high fidelity and efficiency exactly once per cell cycle to prevent the accumulation of genetic alterations with potentially deleterious consequences for cell survival and organismal viability. (wikipedia.org)
  • To ensure complete and accurate duplication of the entire genome and the correct flow of genetic information to progeny cells, all DNA replication events are not only tightly regulated with cell cycle cues but are also coordinated with other cellular events such as transcription and DNA repair. (wikipedia.org)
  • With the Medusavirus, scientists discovered that DNA replication occurred in the nucleus of the host amoeba and observed evidence of exchange of genetic information between the host and the virus as they coevolved. (eurekalert.org)
  • Viruses are classified based on their genetic characteristics, that is, by how they generate mRNA to produce proteins and genetic material. (eurekalert.org)
  • Viruses may have arisen from mobile genetic elements that gained the ability to move between cells. (sciforums.com)
  • For example, we now have a new genetic marker to monitor that might help predict the ability of influenza viruses to enter the human population. (scienceblog.com)
  • Here we apply for the first time phylogenetic methods and Partition Analysis of Quasispecies (PAQ) to monitor genetic distances and intra-population structures of mutant spectra of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) quasispecies subjected to mutagenesis by base and nucleoside analogues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we performed genetic, antigenic and pathobiological characterization of selected H3N2 virus isolates. (usda.gov)
  • We conclude that despite considerable genetic variances, all three contemporary swine-origin A(H3N2) viruses displayed a capacity for robust replication in the ferret respiratory tract and were also capable of limited airborne transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses (IAVs) in the swine reservoir constantly evolve, resulting in expanding genetic and antigenic diversity of strains that occasionally cause infections in humans and pose threat of emerging as a strain capable of human-to-human transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • Since 2005, HPAI A(H5N1) viruses have undergone extensive genetic diversification including the formation of hundreds of genotypes following reassortment with other avian influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Genetic studies show that the virus has evolved into 3 distinct genotypes: West African, East/Central/South African (ECSA), and Asian ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Like other arenaviruses, Lassa virus lacks a ogy and clinical presentation, treatment, prevention conventional negative-strand coding arrangement and control as well as the current theories of its patho- and the isolates of the virus differ in their genetic, genesis and efforts in vaccine development. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • The presence of RESTV in pigs poses a possibility of genetic evolution of the virus. (who.int)
  • Additionally, origin sequences commonly have high AT-content across all kingdoms, since repeats of adenine and thymine are easier to separate because their base stacking interactions are not as strong as those of guanine and cytosine. (wikipedia.org)
  • The host also interacts with the virus, and the virus adopts new sequences that are preserved through time. (eurekalert.org)
  • To identify novel KSHV antiviral targets, we propose to identify virus-specific protein functions and protein conformations by employing highly specialized electron microscopy methods to directly visualize purified KSHV DNA replication proteins and viral DNA sequences during the formation of the DNA replication fork at the viral origins of replication. (nccu.edu)
  • The RNAs of seven replication-defective leukaemia virus (DLV) strains contain three types of unique sequences, which correlate with the capacity of a given virus strain to transform erythroblasts, macrophage-like cells and myeloblasts, respectively. (nature.com)
  • In this paper, we propose the AT excursion method, which is a score-based approach, to quantify local AT abundance in genomic sequences and use the identified high scoring segments for predicting replication origins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The AT excursion method will be a useful computational tool for identifying replication origins in a variety of genomic sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 7 ] develop the Oriscan algorithm to predict replication origins in the S. cerevisiae genome by searching for sequences similar to a training set of 26 known yeast origins pinpointed by site-directed mutagenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Researchers found that the RNA sequences they analyzed contained a signature gene called RdRp that codes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-a complex enzyme designed to catalyze replication. (icr.org)
  • Most phylogenetic relationships among RNA viruses have been established using the consensus (or population) genomic sequences that represent a weighted average of multiple, closely related sequences present at each time point, in each virus sample obtained for analysis [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Of 1015 sequences of HPAI A (H5N1) viruses collected in the United States during 2022, eight viruses (0.8%) had a molecular marker of drug resistance to an FDA-approved antiviral: three adamantane-resistant (M2-V27A), four oseltamivir-resistant (NA-H275Y), and one baloxavir-resistant (PA-I38T). (cdc.gov)
  • Phylogenetic tree derived by neighbor-joining methods (1,000 bootstrap replications) using complete genome sequences of chikungunya viruses obtained from GenBank. (cdc.gov)
  • Enemark and his colleagues have produced the first atomic resolution image of the MCM complex bound to single-strand DNA and the molecules that fuel replication. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Molecules that result from the replication of those described in (1) or (2) above. (uwm.edu)
  • CDC6 then binds to ORC1, bringing the other molecules along, allowing replication to begin. (cshl.edu)
  • Tightly-controlled feedback loops between ORC1, CDC6, and a number of other molecules regulate the timing of replication. (cshl.edu)
