Organs gonads sex determination processes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Sex hormones and genes on the sex chromosomes are not only key factors in the regulation of sexual differentiation and reproduction but they are also deeply involved in brain homeostasis. (mdpi.com)
The podcast series, which features an ethereal soundtrack , has six parts that cover scientific and personal stories on ovarian tissue freezing, sex chromosomes, sex determination, sex organs and identity. (storybench.org)
Since the series was published in 2018, Webster has given a TED Talk about the history of sex chromosomes and was featured on the TED Radio Hour episode "The Biology of Sex" earlier this month. (storybench.org)
You know sex chromosomes, those X and Y things, well the history behind them is kind of weird and has had some serious consequences. (storybench.org)
For a topic that seems so hard to grasp - sex chromosomes, sex determination, reproduction - was it a challenge to find these very human stories? (storybench.org)
A discussion of how chromosomes, genes and hormones contribute to development of these differences illustrates how intricate these processes are. (dsdgenetics.org)
Within the spectrum of DSD, there are varying degrees of discordant genitalia to sex chromosomes. (medscape.com)
In his experiments, Bridges studied Drosophila, the common fruit fly, and by doing so showed that a process called nondisjunction caused chromosomes, under some circumstances, to fail to separate when forming sperm and egg cells. (asu.edu)
Sex is determined at the moment of conception by sex chromosomes. (encyclopedia.com)
If sex chromosomes are involved, there is a change in the development of sexual characteristics. (encyclopedia.com)
Although sex hormones play a key role in sex differences in susceptibility, severity, outcomes, and response to therapy of different diseases, sex chromosomes are also increasingly recognized as an important factor. (biomedcentral.com)
X-degenerate sequences are single copy and broadly expressed genes which were evolved from ancestral autosomes to generate sex chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)

These data demonstrate that MAP3K4-dependent signalling events are required for normal expression of Sry during testis development, and create a novel entry point into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sex determination in mice and disorders of sexual development in humans. (plos.org)

Considering the different effects of ambra1a and ambra1b on sexual differentiation, we decided to investigate the role of Ambra1 in this process. (biomedcentral.com)
Your specific role will be to analyse single cell RNAseq and ATACseq data to reconstruct the genetic program behind lineage specification and sex specific differentiation. (sfbi.fr)
[ 1 ] Differentiation of the primitive gonad into testis is controlled by a multitude of genes, beginning with the sex-determining region on the Y chromosome (SRY), which is believed to represent the testis-determining factor. (medscape.com)
Second, networks of genes and hormones regulate the advancement of sex determination and gonad differentiation, known as the gonadal sex phase. (lidsen.com)
An error during these developmental steps in females may lead to defective gonads, affecting the differentiation and/or function of the gonads and the development, differentiation, and maturity of the germ cells. (lidsen.com)
This finding further highlights the importance of DMRT1 gene in sex determination and differentiation in males. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, DMRT1 is suggested to have an important role in sex differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
The type of gonad present determines the differentiation/regression of the internal ducts (ie, müllerian and wolffian ducts) and ultimately determines the phenotypic sex. (medscape.com)

On the C57BL/6J background, embryos homozygous for byg exhibit consistent XY gonadal sex reversal. (plos.org)
Finally, we provide evidence that haploinsufficiency for Map3k4 accounts for T-associated sex reversal ( Tas ). (plos.org)
We identified a mouse mutant that causes embryonic gonadal sex reversal: the development of ovaries in an XY embryo. (plos.org)
Analysis of embryonic XY gonads suggests that sex reversal is caused by delayed and reduced expression of the sex-determining gene SRY . (plos.org)
A 46,XY sex reversal syndrome is characterized by discordant genetic and phenotypic sex, leading to normal external female genitalia, undeveloped gonads and presence of Müllerian structures in an otherwise 46,XY individual. (biomedcentral.com)
Sex reversal due to haploinsufficiency of DMRT1 gene in ring chromosome 9 structures is exceedingly rare with only a handful of cases ever reported. (biomedcentral.com)
More research is required to pinpoint the exact mechanism that underlies sex reversal caused by DMRT1 haploinsufficiency. (biomedcentral.com)
XY sex reversal is a relatively rare type of DSD (disorder of sexual development). (biomedcentral.com)

