• A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MAP kinase) is a type of protein kinase that is specific to the amino acids serine and threonine (i.e., a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase). (wikipedia.org)
  • Because plants cannot "flee" from stress, terrestrial plants have the highest number of MAPK genes per organism ever found[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
  • clarification needed] The mammalian MAPK family of kinases includes three subfamilies: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38s) Generally, ERKs are activated by growth factors and mitogens, whereas cellular stresses and inflammatory cytokines activate JNKs and p38s. (wikipedia.org)
  • They negatively regulate members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase superfamily (MAPK/ERK, SAPK/JNK, p38), which are associated with cellular proliferation and differentiation. (nih.gov)
  • PCB153 stimulated breast cancer cell growth by inducing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ERK1/2 (an enzyme that helps to prevent cancer cell death). (mammalive.net)
  • Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) promote MAPK-activated protein kinase activation. (rcsb.org)
  • Inducible COX-2 has also been described in cancer cells and localizes in the cancer cell nucleus, where formation of a complex of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and COX-2 is antecedent to p53-dependent apoptosis. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • This oscillation governs macrophage response to Aβ42 based on the time of day of exposure, with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling triggered by Aβ42 during the inactive phase and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling triggered by Aβ42 during the active phase. (rpi.edu)
  • Given the interesting connection between metformin's anti-inflammatory function and mastitis model induced by LTA in pbMECs, our objective was to prove that metformin was beneficial in suppressing proinflammatory response induced by LTA through modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) in pbMECs. (techscience.com)
  • This kinase contains 2 non-identical kinase catalytic domains and phosphorylates various substrates, including members of the mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway. (nih.gov)
  • Mitogen-activated protein kinases are catalytically inactive in their base form. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: A large number of distinct Mitogen-activated protein kinase isoenzymes are currently being discussed in the literature. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, we have created descriptors for the three major subclasses: Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases, JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases. (nih.gov)
  • Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases: Specific isoenzymes are now listed as descriptors under this heading. (nih.gov)
  • Many of the word patterns used to describe mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases are highly similar to those used to describe mitogen-activated protein kinases and MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases. (nih.gov)
  • One essential branch of cell signaling in eucaryotic organisms is the ubiquitously expressed family of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (reviewed in reference 7). (lavoixdesrroms.org)
  • The pathway appears to involve recognition of these glycolipid receptors expressed within caveolae on the cell surface, the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and the activation of p38 and Erk1/2 mitogen activated protein kinases. (columbia.edu)
  • They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES , which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES). (lookformedical.com)
  • Encodes a member of the WNK family (9 members in all) of protein kinases, the structural design of which is clearly distinct from those of other known protein kinases, such as receptor-like kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinases. (gifu-u.ac.jp)
  • The sequences of the 196 clones were compared to the fungal and all-organism sequences in the NCBI databases through BLAST searching and comparison. (usda.gov)
  • The first mitogen-activated protein kinase to be discovered was ERK1 (MAPK3) in mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a major defense against environmental damage to cells DNA repair is present in all organisms examined including bacteria, yeast, drosophila, fish, amphibians, rodents and humans. (nih.gov)
  • Bacterial organisms with increased antibiotic resistance have emerged and have further complicated the management of neonatal sepsis. (medscape.com)
  • Inadequate antibody responses directed against bacterial polysaccharide antigens cause an increased risk for sinopulmonary infections caused by encapsulated organisms. (medscape.com)
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the major bacterial pathogen in CF. We demonstrated that this organism recognizes asialylated glycolipid receptors on the surface of airway epithelial cells, and that these asialylated receptors are increased in cells with CFTR mutations. (columbia.edu)
  • This chapter focuses on the interactions of the AHR in pathways critical to cell cycle regulation, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, differentiation and apoptosis. (nih.gov)
  • Diverse signaling cascades are involved in triggering cellular responses to pathogenic organisms (reviewed in reference 22). (lavoixdesrroms.org)
  • A curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling. (senescence.info)
  • FGF family participates in a variety of physiological processes in adult organism including regulation of angiogenesis. (cancer-research-network.com)
  • The immune deficiency component of these diseases is less severe than that of the severe T-cell immunodeficiencies and therefore some ability to respond to infectious organisms is retained. (medscape.com)
  • MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock and proinflammatory cytokines. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, space flight presents unique environmental stressors to the individual, and the study of responses to these stressors will provide new insights into how organisms adapt. (nih.gov)