  • Replication origins, which are places on the DNA molecules where replication processes are initiated, are considered important sites for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in DNA replication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During viral infections, the complex and dynamic distributions of variants, termed viral quasispecies, play a key role in the adaptability of viruses to changing environments and the fate of the population as a whole. (springer.com)
  • Interspecies influenza virus infections between people and pigs are most likely to occur when people are in close proximity to pigs, such as in swine production barns. (cdc.gov)
  • Type I interferon (IFN-I) strongly inhibits viral replication and is a crucial factor in controlling virus infections and diseases. (uzh.ch)
  • On March 29, 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus not previously reported in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Since April 2014, new infections of H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) in humans and domestic poultry have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and posed an enormous threat to human health worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the past few decades, there has been rapid spread of numerous severe viral infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza A, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Ebola and Zika. (canada.ca)
  • Unexpectedly, large-scale outbreaks of emerging viral infections caused by viruses spilled over from nonhuman mammals to humans have occurred in the last 20 years. (go.jp)
  • Both the TRS and Eurasian swine viruses caused sporadic infections in humans, but failed to spread from person-to-person, unlike the pH1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
  • The sporadic occurrence of human infections with swine-origin influenza A(H3N2) viruses and the continual emergence of novel A(H3N2) viruses in swine herds underscore the necessity for ongoing assessment of the pandemic risk posed by these viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • To date, HPAI A(H5N1) viruses currently circulating in birds and poultry, with spillover to mammals, and those that have caused human infections do not have the ability to easily bind to receptors that predominate in the human upper respiratory tract. (cdc.gov)
  • However, because of the potential for influenza viruses to rapidly evolve and the wide global prevalence of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses in wild birds and poultry outbreaks, continued sporadic human infections are anticipated. (cdc.gov)
  • Clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI A(H5N1) viruses emerged in 2020 and were introduced into North America in late 2021 [ 1,2 ] and have spread to Central and South America, resulting in wild bird infections (in terrestrial, seabird, shorebird, and migratory species) and poultry outbreaks in many countries [ 3-8 ]. (cdc.gov)
  • CMV shares many attributes with other herpes viruses, including genome, virion structure, and the ability to cause latent and persistent infections. (medscape.com)
  • Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We compared the viral polymerase activity of wild-type GD with that of A/Anhui/1/2013(H7N9) virus (AN) in human A549 cells at 33°C or 37°C (temperatures of the human upper and lower respiratory tract) and in chicken DF-1 cells at 39°C (body temperature of birds). (cdc.gov)
  • The epidemiological success of pandemic and epidemic influenza A viruses relies on the ability to transmit efficiently from person-to-person via respiratory droplets. (cdc.gov)
  • Respiratory droplet (RD) transmission of influenza viruses requires efficient replication and release of infectious influenza particles into the air. (cdc.gov)
  • All viruses replicated well in the upper respiratory tract of infected ferrets, suggesting that factors other than viral replication are important for the release of influenza virus particles and transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Minimizing the transmission of influenza viruses between pigs and people can protect the health of swine workers and is in the best interest of animal and human public health. (cdc.gov)
  • Good hand hygiene should consist of washing with soap and water for 20 seconds or the use of other standard hand-disinfection procedures as specified by state government, or industry to limit the possibility of transmission of influenza viruses and other pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • Incomplete, erroneous, or untimely DNA replication events can give rise to mutations, chromosomal polyploidy or aneuploidy, and gene copy number variations, each of which in turn can lead to diseases, including cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Polymerase basic 2-482R, polymerase basic 2-588V, and polymerase acidic-497R individually or additively enhanced virus polymerase activity, indicating that multiple replication-enhancing mutations in 1 isolate may contribute to virulence. (cdc.gov)
  • The fact that all of the 2009 H1N1 isolates contain this second mutation supports the notion that it is important for transmission into humans, although we don't yet know the relative importance of the changes in the polymerase versus mutations elsewhere in the virus. (scienceblog.com)
  • The molecular events and evolutionary forces underlying lethal mutagenesis of virus (or virus extinction through an excess of mutations) are not well understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additionally, 31 viruses contained mutations that may reduce susceptibility to inhibitors of neuraminidase (NA) (n=20) or cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN) (n=11). (cdc.gov)
  • Overall, clade 2.3.4.4bA (H5N1) viruses lacking recognized resistance mutations were susceptible to FDA-approved antivirals. (cdc.gov)
  • The phenotypic analysis showed that the pathogenicity of GI.1d/00-21 and the replication kinetics in infected organs were close to those reported for the original GI.1 strains, and could not alone explain the observed selective advantage of the GI.1d strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, H3N2 vaccine strains should be updated to offer a better antigenic match with endemic turkey TR H3N2 avian influenza viruses to provide better protection and lower economic losses in turkey production. (usda.gov)