Moreover, in agreement with the high expression of these genes in the testis and ovary, we found significant impairment of the reproductive process and pathological alterations, including tumors, mainly limited to the gonads. (biomedcentral.com)
We investigate how somatic and germ cell lineages of the bipotential gonad differentiate to form either a testis or an ovary. (sfbi.fr)
In the developing male (XY) gonad, sex-determining region of the Y (SRY) protein acts to up-regulate expression of the related gene, SOX9 , a transcriptional regulator that in turn initiates a downstream pathway of testis development, whilst also suppressing ovary development. (plos.org)
Analysis of XY byg/byg gonads at 11.5 d post coitum reveals a growth deficit and a failure to support mesonephric cell migration, both early cellular processes normally associated with testis development. (plos.org)
In mammals, whether an individual develops as a male or female depends on its sex chromosome constitution: those with a Y chromosome become males because of the development of the embryonic gonad into a testis. (plos.org)
Our data indicate, for the first time, a requirement for MAPK signaling in the developing XY gonad in order to facilitate normal expression of SRY and the downstream testis-determining genes and also suggest that reduced dosage of MAP3K4 may be the cause of a previously described autosomal sex-reversing mutation in the mouse. (plos.org)
Interestingly, in the gonad, it is also the only gene that has been found expressed uniquely in the ovary compared to the testis, and likely functions as an antagonist of the testis-determining SOX9 in gonadal development [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The gonads present may be bilateral ovotestes, or they may be a combination of a unilateral ovary or testis with an ovotestis on the contralateral side. (medscape.com)
The term primary sexual characteristics denotes the kind of gamete the gonad produces: the ovary produces egg cells in the female, and the testis produces sperm cells in the male. (alchetron.com)
During the second month of fetal life, the indifferent gonad is guided to develop into a testis by genetic information present on the short arm of the Y chromosome. (medscape.com)
Testis-determining factor (TDF) is a 35-kilobase pair (kbp) sequence on the 11.3 subband of the Y chromosome, an area termed the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY). (medscape.com)
The gonads may be ovotestis, or they may be a combination of an ovary on one side and a testis or ovotestis on the other. (medscape.com)

On the other hand, male sex determination is triggered by sex-determining region Y (SRY), which is located on the Y chromosome and works as a master regulator, initiating SOX9 expression. (benthamscience.com)
In his experiments, Sturtevant determined the relative positions of six genetic factors on a fly's chromosome by creating a process called gene mapping. (asu.edu)
Y chromosome harbors male‑specific genes, which either solely or in cooperation with their X-counterpart, and independent or in conjunction with sex hormones have a considerable impact on basic physiology and disease mechanisms in most or all tissues development. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, loss of Y chromosome and/or aberrant expression of Y chromosome genes cause sex differences in disease mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
The sex chromosome combination, particularly the presence of a Y chromosome, triggers a male pattern of development while its absence promotes female development. (lidsen.com)
the rare males have only one sex chromosome (X0). (wikidoc.org)
Chromosome 9pter aberrations, such as ring chromosome have been reported to cause 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD), due to involvement of DMRT1 gene located at the 9p24.3 region. (biomedcentral.com)
Sex determination and development in males occurs during the embryonic period, and is initiated by the expression of SRY gene located on the short arm of the Y chromosome. (biomedcentral.com)

A PhD position is available in the laboratory of Prof. Serge Nef at the University of Geneva Medical School to study, at the single cell level, the process of gonadal sex determination in mammals. (sfbi.fr)
Its action overlaps that of SOX9, though they are antagonistic in female vs male gonadal sex determination but conjoint in cartilage and skeletal development. (biomedcentral.com)

Initially, the embryo has a bipotential gonad which may have a testicular or ovarian fate. (benthamscience.com)
The determination of testosterone in the female is helpful in the evaluation of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, PCOS, and when an ovarian tumor, adrenal tumor, adrenal hyperplasia or ovarian insufficiency is suspected. (cdc.gov)
Ovotestis refers to the histology of a gonad that contains both ovarian follicles and testicular tubular elements. (medscape.com)
A diagnosis of OT-DSD is based solely on the presence of ovarian and testicular tissue in the gonad and not on the characteristics of the internal and external genitalia, even if ambiguous. (medscape.com)
In this review, we highlighted some of the main gene networks and regulatory mechanisms involved in the plasticity of sex-determining pathways that help to establish a functional ovary that can nurture the follicles to generate a good ovarian reserve, both in quantity and quality. (lidsen.com)
Although this level of plasticity is still found in the fully differentiated gonads, errors like mutations or epigenetic modifications impact ovarian development and, later, folliculogenesis, resulting in infertility. (lidsen.com)
In this review, we focused on the molecular mechanisms of ovarian sex determination and on understanding mutual cross-talks between central molecules in sex development which might impact fertility later in adult life. (lidsen.com)