  • Extremely halotolerant H. werneckii represents a suitable and highly relevant organism to study cellular responses to environmental salinity. (nih.gov)
  • Diagnosis is by detecting lymphopenia, absence or a very low number of T cells, and impaired lymphocyte proliferative responses to mitogens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Thus, it is not possible to achieve a complete understanding of immunoregulatory processes without considering the organism and the internal and external environment in which immune responses take place. (iresearchnet.com)
  • We review here the apoptosis-relevant effects of resveratrol and thyroid hormone and then speculate about the significance of convergence of these actions in cancer cells in the intact organism. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Phylogenetic analyses were conducted by sequence comparison of five genes (elongation factor, TATA-box binding protein, beta tubulin, nucleoside diphosphate kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase), which revealed evolutionary relationships of the wheat stripe rust pathogen to other fungi. (usda.gov)
  • A curated database of candidate human ageing-related genes and genes associated with longevity and/or ageing in model organisms. (senescence.info)
  • Cryopreserved monk seal mononuclear leukocytes collected during the health assessment will be employed in the titration of mitogen concentrations and incubation times in order to adapt a mitogen-based blastogenesis approach that we developed for identification of cetacean immune system dysfunction. (vin.com)
  • QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube system (Quest Diagnostics, Inc., Lyndhurst, NJ, USA) test result was positive (TB antigen minus nil value 3.58 IU/Ml, mitogen minus nil value 8.5 IU/mL). (cdc.gov)
  • The QFT Gold Plus system uses specialized blood collection tubes, which are used to collect whole blood via venipuncture, which include a Nil control tube, two TB Antigen tubes and a Mitogen tube (positive control). (cdc.gov)
  • Lymphocyte proliferation in response to in itro stimulation by mitogens (plant lectins) that preferentially influence T and/or B cells is a measure of the capacity of these lymphocytes to divide in response to nonspecific foreign stimuli. (iresearchnet.com)
  • Ultimately, the effect of a particular AHR ligand on the biology of the organism will depend on the milieu of critical pathways and proteins expressed in specific cells and tissues with which the AHR itself interacts. (nih.gov)
  • This is one of the several different receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. (drugbank.com)
  • Individuals infected with M. tuberculosis complex organisms (M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti, M. canetti) usually have lymphocytes in their blood that recognize these and other mycobacterial antigens. (cdc.gov)
  • Additional organisms, such as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis, L monocytogenes, Chlamydia pneumoniae, H influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes , and species of Bacteroides and Clostridium have also been identified in neonatal sepsis. (medscape.com)
  • Babesia species and organisms of the closely related genus Theileria parasitize the erythrocytes of wild and domestic animals.These parasites are members of the order Piroplasmida, named for the pear-shaped forms found within infected red blood cells (RBCs). (medscape.com)
  • One animal was found to react in this assay and suggests exposure to a PHV-1 related organism. (vin.com)
  • PCBs accumulate in organisms through the food chain, and food accounts for over 90% of exposure, the highest concentrations being found in fish (such as salmon and shellfish), dairy products (especially milk and butter) and animal fat. (mammalive.net)
  • Antibody-mediated immunity refers to the exposure of antigens to bonemarrow derived B cells which produce antibodies that protect the organism against extracellular infectious agents. (iresearchnet.com)
  • Several participants expressed their desire for the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP) to further support preliminary model development, collaborative interactions with investigators who study other model organisms, and engagement with new investigators in the field. (nih.gov)
  • With the discovery of other members, even from distant organisms (e.g. plants), it has become increasingly clear that the name is a misnomer, since most MAPKs are actually involved in the response to potentially harmful, abiotic stress stimuli (hyperosmosis, oxidative stress, DNA damage, low osmolarity, infection, etc. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 7 ] The colonization patterns in nurseries and personnel are reflected in the organisms currently associated with nosocomial infection. (medscape.com)
  • Tuberculosis is a communicable disease caused by infection with M. tuberculosis complex organisms, which typically spreads to new hosts via airborne droplet nuclei from patients with respiratory tuberculosis disease. (cdc.gov)
  • A curated database of compounds that modulate longevity in model organisms. (senescence.info)
  • Orthologous to human MAP3K7 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7). (nih.gov)
  • Many model organism-specific protein SCRs in this category and other protein classes have been created for 2005. (nih.gov)
  • Session II focused on the development of tools and technologies to enable the use of zebrafish model organisms for preclinical research. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, the interaction of mitogen-activated protein kinase HwHog1 and RNA polymerase II with the chromatin in cells adapted to an extremely hypersaline environment was analyzed. (nih.gov)
  • Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF) is a paracrine-acting, epithelial mitogen that plays a prominent role in the regeneration of damaged epithelial tissues. (sharif.edu)
  • Over the ensuing decades, Group B Streptococcus (GBS) replaced S aureus as the most common gram-positive organism causing early-onset sepsis. (medscape.com)