  • These findings highlight the continued public health risk of swine-origin A(H3N2) strains, especially in human populations with low cross-reactive immunity. (cdc.gov)
  • For these reasons, there is an ongoing need for surveillance and characterization of newly emerging strains to aid pandemic preparedness efforts, particularly for the selection of candidate vaccine viruses and conducting risk assessments. (cdc.gov)
  • Phenotypic differences have been described between genotypes and between individual strains, most notably an E1 mutation among some ECSA strains, which facilitates replication in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • West African sub-region with consideration of the mented RNA virus belonging to the Arenaviridae origin of the virus, its properties/strains, epidemiol- family. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Once bound to replicators, initiators (often with the help of co-loader proteins) deposit replicative helicases onto DNA, which subsequently drive the recruitment of additional replisome components and the assembly of the entire replication machinery. (wikipedia.org)
  • Based on the newly determined structure of the replication machinery, the researchers proposed that the MCM complexes begin to move in different directions, leading to separation of double-stranded DNA into single strands. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Viruses also do not possess the necessary machinery for translation, as mentioned above. (sciforums.com)
  • 2 Viruses enter into a host cell for replication (the process of producing two identical replicas of RNA, ribonucleic acid or DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid) and take over the cell's biological machinery. (icr.org)
  • The origin of the Coronavirus is thought to be from pangolins, and the fact that the virus finds the host proteins and replication machinery of these mammals sufficiently similar to human cells highlights just how close we are to the animal kingdom. (occamstypewriter.org)
  • Emergence of highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses with such properties is a serious threat to public health. (cdc.gov)
  • A) Viral polymerase activities of highly pathogenic influenza A(H7N9) virus GD replication complexes harboring amino acid substitutions in PB2. (cdc.gov)
  • Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a highly pathogenic virus (genus Lagovirus , family Caliciviridae ) that causes rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) in wild and domestic European rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Lagovirus genus also comprises the pathogenic European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV), first detected in Sweden in 1980 [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An early study documented that complexity of the coronavirus murine hepatitis virus quasispecies influenced the pathogenic potential of this virus for mice [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A reference freshwater VHS virus isolate known to be highly pathogenic to rainbow trout was also of low pathogenicity to Atlantic salmon. (dtu.dk)
  • Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) viruses that are responsible for devastating outbreaks in birds and mammals pose a potential threat to public health. (cdc.gov)
  • A small number of sporadic human cases of A(H5N1) have been identified since 2022, despite the panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses in wild birds and poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • Although three filoviruses have been identified in result in the emergence of more pathogenic viruses in animals in Asia, 3,4 RESTV is the only filovirus isolated humans and/or livestock. (who.int)
  • The SV40 T-antigen, the first protein the virus makes inside a host cell, is needed for the very first step of replication of the virus DNA. (cshl.edu)
  • Indeed, antigen-presenting cells are important reservoirs of HIV-1 [ 16,17 ] and induction of HIV-1 replication within these cells may contribute significantly to the cofactor effect of confections on HIV-1 pathogenesis. (lww.com)
  • Analysis of the effect of melittin on cell-associated virus production revealed decreased levels of Gag antigen and HIV-1 mRNAs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as double-stranded RNA viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nonetheless, research subsequent to Jacob's, Brenner's and Cuzin's proposal of the replicon model has discovered many additional layers of replication control in bacteria and eukaryotes that comprise both positive and negative regulatory elements, highlighting both the complexity and the importance of restricting DNA replication temporally and spatially. (wikipedia.org)
  • The results of an evolutionary analysis done by the authors suggest that in the evolution tree, the Medusavirus DNA polymerase lies at the origin of the DNA polymerase found in eukaryotes. (eurekalert.org)
  • To determine which component of the viral replication complex (PB2, PB1, polymerase acidic [PA], or nucleoprotein) contributes to the activity of the GD polymerase complex, we tested the polymerase activity of GD replication complexes in which we had replaced each viral protein with its AN/PB2-627E counterpart. (cdc.gov)
  • Origin recognition complexes (ORCs) initiate the task of DNA replication throughout an entire genome in a controlled, temporal pattern. (cshl.edu)
  • the calicivirus NTPase was found in membranous replication complexes" /protein_id="YP_009238494.1" mat_peptide 2069. (cdc.gov)
  • the FCV ortholog was detected in membranous replication complexes" /protein_id="YP_009238495.1" mat_peptide 2591. (cdc.gov)
  • During the fifth wave, H7N9 viruses possessing hemagglutinin with multibasic amino acids at the cleavage site were isolated from birds and humans ( 2 - 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • They also found that the giant virus harbors in its ancient genome some of the complex proteins that make up the building blocks of eukaryotic organisms such as animals, plants, and humans. (eurekalert.org)