2009). These effects include changes in the concentration and ratios of sex steroid hormones (Landry et al. (researchgate.net)
For example, the reproductive hormones testosterone and the estrogens-which are produced by the gonads (testes and ovaries)-are steroid hormones" (Molnar and Gair). (myessaywriter.net)
In summary, "various biosynthetic pathways occurring in endocrine glands such as the gonads, the adrenals and the fetoplacental unit are required to produce and secrete circulating hormones" (Steimer). (myessaywriter.net)
During puberty, hormones which stimulate androgen production result in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, thus exhibiting greater differences between the sexes. (alchetron.com)
Hypogonadism is the condition in which the production of sex hormones and germ cells (sperm and eggs) is inadequate. (encyclopedia.com)
Along with producing eggs and sperm, they produce sex hormones that generate all the differences between men and women. (encyclopedia.com)
The organs affected principally by sex hormones are the male and female genitals, both internal and external, and the female breasts. (encyclopedia.com)

When this region is absent or altered, the indifferent gonad develops into an ovary. (medscape.com)

Despite the requirement for a number of transcription factors and secreted signalling molecules in sex determination, intracellular signalling components functioning in this process have not been defined. (plos.org)

It also illustrates how easy it is for one or more of these steps to become disrupted and for the embryo to develop in a way that is different from the typical male or female course of sex development. (dsdgenetics.org)
Female is the default sex of the embryo, so most of the sex organ deficits at birth occur in boys. (encyclopedia.com)
Elaborating its molecular defects play an imperative role in understanding sex determination and development in the embryo. (biomedcentral.com)

In 2006, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) published proposed changes to the previously used nomenclature and definitions of disorders in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or phenotypic sex is atypical. (medscape.com)
Phenotypic sex determination begins with genetic sex and follows a logical cascade: chromosomal sex determines gonadal sex, which determines phenotypic sex. (medscape.com)

In mammals, the genotype first determines the sex in the genetic sex phase. (lidsen.com)

If trade-offs exist between somatic growth and reproduction for this species, a reduction in the physiological condition of swamp fish should be accompanied by reduced development of reproductive tissue (gonad mass), as found in other fish (Wu et al. (researchgate.net)
Moreover, we describe experiments showing the presence of activated MKK4, a direct target of MAP3K4, and activated p38 in the coelomic region of the XY gonad at 11.5 d post coitum, establishing a link between MAPK signalling in proliferating gonadal somatic cells and regulation of Sry expression. (plos.org)
A single cell of the somatic gonad, the anchor cell, organizes the development of the vulva from epidermal precursors as well as the physical connection of the epidermis with the uterus. (wormbook.org)

Sex determination in mammals is controlled by the presence or absence of the Y-linked gene SRY . (plos.org)
This is referred to as the XY sex-determination system and is typical of most mammals, but quite a few other sex-determination systems exist, including some that are non-genetic. (alchetron.com)
The demonstration by researchers that castrated rabbit embryos of both sexes developed as females proved that testes are required for development of the male phenotype in mammals. (medscape.com)

The zebrafish genome contains two ambra1 paralogous genes ( a and b ), both involved in development and expressed at high levels in the gonads. (biomedcentral.com)
The Y-linked sex determining gene SRY regulates this process by initiating a pathway of gene and protein expression, including the expression of critical autosomal genes such as SOX9 . (plos.org)
The role of MSY genes in important cellular processes such as transcription regulation, translation, and protein stability in males is vital not only in sex determination but also in sex-dependent organ development [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Müllerian duct structures typically develop on the gonad side(s) not containing testicular tissue. (medscape.com)
Wolffian duct structures tend to be observed on the gonad side(s) containing functioning testicular tissue. (medscape.com)

Both males and females experience heightened estrogen and testosterone , but the reaction is not the same between both sexes. (myessaywriter.net)

The testes are paired ovoid organs located inside the scrotum but outside the abdominal cavity. (benthamscience.com)