  • The relative contributions of these three modes of transmission to the spread of swine influenza viruses to humans are not fully understood. (cdc.gov)
  • HSV is a DNA virus that commonly affects humans. (medscape.com)
  • A new biological pathway by which the H1N1 flu virus can make the jump from swine to humans has been discovered by researchers with the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the University of California, Berkeley. (scienceblog.com)
  • We have identified an adaptive mutation in the swine origin H1N1 influenza A virus - a pair of amino acid variants termed the 'SR polymorphism' - that enhance replication, and potentially pathogenesis of the virus in humans. (scienceblog.com)
  • She and Andrew Mehle, a post-doctoral fellow in her research group, have published a paper on this research in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ( PNAS ) titled: Adaptive strategies of the influenza virus polymerase for replication in humans. (scienceblog.com)
  • Earlier work by Doudna and Mehle with avian influenza had shown that a mutation in the viral protein PB2 - whereby glutamic acid is replaced at a certain position on the amino acid chain with lysine - enables the virus to jump from birds to humans. (scienceblog.com)
  • To confirm that the SR polymorphism was a new pathway for the virus to infect humans, they introduced the mutation into the PB2 protein of the avian influenza. (scienceblog.com)
  • As with swine influenza, the polymerase activity and viral replication of the avian virus became enhanced in humans. (scienceblog.com)
  • RNA viruses are clearly important in our world, but we usually only study a tiny slice of them- the few hundred that harm humans, plants and animals. (icr.org)
  • However, multiple issues related to its origin, its transfer time in humans, evolutionary patterns, and underlying forces that derived the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and pandemic remain unclear. (benthamscience.com)
  • To date, few changes in HPAI A(H5N1) viruses of public health concern have been identified and such changes have differed between various HPAI A(H5N1) viruses circulating in wild birds and poultry worldwide or that have sporadically infected humans. (cdc.gov)
  • During CHIKV epidemics, the transmission cycle is from humans to mosquitoes, with no intervening amplifying host, and the virus can rapidly disseminate, infecting large numbers of persons. (cdc.gov)
  • However, more recently, the movement of virus genotypes has increased dramatically, probably as a direct result of increased movement of humans and increased commercial trade. (cdc.gov)
  • One exception is hu- humanized SCID mice, the use of al oncogenic viruses that are strictly man T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 surrogate hosts has not proven very species-specific, causing cancer in (HTLV-1): in addition to its ability to useful for defining tumour site con- humans only. (who.int)
  • For this reason, the infect humans, this virus can infect cordance between humans and ex- question about tumour site concor- several other species - including perimental animals. (who.int)
  • For other human tumour virus- primate species are related to the hu- tween data in humans and in experi- es, the use of humanized severe man tumour viruses, the incidence of mental animals is not obvious. (who.int)
  • For instance, mice are able to reconstitute most lymphomas in monkeys and humans woodchuck hepatitis virus induces major components of the human provides strong support for a direct hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) haematolymphoid system including oncogenic role of EBV in vivo. (who.int)
  • The Medusavirus is a nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus, which belongs to a group of recently discovered eukaryotic viruses with large and complex double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. (eurekalert.org)
  • Our work highlights the importance of basic research in understanding the processes that control emergence of new influenza viruses," Mehle says. (scienceblog.com)
  • The processes regulating emergence of viruses into the human population involve a complex interplay between virus and host," Doudna says, "and understanding the mechanisms by which influenza viruses acquire the ability to infect multiple species is imperative to controlling future outbreaks. (scienceblog.com)
  • Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus Lagovirus europaeus /GI.1d variant (GI.1d/RHDV) was identified in 1990 in France, and until the emergence of the new genotype GI.2, it was the main variant circulating in the country. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The first clue to the emergence of HIV-2 came in 1986 when a morphologically similar but previously distinct virus was found to cause AIDS in patients in West Africa ( 4 ). (scielo.sa.cr)
  • The virus transfers its DNA to initiate replication and uses its own DNA polymerase (enzyme that synthesizes DNA) and histones, but overall, it relies on the host to complete the process. (eurekalert.org)
  • Either set of viral proteins was also able to initiate replication of ori-containing plasmids from many other human and animal papillomaviruses. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Although both viruses exhibited comparable activity in DF-1 cells, AN activity was higher than GD activity in A549 cells at both temperatures because wild-type AN/PB2 acquired polymerase activity-enhancing K at position 627 of PB2 during replication in the infected human ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In human A549 cells, wild-type GD showed viral polymerase activity comparable to that of AN/PB2-627E-701N Technical Appendix Figure 1, panel A). These results indicate that the viral polymerase activity of wild-type GD in mammalian cells has increased more than that of virus bearing avian-like ancestral AN/PB2-627E. (cdc.gov)
  • We found that the viral polymerase activity in A549 cells was remarkably decreased by AN/PB2-627E and moderately decreased by AN-PA ( Technical Appendix Figure 1, panel B). These results suggest that the PB2 and the PA of GD are involved in the relatively high polymerase activity of the GD replication complex. (cdc.gov)
  • In their investigation, Mehle and Doudna found that the 2009 H1N1 virus has acquired the SR polymorphism in its PB2 protein that enhances polymerase activity in human cells. (scienceblog.com)
  • Antigenically, all turkey isolates were similar, showed lesser cross-reactivity to swine origin viruses and did not react with avian origin H3N2 viruses that were not triple reassortants. (usda.gov)
  • Here, we selected three recent novel swine-origin A(H3N2) viruses isolated between 2017 to 2020, bearing HAs from the 1990.1, 2010.1 or 2010.2 clades, and evaluated their ability to cause disease and transmit in a ferret model. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, it is impossible to predict the characteristics of these viruses, the severity of the diseases they might induce and the scope of the outbreaks they can cause. (canada.ca)
  • CDC is actively working on the domestic situation with clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI A(H5N1) viruses in wild birds and poultry outbreaks, including conducting surveillance among people with relevant exposures and preparing for the possibility that contemporary HPAI A(H5N1) viruses gain the ability for increased transmissibility to people. (cdc.gov)
  • Globally, this 2.3.4.4b clade of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses has become widespread causing record numbers of bird outbreaks in wild, backyard, village, and farm birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Over 17,000 animal outbreaks of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses were reported by 80 member countries to the World Organisation for Animal Health since January 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, Lassa virus has cluding Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Mali and been associated with nosocomial outbreaks with high Senegal5-7. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • There have been five documented outbreaks of Ebola Reston virus (RESTV) in animals epidemiologically linked to the Philippines. (who.int)
  • Briones C, Domingo E, Molina-París C (2003) Memory in retroviral quasispecies: experimental evidence and theoretical model for human immunodeficiency virus. (springer.com)
  • Charpentier C, Dwyer DE, Mammano F, Lecossier D, Clavel F, Hance AJ (2004) Role of minority populations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the evolution of viral resistance to protease inhibitors. (springer.com)
  • Are the gene targets of human origin? (uwm.edu)
  • We applied an assay that measures the stability of maintenance of an episomal plasmid in human tissue culture cells to screen for new DNA replication factors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Understanding how DNA replication is regulated in human cells can provide insight into cancer development and may reveal vulnerabilities that can be exploited therapeutically. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In previous research using gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, we reported that H5N6 AIV isolated in February 2015 (ZH283) in Pallas's sandgrouse was highly similar to that isolated in a human in December 2015 (A/Guangdong/ZQ874/2015), whereas a virus (i.e. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, many of these viruses represent zoonoses (zoonotic diseases), increasing the risk of introducing a virus with completely new immunogenic properties into the human population. (canada.ca)
  • Human monkeypox (hMPX) is a smallpox-like disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) that belongs to the genus of Orthopoxvirus, in the family of Poxviridae . (go.jp)
  • Triple reassortant (H3N2) influenza viruses containing gene segments derived from human, swine, and avian influenza viruses, have become endemic in the U.S. turkey population. (usda.gov)
  • Forensic microbiology is a scientific area that has emerged with the need to investigate biocrimes, as in the case of intentional transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (scielo.sa.cr)
  • The need for the study of microbiological expertise can be applied in biocrimes linked to the transmission of microorganisms intentionally, such as the intentional transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), a pathogen that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). (scielo.sa.cr)
  • We have shown that E1 and E2 proteins of human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) were essential to support the replication of the homologous viral origin (ori) in a transient replication assay, similar to reports on bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1). (elsevierpure.com)
  • HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Then, as a result of gradual evolutionary changes over years or perhaps decades, the virus eventually gained the ability to spread from human-to-human and cause serious, often life-threatening disease. (nih.gov)
  • In this report, the effects are assessed of two well-characterized antimicrobial amphipathic peptides (melittin and cecropin) on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication and gene expression in acutely infected cells at subtoxic concentrations. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Due to the highly contagious nature of pathogens and the susceptibility of every human the virus spread rapidly across China then Globally. (benthamscience.com)
  • Nearly all reported human cases since 2022 were associated with poultry exposures, and no cases of mammal-to-human or human-to-human transmission of HPAI A(H5N1) virus have been identified. (cdc.gov)
  • The other family members include herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1 or HHV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2 or HHV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), human herpes virus (HHV)-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8. (medscape.com)
  • No link among these initial clusters of cases has so far been identified, adding weight to theories that the SARS virus jumped to human beings from an animal species or other environmental reservoir found in southern China. (who.int)
  • However, much more research is needed before conclusions can be reached about an animal reservoir of the virus, the role of interspecies transmission in the origins of SARS, and the risk of repeated introduction of the virus from animals to human beings. (who.int)