The latter causes urogenital development, a highly complex process, through a complex cascade of transcription factors and signaling events. (benthamscience.com)
gonades sex determination development scRNAseq scATACseq PACBio sequencing. (sfbi.fr)
Their action is crucial for the development of the brain, which presents different characteristics depending on the sex of individuals. (mdpi.com)
In this review, we explore the role of biological sex in the development of the brain and analyze its impact on the predisposition toward and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. (mdpi.com)
it could also cause longer gonad development rate and consequently result in asynchronous breeding seasons between hypoxic and normoxic populations (Friesen et al. (researchgate.net)
Select topics in the sidebar to learn more about how sex development usually unfolds during fetal life. (dsdgenetics.org)
Ovotesticular disorder of sexual development, which was previously termed "intersex," describes disorders in which there is a discrepancy between a person's phenotype, genetic material, and gonads. (medscape.com)
Such gonads are found exclusively in people with ovotesticular disorder of sexual development (OT-DSD), formerly known as true hermaphroditism. (medscape.com)
Courtesy of Cureus [De Jesus Escano MR, Mejia Sang ME, Reyes-Mugica M, Colaco M, Fox J. Ovotesticular Disorder of Sex Development: Approach and Management of an Index Case in the Dominican Republic. (medscape.com)
Online at https://www.cureus.com/articles/70052-ovotesticular-disorder-of-sex-development-approach-and-management-of-an-index-case-in-the-dominican-republic]. (medscape.com)
Internal duct development usually corresponds to the adjacent gonad. (medscape.com)
In the last four decades, transgenic and knockout mouse models have helped to understand the mechanisms of mammalian sex determination, germ cell development, and adult gonad functions. (lidsen.com)
Sometimes the term Variations in Sex Characteristics (VSC) is used, as is Disorders of Sex Development or Diverse Sex Development (DSD). (clinicalposters.com)
Disorders of sex development (DSDs), formerly termed intersex conditions, are among the most fascinating conditions encountered by the clinician. (medscape.com)

Despite the lack of morphological differences between ambra1a −/− and ambra1b −/− fish lines, ambra1b homozygous mutants develop exclusively as males following the achievement of sexual maturity, whereas heterozygous adult ambra1b +/− and ambra1a mutants do not display sex ratio alterations [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
No significant sex differences were noted among animals in the sensitivity to the administered compound or during the recovery period. (europa.eu)
The Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH) announces the availability of administrative supplements to support research highlighting the impact of sex/gender differences (or similarities) and/or sex and gender factors in human health and illness, including basic, preclinical, clinical and behavioral studies. (nih.gov)
This difference in the relative amounts of these sex steroids is largely responsible for the physiological differences that distinguish men from women. (alchetron.com)

Nevertheless, it negatively affects the ontogenesis of male gonads and brain areas homologous to the mammalian hippocampus, as well as body size and fitness. (frontiersin.org)

Males have a single-lobed gonad, [[vas deferens]], and a tail specialized for mating. (wikidoc.org)

this reduction may be due to an increase in testosterone levels and testosterone to estradiol ratio, which will affect gonad maturation (Friesen et al. (researchgate.net)
They also direct the adolescent maturation of sex organs into their adult form. (encyclopedia.com)

The series unpacks complicated scientific terrain - including the great migration of primordial germ cells or the finer points of sex education - in an accessible and vibrant way. (storybench.org)

The LWPES-ESPE terminology mainly reflects the chromosomal sex or the gonadal tissue associated with the disorder. (medscape.com)

sex based comparisons of pathophysiology, biomarkers, gene expression, clinical presentation and prevention and treatment of diseases The proposed research must address at least one objective from Goals 1 through 3 of the NIH Strategic Plan for Women's Health Research . (nih.gov)

The male and female reproductive organs have the same precursor tissues. (benthamscience.com)
At the core of this strategy is the generation of distinct sexes, with distinct reproductive organs, producing distinct gametes. (sfbi.fr)

1990. Study of murine stroma in fetal and postnatal haemopoietic organs and after radiocontamination with 241-americium utero and as adults. (cdc.gov)

We have gained crucial insights into molecular factors and pathways of the cells generating either the supporting gonadal cells or germ cells of both sexes. (lidsen.com)

Addressing those 'big questions' of high societal relevance have the merit of creating high visibility and also funding opportunities, however, classic comparative physiology and biochemistry is running the risk of becoming marginalized in this process, if the underlying physiological and biochemical processes cannot be visualized accordingly. (easychair.org)

They play a valuable role in several processes from the cellular level and organ-specific tissues to overall body function. (myessaywriter.net)