  • Thirty-seven million individuals are currently infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide. (lu.se)
  • Animal models for human tumour mental animals is not easy to answer does induce adult T-cell leukaemia/ viruses that make use of animal virus- for these agents, because cancer bi- lymphoma (ATLL), albeit in monkeys es are scarce. (who.int)
  • These in vitro, and their expression in these human tumour virus. (who.int)
  • These viruses, which include the hepatitis A and E viruses (HAV and HEV, respectively), infect millions of individuals worldwide and pose significant threats to public health. (cshlpress.com)
  • However, the pathogenicity, transmissibility, and host immune-related response of chickens infected by those wild bird-origin H5N6 AIVs remain unknown. (frontiersin.org)
  • The TR H3N2 viruses exhibited poor replication and transmissibility in 4-week-old chickens and 2-week-old ducks, indicating their possible species specific preferences in replication and transmission. (usda.gov)
  • Eurasian-origin gene segments contribute to the transmissibility, aerosol release, and morphology of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • We evaluated the pH1N1 and its precursor viruses in a ferret model to determine the contribution of different viral gene segments on the release of influenza virus particles into the air and on the transmissibility of the pH1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
  • 2022. Cryptic and abundant marine viruses at the evolutionary origins of Earth's RNA virome. (icr.org)
  • Tens of thousands of ORCs assemble simultaneously along the chromosomes and after assembly, they are sequentially employed to start replication. (cshl.edu)
  • Not only are ORC proteins involved in DNA replication, but they also help divide the chromosomes equally into the two new cells. (cshl.edu)
  • Their function, in part, is to provide food for microorganisms 5 and control the number of bacteria that are continually proliferating via bacteriophages or phages -viruses parasitizing bacteria. (icr.org)
  • 2. Sherwin, F. What's the difference between viruses and bacteria? (icr.org)
  • Seasonal influenza A(pH1N1) and influenza B viruses continue to circulate among persons in areas where H7N9 cases have been detected, and the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that rates of influenza-like illness are consistent with expected seasonal levels. (cdc.gov)
  • As HPAI A (H5N1) viruses continue to circulate and evolve, close monitoring of drug susceptibility is needed for risk assessment and to inform decisions regarding antiviral stockpiling. (cdc.gov)
  • The process may also help to solve what the study's senior researcher called one of the greatest mysteries of biology: How double-stranded DNA separates into single strands to start the replication process. (sciencedaily.com)
  • During DNA replication, the MCM complex is positioned at the fork where double-stranded DNA separates into single strands. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We have also applied the AT excursion method to two other families of double stranded DNA viruses, the poxviruses and iridoviruses, of which very few replication origins are documented in the public domain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a double-stranded DNA virus and is a member of the Herpesviridae family. (medscape.com)
  • Immunomagnetic HIV-1 capture analysis was used to determine the cellular origin of cell-free virus particles present in all 30 plasma samples and indices of immune activation were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. (lww.com)
  • Regarding the family, it is grouped within the Retroviridae family, viruses that have the enzyme Reverse Transcriptase (TR) - responsible for transcribing the RNA genome into complementary DNA (cDNA), being the subfamily Orthoretrovirinae ( 2 ). (scielo.sa.cr)
  • the virus-first hypothesis states that viruses predate or coevolved with their current cellular hosts. (sciforums.com)
  • Perhaps viruses existed before, and led to the evolution of, cellular life. (sciforums.com)
  • To determine the impact of Plasmodium falciparum malaria coinfection and its treatment on cellular reservoirs of viral replication in HIV-1-infected persons and to relate this to changes in systemic immune activation. (lww.com)
  • Acute P. falciparum malaria coinfection impacts virus-host dynamics in HIV-1-infected persons at the cellular level, notably showing a reversible induction of HIV-1 replication in CD14 macrophages that is associated with changes in immune activation. (lww.com)
  • Our results indicate that DLVs represent recombinants between a common 'vector' related to a chicken endogenous virus and one of three types of cellular gene possibly involved in haematopoietic differentiation. (nature.com)
  • Cellular activation through pattern recognition receptors induces interferon production in a wide variety of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cell types, including dendritic cells, fibroblasts, hepatocytes, and cells of neuronal origin. (uzh.ch)
  • Together, these data establish the dual origin of enterovirus ROs and the chronology of their biogenesis at different supporting cellular membranes. (figshare.com)
  • It remains unknown the contribution of spontaneous virus production to the expansion of KSHV-infected tumor cells and the cellular factors that render the lymphatic environment unique to KSHV life cycle. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although the specific replication origin organization structure and recognition varies from species to species, some common characteristics are shared. (wikipedia.org)
  • Isolated from a hot spring in Japan and eponymously dubbed Medusavirus, this virus infects a species of amoeba known as Acanthamoeba castellanii and causes it to develop a hard, stony shell. (eurekalert.org)
  • Because of this, pigs also can serve as hosts in which influenza viruses from different species can change by undergoing reassortment if a pig is infected with two or more different influenza A viruses at the same time. (cdc.gov)
  • The research is part of the Tara Oceans Consortium and has identified 5,500 new RNA virus species that represent all five known RNA virus phyla (a taxonomic category). (icr.org)
  • The oceans contain an incredible number of viruses 3 and the Tara Oceans Consortium, after collecting 35,000 water samples, is finding many new species. (icr.org)
  • These viruses replicated efficiently in 3-week-old turkeys, although poorly in 4-week-old chickens and 2-week-old ducks, indicating the possible species specific preferences of these viruses. (usda.gov)
  • We infer that the stringent species and tissue specificities observed for papillomaviruses in vivo are not entirely due to direct restrictions on viral DNA replication. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Recent studies have detected a virus almost identical to the SARS coronavirus in two animal species, the masked palm civet ( Paguma larvata ) and the raccoon dog ( Nyctereutes procyonoides ). (who.int)
  • Ebola Reston virus (RESTV) is one of the six virus has been hypothesized that ongoing, undetected RESTV species of the Ebola virus in the family Filoviridae. (who.int)
  • Among the biological agents re- because species specificity limits the causes lymphoproliferative diseas- viewed in Volume 100B of the IARC feasibility of this approach for most of es in New World monkeys and in Monographs (IARC, 2012) are sever- these viruses. (who.int)
  • However, except non-primate species often do not mour viruses is often problematic, for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which accurately reflect the mechanism of Part 1 · Chapter 9. (who.int)
  • Gentle epithelial débridement may be performed to remove infectious virus and viral antigens that may induce stromal keratitis. (medscape.com)
  • As an example, a study with a poliovirus mutant which displays a -3-to 5-fold higher template-copying fidelity than the wild type documented that a narrow mutant spectrum impeded the virus to reach the brain of susceptible mice and produce neuropathology [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We are all susceptible, and viruses show no discrimination. (occamstypewriter.org)
  • We attempted to identify the replication-enhancing amino acids in the polymerase complex of H7N9 virus A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016 (GD), which was isolated from the first reported H7N9-infected patient ( 3 , 5 ) and harbors polymerase basic (PB) 2 with 271T, 588V, 591Q, 627E, and 701D. (cdc.gov)
  • Also, mutant spectra are the target on which selection and random drift act to shape the long-term evolution of viruses. (springer.com)
  • Baranowski E, Ruíz-Jarabo CM, Pariente N, Verdaguer N, Domingo E (2003) Evolution of cell recognition by viruses: a source of biological novelty with medical implications. (springer.com)
  • In Domingo E, Webster RG, Holland JJ (eds) Origin and evolution of viruses. (springer.com)
  • Molecular biological studies of new giant viruses and their function and evolution. (tus.ac.jp)
  • Contributors explore the origins and evolution of HIV, the HIV replication cycle, host-virus interactions, host immune responses, and HIV transmission. (cshlpress.com)
  • state a new phylum called Taraviricota is supposedly a missing link in early RNA virus evolution, 4 but Taraviricota is still composed of 100% viruses, and their RNA has always been RNA. (icr.org)
  • The genotypes likely indicate independent evolution of the virus in historically isolated areas. (cdc.gov)
  • Before cells divide, their DNA must be precisely copied in a process called replication. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The origin recognition complex (ORC) is a group of proteins involved with every cell division event in our cells. (cshl.edu)
  • The ability of the host to trigger apoptosis in infected cells is perhaps the most powerful tool by which viruses can be cleared from the host organism. (mdpi.com)
  • The progressive and regressive hypotheses both assume that cells existed before viruses. (sciforums.com)
  • Viral culture is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • When a host is infected with an influenza virus, the polymerase enables the virus to multiply in the host's cells by making copies of the viral genome and directing production of its proteins. (scienceblog.com)
  • We show here that expansion of the infected cell population, observed in LECs, but not in blood endothelial cells, is dependent on the spontaneous virus production from infected LECs. (bvsalud.org)
  • July 31, 2019 A new study examines the evolutionary dynamics of circular Rep-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses. (sciencedaily.com)
  • 2019. Origin of viruses: primordial replicators recruiting capsids from hosts. (icr.org)
  • ORF1 codes for a polyprotein that is cleaved by the virus-encoded trypsin-like cysteine protease into eight proteins: seven non-structural proteins (p16, p23, helicase, p29, VPg, Protease, and RdRp) and the major structural protein corresponding to the capsid protein (VP60). (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, to their surprise, the researchers found that the spike protein of the new coronavirus actually bound far better than computer predictions, likely because of natural selection on ACE2 that enabled the virus to take advantage of a previously unidentified alternate binding site. (nih.gov)
  • ABSTRACT: Wild-caught saithe Pollachius virens were experimentally exposed to an isolate of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) of Norwegian origin. (int-res.com)
  • The necessity to regulate origin location likely arises from the need to coordinate DNA replication with other processes that act on the shared chromatin template to avoid DNA strand breaks and DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Viruses do not, however, carry out metabolic processes. (sciforums.com)
  • Chumakov KM, Powers LB, Noonan KE, Roninson IB, Levenbook IS (1991) Correlation between amount of virus with altered nucleotide sequence and the monkey test for acceptability of oral poliovirus vaccine. (springer.com)
  • We need to get a flu vaccine every year primarily because the influenza virus changes, or evolves, from one year to the next (Nelson & Holmes 2007). (sciforums.com)
  • This vaccine was made possible by the cell culture research of John Franklin Enders , Thomas Huckle Weller , and Frederick Chapman Robbins , who were awarded a Nobel Prize for their discovery of a method of growing the virus in monkey kidney cell cultures. (wikipedia.org)