Furthermore, in many fish species, low DO levels result in changes to energy allocation, leading to endocrine dis-ruption and the impairment of male reproductive processes (Wu et al. (researchgate.net)
The datasets of this article present the experimental parameters resulting from the assessment of Î´-cells in the islet organs of the endocrine pancreas as a potential biomarker of endocrine disruption (ED) mediated by graphene oxide (GO), using Japanese medaka fish as the model. (bvsalud.org)
Despite the variety of clinical and laboratory manifestations, female endocrine infertility is always associated with a violation of the ovulation process: anovulation, luteal phase insufficiency, luteinization syndrome of a non-ovulating follicle. (clomid-info.com)

Under two percent of infants include atypical sex organs. (clinicalposters.com)
About 1% of U.S. infants are born with atypical sex organs. (clinicalposters.com)

A network of intercellular signaling, signal transduction, and transcriptional regulation underlies the precise formation of this organ, which is the connection between the hermaphrodite uterus and the outside of the nematode. (wormbook.org)

This includes the legal requirements for birth certificates, including changing the name or sex marker on a person's birth certificate, due to marriage, civil union, or being transgender, for example. (genderminorities.com)

Because some studies have emphasized that most of these patients have a male sex identity despite reconstruction as female, male sex assignment has been recommended as a prudent decision. (medscape.com)
Organisms which bear both male and female sex organs in the same individual are called bisexual. (assignmentsbag.com)

The significant presence of degenerative and apoptotic processes could be related to the occurrence of a sort of metamorphosis when an adult medusa transforms itself into a polyp. (researchgate.net)

In mankind, the sex of an individual is generally determined at the time of fertilization by the genetic material carried in the sperm cell. (alchetron.com)
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a haploid sperm cell within the plant gametophyte. (mcw.edu)
The sperm are stored in the same area of the gonad as the oocytes until the first oocyte pushes the sperm into the spermatheca (a kind of chamber where the oocytes become fertilized by the sperm). (wikidoc.org)

Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter? (nationalacademies.org)
This might involve asking a scientific expert to walk through a biological process using visual details. (storybench.org)

If they produce too little sex hormone, then either the growth of the sexual organs or their function is impaired. (encyclopedia.com)
Further, they sustain other sexual organs and their function throughout the reproductive years. (encyclopedia.com)
[9] There is significant variance of mature sexual organs. (clinicalposters.com)

External organs may be unambiguous but not match the anatomy inside, contributing to the vast intersex community. (clinicalposters.com)

Most of the circulating testosterone is bound to carrier proteins (sex hormone-binding globulin [SHBG], and albumin). (cdc.gov)
SHBG is a useful supplementary parameter in the determination of androgen where a relatively high concentration of free androgen (e.g. testosterone) is suspected (Pugeat, et al. (cdc.gov)

Our results support FOXL2 as a master transcription factor in a spectrum of developmental processes, including growth, cartilage and bone formation. (biomedcentral.com)

Once the Bill is released, we need transgender people and supporters to make submissions supporting legal gender recognition provisions that are based on self-determination. (genderminorities.com)

AMBRA1 is an intrinsically disordered protein, working as a scaffold molecule to coordinate, by protein-protein interaction, many cellular processes, including autophagy, mitophagy, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)

During the L3 stage, a signal from the gonad and signaling among the VPCs specifies three VPCs to generate vulval cells ( Figure 2 ). (wormbook.org)

For example, men tend to be taller than women, but there are many people of both sexes who are in the mid-height range for the species. (alchetron.com)
Members of the species have many of the same organ systems as other animals. (wikidoc.org)

In 2018 a Bill to change this law was developed, and has now been through a rigorous process including two Select Committee reports, robust examination of advice from officials, and public submissions. (genderminorities.com)

Anatomy11

Organisms13

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs19

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes28

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Humanities2

Information Science3

Health Care3

Chromosomes12

Disorders of sexual d1

Differentiation8

Reversal8

Testis12

Chromosome8

Gonadal sex determination2

Ovarian7

Hormones7

Ovary1

Molecules in sex1

Embryo3

Phenotypic sex2

Genetic sex1

Somatic3

Mammals3

Genes3

Testicular2

Females1

Testes1

Development14

Differences4

Mammalian1

Males1

Maturation2

Primordial germ1

Tissue1

Gene1

Reproductive organs2

Fetal1

Germ1

Physiological1

Tissues1

Endocrine3

Atypical2

Underlies1

Person's1

Female2

Adult1

Sperm3

Biological2

Sexual3

Intersex1

Testosterone2

Transcription1

Gender1

Cellular processes1

Generate1

Species2

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