  • A vaccine (or vaccines) against SARS-CoV-2 would help develop community immunity against the virus and thus prevent the spread and recurrence of the disease at the population level. (canada.ca)
  • and second, will the vaccine(s) be protective enough to completely prevent the further spread of the virus. (canada.ca)
  • As these viruses are largely uncharacterized before an outbreak occurs, time becomes a crucial factor for effective vaccine development. (canada.ca)
  • H5 candidate vaccine viruses (CVV) produced by CDC are expected to provide good protection against current clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI A(H5N1) viruses in birds and mammals. (cdc.gov)
  • Because influenza viruses are constantly changing, CDC performs ongoing analyses of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses to identify changes that might allow for spread more easily to and between people, cause serious illness in people, reduce susceptibility to antivirals, affect the sensitivity of diagnostic assays, or reduce neutralization of the virus by vaccine induced antibodies. (cdc.gov)
  • Seroconversion is dependent on both the relative content as well as the absolute quantity of virus in the vaccine. (who.int)
  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis is the most frequent cause of blindness due to corneal disease in the United States and the most common source of infectious blindness in the Western world. (medscape.com)
  • An amphipathic alpha-helical synthetic peptide analogue of melittin inhibits herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1)-induced cell fusion and virus spread. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • CMV has the largest genome of the herpes viruses. (medscape.com)
  • The researchers began by homing in on the parts of the coronavirus genomes that encode the spike proteins that give this family of viruses their distinctive crown-like appearance. (nih.gov)
  • Existing computer models predicted that the new coronavirus would not bind to ACE2 as well as the SARS virus. (nih.gov)
  • So, what is the natural origin of the novel coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic? (nih.gov)
  • Continued comprehensive surveillance of these viruses in wild birds, poultry, mammals, and people worldwide, and frequent reassessments are critical to determine the public health risk, along with ongoing preparedness efforts. (cdc.gov)
  • This study used reverse genetics to generate three reassortant avian influenza viruses in different geographic regions in Asia. (onehealthpoultry.org)
  • Triple reassortant (TR) H3N2 avian influenza viruses have become endemic in the United States turkey population. (usda.gov)
  • The 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus originated by reassortment of a North American triple reassortant swine (TRS) virus with a Eurasian swine virus that contributed the neuraminidase (NA) and M gene segments. (cdc.gov)
  • Putative CNS reservoirs would likely be linked to sites of viral replication. (natap.org)
  • However, the source of HIV-1 in the CSF from within the CNS is unknown and thus the sites of viral replication, and sites of potential reservoirs, remain to be determined. (natap.org)
  • In cell culture-based assays HINT and IRINA, the PA-I38T virus displayed 75- to 108-fold and 37- to 78-fold reduced susceptibility to CEN inhibitors baloxavir and investigational AV5116, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • This is done by a combination of state-of-the-art virus replicative capacity assays and statistics. (lu.se)
  • On the contrary, current evidence indicates that mutant spectra contribute to viral pathogenesis, can modulate the expression of phenotypic traits by subpopulations of viruses, can include memory genomes that reflect the past evolutionary history of the viral lineage, and, furthermore, can participate in viral extinction through lethal mutagenesis. (springer.com)
  • In fact, "genomics research of the giant virus indicates that there is likely a relationship between the Medusavirus and the origin of eukaryotic life," says Professor Takemura from Tokyo University of Science. (eurekalert.org)
  • A number of computational methods have been developed for predicting replication origins in bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In a few cases, the source of exposure to HPAI A(H5N1) virus was unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, the current risk to the public from HPAI A(H5N1) viruses remains low. (cdc.gov)
  • Comprehensive surveillance and readiness efforts are ongoing, and CDC continually takes preparedness measures to be ready in case the risk to people from HPAI A(H5N1) or other novel influenza A viruses changes. (cdc.gov)
  • How did viruses evolve? (sciforums.com)
  • Likewise we probably all realize that viruses evolve over time. (sciforums.com)
  • Viruses did not evolve from some non-viral entity. (icr.org)
  • For example, Lobry [ 3 ] employs the GC skew plot to predict replication origins and terminus in bacterial genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 4 ] predict the replication origins for a number of bacterial and archaeal genomes by identifying some 7-mers and/or 8-mers whose orientation is preferentially skewed around the replication origins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Zhang and Zhang [ 5 ] use the Z-curve method successfully to identify several replication origins in bacterial and archaeal genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza A viruses that circulate in pigs are different from the influenza viruses circulating in people. (cdc.gov)
  • Most influenza epidemics are caused by a predominant serotype, but different influenza viruses may appear sequentially in one location or may appear simultaneously, with one virus predominating in one location and another virus predominating elsewhere. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Arias A, Agudo R, Ferrer-Orta C, Pérez-Luque R, Airaksinen A, Brocchi E, Domingo E, Verdaguer N, Escarmis C (2005) Mutant viral polymerase in the transition of virus to error catastrophe identifies a critical site for RNA binding. (springer.com)
  • Arias A, Lázaro E, Escarmís C, Domingo E (2001) Molecular intermediates of fitness gain of an RNA virus: characterization of a mutant spectrum by biological and molecular cloning. (springer.com)